2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Fable yog hom ntawv qub tshaj plaws, keeb kwm hauv tebchaws Greece thaum ub. Nws yog ua raws li zaj dab neeg txog kev coj ncaj ncees uas muaj kev coj ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm kev ua haujlwm nws tus kheej lossis hauv ib feem ntawm nws. Kev lig kev cai, hom ntawv no muaj lub ntim me me thiab sau ua paj huam. Raws li cov cim tseem ceeb, cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo feem ntau xaiv cov tsiaj uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm tib neeg thiab tib neeg tag nrho.
Kev txhim kho ntawm hom ntawv
Zaj dab neeg yuav tsum muaj keeb kwm hauv tebchaws Greece. Nws thawj tus sau yog Stesichorus thiab Hesiod. Txawm li cas los xij, Aesop tau ua tiav lub koob meej zoo tshaj plaws, uas nws cov hauj lwm tau siv los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam nto moo ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov hauj lwm ntawm hom ntawv no. Demetrius ntawm Phaler (300 BC) thiab Babrius (2nd xyoo pua AD) tsis tshua nyiam.
Los ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog mus rau xyoo pua 19th, Jean de La Fontaine, uas nyob hauv Fab Kis xyoo 17th, sau lus dab neeg, Germankws sau paj lug Gellert. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th thiab 19th, hom ntawv no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias. A. Kantemir, V. K. Trediakovsky, A. P. Sumarokov, I. I. Dmitriev thiab, ntawm chav kawm, I. A. Krylov ua tiav lub koob meej loj tshaj ntawm no.
Aesop - tus naas ej Greek fabulist
Ntawm no yog ib tug neeg paub zoo thiab paub tsis meej nyob rau tiam no. Aesop ntseeg tau tias muaj nyob rau xyoo pua 6 BC. e. nyob rau hauv ib lub nroog ntawm Thrace los yog Phrygia.
Lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog fabulist yog cov lus dab neeg, vim nws tseem tsis tau paub meej tias tus neeg no puas muaj tiag. Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev tsim cov dab neeg me me ntxim nyiam hauv kev hais lus, los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees ntws. Yeej, lawv tau hais tawm tsam cov nom tswv, uas yuav tsum muaj cov ntsiab lus tshwj xeeb, veiled. Cov phab ej yog cov tsiaj muaj cai uas hais lus yooj yim. Li no cov lus nrov "Aesopian lus", uas yog nquag siv nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm "allegory".
Kev txaus siab rau cov dab neeg ntawm Aesop cov dab neeg yeej ib txwm muaj. Nws cov thwjtim Phaedrus thiab Flavius Avian tau txhais cov ntawv rau hauv Latin. Ntau tus neeg nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm sib txawv tau siv lawv los ua lub hauv paus rau kev tsim lawv tus kheej ua haujlwm. Yog li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws thiab zoo sib xws hauv cov ntawv ntawm cov kws sau ntawv sib txawv. Nov yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm Aesop zaj dab neeg: tus hma pom cov neeg yug yaj uas noj su nrog yaj, tuaj thiab hais rau lawv: "Thiab yuav ua li cas yog tias kuv ua nws."
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Jean de La Fontaine
Keeb kwm ntawm cov dab neeg niaj hnub no pib nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fabulist uas nyob rau xyoo 1621-1695.
Nws thaum yau dhau los ze rau qhov xwm txheej, raws li nws txiv tau ua haujlwm hauv hav zoov. Lafontaine tsis tau txais txoj haujlwm hloov los ntawm nws niam nws txiv tiag thiab tsis ntev nws tau xaus rau hauv Paris, qhov chaw nws nyob tag nrho nws lub neej, tau ua tiav, los ntawm txoj kev, koob meej zoo. Lub qhov rooj ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov peev lub tsev kho kom zoo nkauj tau qhib rau nws, tshwj tsis yog cov vaj ntxwv vaj ntxwv: lawv tsis nyiam tus kws sau paj huam dawb thiab tsis txaus ntseeg uas tsis lees txais cov luag haujlwm.
