Lavxias teb sab kws sau paj lug Vladislav Khodasevich: biography thiab creativity

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Khodasevich's biography yog paub zoo rau txhua tus neeg paub thiab nyiam cov ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yog ib tug nrov Lavxias teb sab kws sau paj lug, memoirist, Pushkinist, literary historian, thiab critic. Nws muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias hauv xyoo pua 20th.

Poet's family

Nws tsev neeg tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Khodasevich phau ntawv keeb kwm. Nws txiv lub npe yog Felitsian Ivanovich, nws los ntawm ib tsev neeg txom nyem heev ntawm Polish keeb kwm. Lawv lub xeem yog Masla-Khodasevichi, nws yog qhov nthuav tias tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm nws tus kheej feem ntau hu ua nws txiv yog Lithuanian.

Felician tau kawm tiav ntawm Academy of Arts, tab sis tag nrho nws qhov kev sim ua kom ua tiav thiab ua tus neeg pleev kob zoo nkauj tau dhau los ua qhov tsis ua tiav. Yog li ntawd, nws tau xaiv txoj kev ntawm tus kws yees duab. Nws ua haujlwm hauv Moscow thiab Tula, ntawm nws cov haujlwm nto moo muaj cov duab ntawm Leo Tolstoy. Tau txais nyiaj rau thawj lub peev, nws qhib lub khw hauv Moscow, qhov chaw nws pib muag cov khoom siv yees duab. Tus kws sau paj huam nws tus kheej tau piav qhia txog lub neej ntawm nws txiv hauv zaj paj huam "Daktili", sau tseg tias nws yuav tsum dhau los ua ib tus tub lag luam nkaus xwb, tab sis nws yeej tsis yws txog qhov no.

Khodasevich niam, Sofia Yakovlevna, yogtus ntxhais ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv nrov European Yakov Alexandrovich Brafman. Nws yog 12 xyoo yau dua nws tus txiv, thaum lawv tuag nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo - nyob rau hauv 1911. Sophia txiv nws thiaj li hloov dua siab tshiab rau Orthodoxy, mob siab rau tag nrho nws lub neej rau kev hloov kho cov neeg Yudais lub neej, mus txog qhov teeb meem no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog los ntawm cov ntseeg txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Sophia nws tus kheej tau muab thaum yau rau tsev neeg Polish, uas nws tau coj los ua ib tug neeg siab dawb siab zoo.

Vladislav Khodasevich muaj ib tug tij laug hu ua Mikhail, uas tau los ua ib tug kws lij choj nto moo thiab vam meej. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tus ntxhais ntawm Mikhail Valentina los ua ib tug artist. Nws yog nws tus kws kos duab nto moo ntawm tus kws sau paj huam, uas yog nws tus txiv ntxawm. Piav txog cov biography ntawm Vladislav Khodasevich, nws yog tsim nyog sau cia hais tias tus kws sau paj lug, thaum kawm nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv nws tus tij laug lub tsev, tuav tus phooj ywg thiab sov so kev sib raug zoo nrog nws mus txog rau thaum nws zaum kawg tawm ntawm Russia.

Youth of the poet

Khodasevich yug hauv 1886, nws yug hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Vladislav Khodasevich, ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb tau nyob los ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv uas nws tau txais cov hauv paus ntawm kev paub. Nyob rau hauv 1904, yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug kawm tiav los ntawm lub thib peb Moscow Gymnasium, mus rau kev kawm ntawv qib siab nyob rau hauv Kws qhia ntawv ntawm txoj cai ntawm Moscow University.

Tab sis, tom qab kawm tau ib xyoos xwb, nws txiav txim siab tso txoj haujlwm ntawm kws lij choj thiab hloov mus rau Kws Qhia Ntawv Keeb Kwm thiab Philology. Nrog rau ntau qhov kev cuam tshuam, nws tau kawm nyob ntawd kom txog rau thaum lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1910, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav cov chav kawm. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, qhov no tau tiv thaiv los ntawm turbulent kev sau ntawv lub neej, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas nws pom nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd. Hauv biographyKhodasevich, tag nrho cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tau teev los ntawm hnub. Lub hero ntawm peb tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm mus xyuas lub thiaj li hu ua TV ib puag ncig, mus ntsib Valery Bryusov, nyob rau hauv Zaitsev yav tsaus ntuj, tas li mus koom ib tug sau ntawv thiab artistic vajvoog. Yog li ntawd, Khodasevich tau pib tshaj tawm hauv cov ntawv xov xwm hauv tsev thiab cov ntawv xov xwm, tshwj xeeb hauv Golden Fleece thiab Scales.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws.

Ib qho xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Khodasevich yog nws txoj kev sib yuav rau ib tus poj niam zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj, raws li nws tus kheej hu ua Marina Erastovna Ryndina. Lawv sib yuav xyoo 1905. Cov tsev neeg nyob ib puag ncig thiab paub txog tau sau tseg tias tus kws sau paj huam tus poj niam yeej ib txwm muaj qhov txawv ntawm tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, piv txwv li, nws tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm ib tog hauv cov khaub ncaws Leda qub nrog tus nab nyob ib ncig ntawm nws caj dab.

Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Khodasevich, qhov kev sib yuav no tau dhau los ua qhov kaj, nco txog, tab sis luv luv. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1907 nws tau tawg nrog nws tus poj niam. Cov paj huam mob siab rau Marina Ryndina tau khaws cia, feem ntau ntawm lawv tau muab tso rau hauv ib phau ntawv hu ua "Cov Hluas", uas tau luam tawm xyoo 1908.

Qhia txog tus cwj pwm thiab keeb kwm ntawm Vladislav Felitsianovich Khodasevich, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd ntau tus neeg paub nws tau sau tseg tias nws yog ib tug loj dandy, piv txwv li, Don-Aminado tau nco txog nws cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv hauv pem teb, mop ntawm cov plaub hau tuab txiav tom qab ntawm nws lub taub hau, txhob txwm tshaj tawm tsis pom kev thiab qhov muag txias ntawm qhov muag tsaus.

He alth problems

Hauv xyoo 1910, lub sijhawm nyuaj pib hauv Khodasevich phau ntawv keeb kwm. Tus kws sau paj huam pib raug mob los ntawm kab mob ntsws, qhov no dhau los ua qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau nws txoj kev mus ncig.nrog phooj ywg hauv Venice. Ua ke nrog tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm, Boris Zaitsev, Mikhail Osorgin, Pavel Muratov thiab nws tus poj niam Evgenia raug xa mus rau Ltalis. Hauv tebchaws Ltalis, Khodasevich lub cev mob hnyav dua los ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws. Ua ntej, nws ntsib kev hlub ua yeeb yam nrog Ekaterina Muratova, thiab xyoo 1911, kev tuag ntawm ob leeg niam txiv nrog lub sijhawm tsuas yog ob peb lub hlis.

Tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm pom kev cawmdim hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog tus muam yau ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Georgy Chulkov. Nrog Anna Chulkova-Grenzion, uas tau xyaum tib lub hnub nyoog li nws, lawv tau sib yuav hauv 1917. Xws li cov lus tseeb txog biography thiab tsev neeg ntawm Khodasevich paub rau cov neeg tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Tus kws sau paj huam, uas tsab xov xwm no tau mob siab rau, tsa Chulkova tus tub los ntawm nws thawj kev sib yuav, tus naas ej yav tom ntej zaj duab xis actor Edgar Garrick. Nws paub txog lub luag haujlwm ntawm Charles XII hauv Vladimir Petrov's epic "Peter the Great" thiab cov duab ntawm General Levitsky hauv keeb kwm zaj duab xis "Shipka's Heroes" los ntawm Sergei Vasiliev.

phau ntawv thib ob ntawm tus kws sau paj huam

Txawm hais tias luv luv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Khodasevich, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hais txog nws phau ntawv thib ob ntawm paj huam "Zoo Siab Tsev", uas tau luam tawm xyoo 1914. Hauv rau xyoo uas tau dhau mus txij li qhov kev tso tawm thawj zaug "Molodist", Khodasevich tau tswj hwm los ua tus kws sau ntawv uas tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev txhais lus, sau ntawv feuilletons thiab txhua yam kev tshuaj xyuas.

Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib pib, Khodasevich tau txais "daim pib", vim kev noj qab haus huv nws tsis tuaj yeem ua tub rog, yog li nws mus ua haujlwm hauvperiodicals "Sab sawv ntxov ntawm Russia", "Lavxias teb sab Vedomosti", nyob rau hauv 1917 nws koom tes nrog cov ntawv xov xwm "Lub neej tshiab". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tseem raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev noj qab haus huv, tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm raug kev txom nyem los ntawm tus txha caj qaum, yog li nws raug yuam kom siv lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1916 thiab 1917 hauv Koktebel, hauv tsev ntawm nws tus phooj ywg thiab tus kws sau paj huam Maximilian Voloshin..

Yees Tawm Tsam

Ntau qhov tseeb nthuav dav hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm Khodasevich. Piv txwv li, nws paub tias nws zoo siab txais tos Lub Ob Hlis Revolution, uas tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1917. Thiab tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, thaum xub thawj nws txawm pom zoo koom tes nrog tsoom fwv Bolshevik. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau txiav txim siab sai sai tias nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim no nws tsis tuaj yeem ua qhov kev sau ntawv dawb thiab ywj pheej. Tom qab ntawd, nws txiav txim siab thim tawm ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab sau ntawv tshwj xeeb rau nws tus kheej.

Xyoo 1918, nws phau ntawv tshiab "Jewish Anthology" tau luam tawm, uas nws tau sau nrog Leib Yaffeon. Cov ntawv sau no suav nrog ua haujlwm los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas cov kws sau paj huam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws ua haujlwm ua tus tuav ntaub ntawv hauv tsev hais plaub txiav txim plaub ntug, ua cov chav kawm theoretical thiab cov tswv yim hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm Proletkult.

Piav qhia luv luv txog keeb kwm ntawm Khodasevich, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias txij li xyoo 1918 nws tau pib koom tes hauv chav ua yeeb yam ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm, ua haujlwm ncaj qha hauv ntu repertoire, tom qab ntawd tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tus thawj coj ntawm Moscow. department ntawm lub ntiaj teb Literature publishing tsev, uas yog tsim los ntawm Maxim Gorky. Khodasevich kuj nquag koom nrog hauv kev tsim lub khw muag ntawv raushares, tom qab lub txee hauv lub khw no, Muratov, Osorgin, Zaitsev thiab Griftsov yog nyob rau hauv lem.

Tsiv mus rau Petrograd

Hauv phau ntawv keeb kwm luv luv ntawm Vladislav Khodasevich, uas tau muab rau hauv tsab xov xwm no, nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov nws txoj kev tsiv mus rau Petrograd, uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1920. Tus kws sau paj huam raug yuam ua qhov no vim yog qhov mob ntawm furunculosis uas tshwm sim hauv nws. Tus kab mob no tshwm sim los ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab txias uas tshwm sim hauv lub tebchaws vim yog Tsov Rog Tsov Rog.

Hauv Petrograd nws tau pab los ntawm Gorky, uas tau pab txhawb kom tau txais cov khoom noj thiab ob chav hauv cov neeg sau ntawv lub tsev so "Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci". Txog qhov kev paub no, Khodasevich yuav tom qab sau ib tsab ntawv hu ua "The Disc".

Xyoo 1920, nws qhov kev sau paj huam thib peb tau luam tawm, uas, tej zaum, dhau los ua tus nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Nws hu ua Grain Path. Nws muaj ib zaj paj huam ntawm tib lub npe, uas tus kws sau paj lug piav txog cov xwm txheej ntawm xyoo 1917. Qhov nrov ntawm Khodasevich tom qab tso tawm ntawm no sau tsuas yog loj hlob. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Khodasevich, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm peb tab tom kawm, yog rau ntau yam cuam tshuam nrog cov paj huam suav nrog hauv phau ntawv no.

Kev sib raug zoo tshiab

Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1921, Khodasevich tau ntsib tus kws sau paj huam Nina Berberova, uas yog 15 xyoo yau dua nws. Nws poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog nws thiab nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1922 tawm nrog nws tshiab muse rau Berlin ntawm Riga. Kwv yees li ntawm tib lub sijhawm, ib txhij nyob rau hauv Berlin thiab St. Petersburg, plaub sau ntawm Khodasevich cov paj huam hu ua "Havy Lyre" tau luam tawm. Kom txog rau thaum 1923, tus hero ntawm peb tsab xov xwmnyob hauv Berlin, sib txuas lus ntau nrog Andrei Bely.

Tom qab ntawd, rau qee lub sijhawm, nws nyob ib sab nrog tsev neeg ntawm Maxim Gorky, uas nws tus cwj pwm nws muaj nuj nqis heev. Interestingly, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws hais unflatteringly txog nws raws li ib tug kws sau ntawv. Khodasevich tau thov tias nws pom txoj cai hauv Gorky, tab sis tsis suav tias nws yog tus lav ntawm nws qhov kev xav rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws. Nws suav hais tias cov khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws tus cwj pwm yog tus cwj pwm tsis meej pem rau qhov tseeb thiab kev dag, uas muaj kev txiav txim siab rau nws lub neej thiab nws txoj haujlwm.

Tib lub sijhawm, Khodasevich thiab Gorky koom tes ua haujlwm ua ke, txawm tias muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev xav. Ua ke lawv kho cov ntawv xov xwm "Kev Sib Tham" (Shklovsky kuj pab lawv hauv txoj haujlwm no), tag nrho rau qhov teeb meem ntawm qhov kev tshaj tawm no tau luam tawm. Nws tsuas yog tshaj tawm cov neeg sau ntawv tshiab Soviet.

Txheeb xyuas cov haujlwm ntawm Khodasevich, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntsiab lus. Xws li yog tus kws sau paj huam nws tus kheej hauv lub neej. Tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm nyiam kev dag ntxias, lossi qhuas ib tug "tsis-sau ntawv sau ntawv." Nws tus kheej feem ntau siv dag dag ua cov cuab yeej sau ntawv, nthuav tawm nws tus kheej tom qab qee lub sijhawm. Piv txwv li, ib zaug nws tau sau ob peb zaj paj huam nyob rau hauv lub npe cuav, txawm inventing rau Lavxias teb sab paj huam ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th Vasily Travnikov. Khodasevich sau tag nrho ntawm Travnikov cov paj huam nws tus kheej, thiab tom qab ntawd nyeem lawv thaum yav tsaus ntuj sau ntawv thiab txawm luam tawm kev kawm txog Travnikov xyoo 1936. Ntau tus qhuas Khodasevich, uas nrhiav tau ib tus kws sau paj huam zoo tshaj plawslub xyoo pua ua ntej kawg, tsis muaj leej twg txawm hais tias Travnikov tsis muaj tiag.

Lub neej nyob rau hauv exile

Hais luv luv txog keeb kwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Khodasevich, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias thaum kawg nws nkag siab tias nws tsis tuaj yeem rov qab mus rau USSR xyoo 1925. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm tseem tshaj tawm rau qee lub sijhawm hauv Soviet lub sijhawm xov xwm, nws sau feuilletons thiab cov ntawv hais txog cov haujlwm ntawm GPU txawv teb chaws. Tom qab tshaj tawm ob peb lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub ncauj lus no, cov tub ceev xwm hauv Soviet tau liam tias nws yog "White Guard".

Nws los txog rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1925 lub tebchaws Soviet hauv Rome tsis kam rov ua dua Khodasevich daim ntawv hla tebchaws, muab nws rov qab mus rau Moscow rau qhov no. Tus kws sau paj lug tsis kam, thaum kawg txiav txhua txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, lwm qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv biography ntawm Lavxias teb sab kws sau paj lug Khodasevich - ua ke nrog Berberova, nws tsiv mus rau Paris. Tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm yog nquag luam tawm nyob rau hauv cov ntawv xov xwm emigrant Tseeb Xov Xwm thiab Hnub. Muaj tseeb, nws tawm hauv tsab ntawv kawg, ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm Pavel Milyukov. Thaum pib ntawm 1927, Khodasevich ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm Vozrozhdeniye ntawv xov xwm. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws luam tawm "Cov Ntawv Sau Sau", uas suav nrog lub voj voog tshiab hu ua "European Night".

Tom qab ntawd, Khodasevich yuav luag tag tsis sau paj huam, mob siab rau feem ntau ntawm nws lub sijhawm rau kev tshawb fawb tseem ceeb. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws dhau los ua ib tus thawj coj ntawm kev sau ntawv thuam hauv Lavxiastxawv teb chaws. Tshwj xeeb, nws sib cav nrog Georgy Ivanov thiab Georgy Adamovich, sib tham nrog lawv cov dej num ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv exile, raws li zoo raws li lub hom phiaj ntawm paj huam nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab cov teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas nws pom nws tus kheej.

Tshaj tawm ua ke nrog nws tus poj niam Berberova. Lawv luam tawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm Soviet cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub npe Gulliver. Khodasevich thiab Berberova qhib siab txhawb pab pawg neeg Perekrestok, thiab yog thawj tus hais lus zoo heev ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Vladimir Nabokov, uas tom qab dhau los ua lawv tus phooj ywg zoo.

Memoirs ntawm Khodasevich

Xyoo 1928, Khodasevich pib sau nws tus kheej memoirs, uas suav nrog hauv phau ntawv "Necropolis. Memoirs", uas tau luam tawm xyoo 1939. Hauv lawv, nws qhia meej txog nws kev paub thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog Bely, Bryusov, Gumilyov, Yesenin, Gorky, Sologub, tus kws sau paj huam hluas Muni, uas lawv yog phooj ywg thaum yau.

Khodasevich sau ib phau ntawv biographical "Derzhavin". Nws paub zoo tias yog ib tus kws tshawb fawb loj thiab paub zoo ntawm Pushkin txoj haujlwm. Tus hero ntawm peb tsab xov xwm, ua tiav cov hauj lwm ntawm biography ntawm Derzhavin, npaj los sau ib tug biography ntawm "lub hnub ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam", tab sis nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv tsis pub nws ua li ntawd. Nyob rau hauv 1932, nws sau nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawv mus rau Berberova hais tias nws yuav xaus rau txoj hauj lwm no, nrog rau cov paj huam, paub hais tias tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv nyob rau hauv nws lub neej. Lawv faib txoj hauv kev rau lub Plaub Hlis 1932.

Xyoo tom ntej, Khodasevich yuav rov yuav dua. Nws tus hlub tshiab - OlgaBorisovna Margolina. Nws yog plaub xyoos yau dua nws tus txiv, keeb kwm los ntawm St. Nrog nws tus poj niam tshiab, tus kws sau paj huam nyob rau hauv exile. Nws txoj hauj lwm nyuaj thiab nyuaj, nws sib txuas lus me ntsis nrog nws cov phooj ywg, ua rau nws tus kheej sib nrug. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1939, Khodasevich tuag hauv Paris tom qab lwm qhov haujlwm, uas yuav tsum tswj hwm nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv. Nws raug faus ze ntawm lub nroog Fab Kis, hauv toj ntxas ntawm Boulogne-Biancourt, nws muaj hnub nyoog 53 xyoos.

Nws tus poj niam kawg Olga Margolina tsis muaj sia nyob nws tus txiv ntau. Thaum Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, nws raug kaw los ntawm Germans. Nws tuag hauv ib lub chaw pw hauv Auschwitz xyoo 1942.

Nina Berberova, uas lawv tau ua neej nyob ntev ua ke, xyoo 1936 tau nkag mus rau hauv kev sib yuav nrog tus neeg pleev kob Nikolai Makeev, nws tseem ua phooj ywg nrog Khodasevich mus txog thaum nws tuag. Nws raug kev txom nyem ua tsov rog nyob rau hauv German-nyob Paris, sib nrauj nyob rau hauv 1947. Nyob rau hauv 1954, twb nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, nws tau sib yuav tus naas ej kws qhia suab paj nruag thiab pianist Georgy Kochevitsky, tsib xyoos tom qab ntawd nws tau tswj kom tau txais neeg Amelikas.

Nyob rau hauv lub 80s nws kuj sib nrauj Kochevitsky, thiab nyob rau hauv 1989 nws txawm tuaj rau lub Soviet Union thaum muaj hnub nyoog 88 xyoo. Nws tuag hauv Philadelphia xyoo 1993.