Lub koob meej ntawm tus kws sau paj huam yog coj los ntawm 6 phau ntawv nyob rau hauv tib lub npe "Aesop's Fables, muab sau ua nqes los ntawm M. Lafontaine". Lawv txawv los ntawm ib tug zoo heev, piv txwv li, ntau yam poetic cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib tug tshwj xeeb atherosclerosis. Qhov nthuav philosophical reflections thiab lyrical digressions organically intertwined nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus. Tus phab ej ntawm Lafontaine feem ntau ua tiav vim lawv lub siab tawv thiab muaj peev xwm coj kom zoo dua ntawm qhov xwm txheej.
Fable ib hom ntawv hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv
Kev txaus siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm Aesop, thiab tom qab ntawd La Fontaine, tau pom nyob hauv ntau lub tebchaws, suav nrog Russia. Raws li thaum ntxov xyoo pua 17th, cov dab neeg ntawm Stephanit thiab Ikhnilat tau paub. Txawm li cas los xij, hom ntawv no tau nce mus txog nws qhov muaj koob meej tshaj plaws tsuas yog tom qab Petrine era, thaum muaj npe nrov fabulists tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lavxias teb sab tej hauj lwm ntawm ib hom ntawv no yog maj mam hloov los ntawm thawj sawv daws yuav.
thawj ntawm no yog A. Kantemir, uas tau sau 6 zaj dab neeg hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm Aesop, thiab V. Trediakovsky, uas tau rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Greek thaum ub.
Ntxim nyiam kawgA. Sumarokov, I. Khemnitser, I. Dmitriev
Cov kauj ruam loj tom ntej no tau ua los ntawm A. Sumarokov: muaj 334 zaj dab neeg hauv nws cov keeb kwm muaj tswv yim, feem ntau yog cov haujlwm ywj pheej. Cov no yog cov yeeb yaj kiab me me uas sau ua ib nqes dawb thiab qee yam lus ntxhib. Raws li tus sau, qhov no yog xav tau los ntawm qhov qis qis uas cov dab neeg tau koom nrog. Tej hauj lwm lawv tus kheej yog heev reminiscent ntawm ib tug naturalistic scene ntawm lub neej txhua hnub, thiab cov zajlus los ntawm folklore, uas kuj muab tej hauj lwm rau pej xeem ua cim. Sumarokov nws tus kheej feem ntau hu ua lawv cov dab neeg - zaj lus piv txwv, uas twb txhais tus sau lub hom phiaj.
Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, sau "Fables thiab Tales ntawm N. N. nyob rau hauv nqe lus ", ib tug feature ntawm nws tej hauj lwm yog ib tug ua ke ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm classicism thiab sentimentalism. Lub npe ntawm tus sau - I. I. Khemnitser tau paub rau cov neeg nyeem tsuas yog ob xyoos tom qab, thaum phau ntawv tau rov luam tawm tom qab tus kws sau paj huam tuag. Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov lus dab neeg tau hais zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau rau qhov thib ob sau: "Nyob rau hauv qhov xwm txheej, hauv kev yooj yim, nws nrhiav qhov tseeb … "Rau tus kws sau paj huam, qhov tseeb thiab kev xav ntawm kev xav yog qhov tseem ceeb, uas txwv nws hauv kev xaiv ntawm kev nthuav qhia txhais tau tias. Ntau tus tau sau tseg tias, tsis zoo li Sumarokov nrog nws qhov kev sib tham "peasant", Khemnitzer cov lus zoo li kev hais lus zoo, smoother thiab elegant.
Tus fabulist I. Dmitriev, uas yog tus phooj ywg zoo heev nrog Karamzin, kaw cov koob no. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau nws txoj haujlwm. Dmitriev cov lus tseem ceeb rau nws qhov tshwj xeeb yooj yim, smoothness thiab saj zoo, thiab cov tsiaj cim qhia lawv tus kheej.witty thiab ntxim hlub tib lub sijhawm. Nws tsis yog coincidence uas nws tau raug hu ua ib tug hloov kho nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm poetic lus thiab tus tsim ntawm lub parlor dab neeg.
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab lus thuam, kev xav tau raug khaws cia tias cov neeg nto moo fabulists tau tswj hwm kev hloov kho cov lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm hom ntawv no thiab tau tsim lub hauv paus rau kev tsim cov hauj lwm ntawm lwm tus kws sau paj huam.
Great I. A. Krylov
Tus kws sau paj lug no, paub rau peb txij thaum yau, pib nrog kev txhais lus ntawm nws tus hlub La Fontaine xyoo 1805, thiab tom qab ntawd sim nws txhais tes ntawm lwm hom ntawv rau lwm 6 xyoo.
Krylov qhov kev lees paub tias yog ib tus neeg ntseeg tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1811, thaum lub sijhawm sau 18 zaj dab neeg, 15 ntawm lawv yog thawj. Ci ntsa iab thiab lub hom phiaj zoo, cov duab ntxim nyiam thiab feem ntau tsis xav txog, yuav luag tag nrho cov no tau dhau los ua cov npe hauv tsev, cov lus teb tam sim rau cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv zej zog - cov no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm I. Krylov cov lus dab neeg. Nws tej hauj lwm embodied lub tswvyim thiab originality ntawm cov neeg thiab nteg lub hauv paus ntawm realism. Cov cuab yeej cuab tam muaj tswv yim ntawm I. Krylov suav nrog 340 zaj dab neeg luam tawm hauv 9 phau ntawv sau. Txawm tias lub neej ntawm tus kws sau paj lug, nws cov phau ntawv tau muab txhais ua Italian, German, English, French.
Nws tau tshwm sim tias tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab fabulist I. A. Krylov tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev txhim kho hom ntawv no thoob plaws ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv. Tsis muaj leej twg yuav hais tau zoo thiab tshaj nws.
Pom zoo:
Muag Khoom Zoo Tshaj Plaws: Cov Qauv Suab Nkauj, Kev Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij thiab Kev Muag Khoom
Ntau lub sijhawm dhau los, tib neeg tsis siv discs, cassettes lossis cov ntaub ntawv yas, nyiam mloog nkauj hauv Is Taws Nem. Thiab tsuas yog cov kiv cua nyiam tshaj plaws tau luam tawm ntawm lub cev tawm, vim tias txoj kev no koj tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tus kws kos duab thiab ua rau lub cim xeeb ntawm cov khoom tom ntej. Yog li, qhov no yog qhov qeb duas ntawm cov khoom muag zoo tshaj plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm noob neej, cia mus
Tus poj niam Hollywood zoo tshaj plaws. Cov poj niam zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab muaj peev xwm tshaj plaws hauv Hollywood
Hollywood. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tias ib tug neeg yuav tsis paub lo lus no. American Dream Factory, ib qho kev lag luam duab duab uas tsim nyob rau xyoo 1920s nyob rau sab hnub poob Los Angeles
Daim ntawv teev cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws (cov phau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws detective phau ntawv: ib daim ntawv teev. Detectives: ib daim ntawv teev cov kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws
Cov kab lus sau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm hom kev ua txhaum cai, uas nws cov haujlwm yuav tsis tso tseg tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus kiv cua ntawm kev ua yeeb yam
Nkauj hmoob Indian ua yeeb yam. Cov kws tshaj lij thiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm Indian xinesmas
Qhov chaw ua yeeb yam hauv ntiaj teb xinesmas yog nyob hauv Hollywood, Asmeskas "npau suav Hoobkas". Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw thib ob yog lub tuam txhab Indian zaj duab xis "Bollywood", ib yam ntawm cov analogue ntawm US zaj duab xis Hoobkas. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov zoo sib xws ntawm ob lub loj loj ntawm kev lag luam yeeb yaj kiab thoob ntiaj teb yog qhov txheeb ze heev, hauv Hollywood, qhov kev nyiam yog muab rau cov yeeb yaj kiab taug txuj kev nyuaj, kev ua yeeb yaj kiab sab hnub poob thiab kev ua yeeb yaj kiab, thiab cov ntsiab lus kev hlub raug txo rau cov dab neeg melodramatic nrog kev zoo siab kawg
Lub suab nkauj zoo nkauj tshaj plaws: daim ntawv teev npe, kev ntaus nqi ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws, cov phiaj xwm, cov cim tseem ceeb thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam
Kev hlub tau tso nws lub cim rau hauv zej zog, kev tshawb fawb, paj huam, kos duab thiab xinesmas - hauv zaj nkauj zoo nkauj tshaj plaws. Dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws melodrama, nws yog nyob ntawm tus saib thiab nws lub siab txiav txim siab. Tab sis cov neeg thuam twb tau ntsuas qhov lawv pom thiab ua rau lawv tus kheej ntsuas ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws
