Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich: biography, tus kheej lub neej, ua rau tuag

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich yog tus kws sau paj huam Lavxias nto moo, kws sau ntawv, tus xav thiab tshaj tawm. Founder ntawm ib lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg muaj siab nyiam muaj npe tom qab nws. Cov pab pawg no tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev xav hauv tebchaws Russia. Hauv xyoo sib txawv, nws suav nrog Vissarion Belinsky, Mikhail Bakunin, Konstantin Aksakov, Vasily Botkin.

Tus sau phau ntawv keeb kwm: xyoo ntxov

Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich yug hauv 1813 hauv lub nroog me me ntawm Ostrogozhsk hauv lub xeev Voronezh. Nws txiv yog ib tug neeg nplua nuj thiab muaj koob muaj npe. Vladimir Ivanovich los ntawm 1837 txog 1841 tau ua tus thawj coj hauv zos ntawm cov nom tswv.

Tus hero ntawm peb tsab xov xwm loj hlob nyob rau hauv ib tug phooj ywg thiab loj tsev neeg, kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv Ostrogozhsk, tom qab uas nws kawm tau tsib xyoos nyob rau hauv ib tug ntiav tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Voronezh nws tus kheej. Paub txog nws tus kwv yau Alexander, uas kuj tau los ua ib tug kws sau ntawv. Ntawm nws cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog cov dab neeg "Yav tsaus ntuj mus ntsib", "Fomushka","Los ntawm cov ntawv sau ntawm ib tug txiv neej txoj kev", "Idealist", Hypochondriac", "Los ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm ntawm ob tug hluas nkauj", ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab tshuaj xyuas. Tus kws sau keeb kwm hauv tebchaws medievalist Timofei Nikolaevich Granovsky, uas tau kawm Western European Middle Ages.

Kev Kawm

Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich luam tawm nws thawj txoj haujlwm thaum muaj hnub nyoog 16 xyoo. Cov no yog cov paj huam uas hais tau tus cwj pwm patriotic.

Xyoo 1830, Stankevich tau nkag mus rau hauv chav haujlwm hais lus ntawm Moscow University, nws tau nyob ntawd tias nws txoj kev txiav txim siab tau tsim, thiab kev txaus siab hauv keeb kwm hauv tebchaws tau yug los. Lub sijhawm no, nws nyob nrog xibfwb Pavlov, ua tsaug rau tus uas nws muaj kev txaus siab rau lub tswv yim ntawm German tus kws xav Friedrich Schelling. Nws ntsib tus kws sau paj huam Alexei Koltsov, uas muab nws cov paj huam rau nws. Tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm tau tshaj tawm ib qho ntawm lawv hauv Literary Gazette twb nyob rau xyoo 1831.

ib lub voj voog ntawm tib neeg lub siab

Txij li xyoo 1831, lub voj voog ntawm nws cov neeg nyiam nyiam pib tsim nyob ib puag ncig Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich. Ua ke lawv sib tham txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev kos duab, kev ntseeg, kev coj ncaj ncees. Thawj cov rooj sib tham tau koom nrog Ivan Obolensky, Yakov Pocheka, xib fwb thiab memorist Yanuariy Neverov, kws sau paj lug thiab xib fwb ntawm Turgenev Ivan Klyushnikov, tus tswv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab lus Lavxias teb sab, kws sau paj lug Vasily Krasov, archeographer thiab historian Sergey Stroev. Tsis ntev no lub rooj sib tham hu ua "Lub VajvoogStankevich".

Xyoo 1833, Neverov tso nws, lwm tus neeg koom nrog nws. Cov no yog Alexander Efremov, Alexei Topornin, Pavel Petrov, critic thiab publicist, ideologist ntawm Slavophilism Konstantin Aksakov, statesman thiab tub rog thawj coj, koom nyob rau hauv lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812 Alexander Keller, philologist, archeographer thiab historian Osip Bodyansky, literary critic Vissarion Belin. V. G. Belinsky feem ntau tau ntau xyoo dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thiab tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaum lub rooj sib tham no.

Lub hnub qub ntawm lub voj voog yog suav tias yog 1833-1837, txog thaum Stankevich tawm mus. Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg zoo li lub siab sib sau ua ke rau lwm ob xyoos, tab sis tsis yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug loj muaj pes tsawg leeg, los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd lawv lub hwj chim yog txo. Cov tswv cuab ntawm lub zej zog no sib tham txog cov teeb meem ntawm keeb kwm, kev xav, lawv tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm tib neeg. Cov teeb meem kev kos duab feem ntau yog qhov chaw ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab kev sib tham.

Raws li V. G. Belinsky thiab lwm tus tswvcuab ntawm lub voj voog tom qab tau rov qab los, tsis muaj kev sib raug zoo hauv nws, uas tau tshwm sim thaum lub sijhawm huab tais Nicholas I. phau ntawv mob siab rau cov lus nug ntawm keeb kwm ntiaj teb.

Rov qab mus rau lub xeev Voronezh

Lavxias tus kws sau ntawv Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich tawm mus rau qee lub sijhawm rov qab mus rau lub xeev Voronezh, tau kawm tiav los ntawm Moscow University. Ntawm no nws pib ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug neeg saib xyuas. Nws tswj kom paub ntau yam tseem ceeb thiabtsim nyog kev tsim kho tshiab, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws xav tias nws tsis tuaj yeem paub meej ntawm no, yog li xyoo 1835 nws rov qab los rau Moscow.

Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, muaj ntau tus neeg tseem ceeb tshiab ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm nws lub voj voog. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog ua los ntawm keeb kwm Granovsky thiab cov neeg thuam Belinsky, uas nws yog Stankevich uas lub npe hu ua "tus frantic Vissarion." Raws li lub npe menyuam yaus no, nws tau paub ntau lub sijhawm ntawd. Nyob rau nruab nrab xyoo 1835, lub voj voog pib kev kawm, pib luam tawm ib phau ntawv xov xwm hu ua "Telescope".

He alth problems

Muaj ntau yam teeb meem thiab teeb meem hauv biography Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich. Nws yeej tsis tswj kom paub txog nws lub peev xwm vim muaj teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv tas li. Rau feem ntau ntawm nws lub neej laus, Stankevich raug tsim txom los ntawm tuberculosis, uas tau nce mus tas li. Lub sijhawm ntawd, tus kab mob hu ua noj.

Nws tau sim txhim kho nws txoj kev noj qab haus huv hauv Caucasus, tab sis kev mus rau lub chaw so tsis ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig. Xyoo 1837, tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm tawm mus rau Karlovy Vary, lub chaw so nyob ze ntawm University of Berlin. Neverov thiab Granovsky tau kawm nyob ntawd thaum lub sijhawm. Txawm li cas los xij, Stankevich tau tawm ntawm lub spa tsuas yog peb lub lis piam tom qab nws pib kho.

xyoo tshiab

Tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm tau nrog nws tus viv ncaus, rov qab mus rau tub ntxhais kawm lub neej. Nws rov npaj ib ncig ntawm nws ib lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg zoo li lub siab, uas suav nrog cov neeg laus thiab cov neeg tshiab. Ntawm qhov tseebTus kws sau ntawv Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev sawv hauv qhov tshwj xeeb.

Muaj kev sib tham thiab kev sib tham ntawm tus qauv Moscow. Tag nrho lub sijhawm no, tus kab mob txuas ntxiv mus. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm 1840, Stankevich mus rau Ltalis nyob rau hauv kev cia siab hais tias huab cua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yuav muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau nws tus mob. Tab sis qhov no tsis pab, hmo ntuj ntawm Lub rau hli ntuj 25, 1840, nws tuag nyob rau hauv nws pw tsaug zog, xyaum nyob rau hauv lub caj npab ntawm Mikhail Bakunin tus muam, Varvara. Qhov ua rau tuag ntawm Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich yog tuberculosis. Nws tuag hauv lub nroog me me ntawm Novi Ligure, uas lub sijhawm ntawd nyob rau thaj chaw ntawm Sardinian lub nceeg vaj, tam sim no nws nyob hauv thaj av Piedmont, hauv lub xeev Alessandria.

Lub neej ntiag tug

Lub neej ntawm tus kheej ntawm Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich tsis yooj yim. Nws lub siab nyiam yog Bakunin tus muam, uas nws lub npe yog Lyubov. Lawv tau ntsib nyob rau hauv Moscow thaum tus ntxhais mus koom lub philosophical vajvoog. Tom qab qee lub sijhawm, Mikhail tau caw tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm tuaj xyuas lawv ntawm thaj av hauv Pryamukhino, qhov chaw cov tub ntxhais hluas tau piav qhia lawv tus kheej rau ib leeg.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv tsis nres txawm tias tom qab Nikolai tawm mus rau Moscow. Lawv txoj kev sib hlub tau txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv kev sib txuas lus, lawv tau xa cov lus uas muaj kev sib nyiam sib hlub rau ib leeg. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej ntawm lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo yog qhov nyuaj heev, uas tsis tau tso cai rau lub koomhaum no los daws qhov zoo siab. Stankevich mus txawv tebchaws rau kev kho mob, thiab Lyubov tuag ntawm kev noj nyob rau hauv Pryamukhino. Ob peb xyoos tom qab, tib yam mob ua rau tuag ntawm tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm. Txog thaum ntawd, nws paub tseeb tias nws tau poob ntawm kev hlub nrog tus ntxhais, uas tseem yog nws lub hom phiaj ntawm sab ntsuj plig.

yam ntxwv

Cov lus piav qhia ntawm Stankevich qhov tsos thiab tus cwj pwm tau khaws cia los ntawm ntau tus tswv cuab ntawm nws lub voj voog. Turgenev sau tseg tias nws yog qhov siab nruab nrab, thiab tsim tau zoo heev uas nws tsis tuaj yeem xav tias nws muaj mob hnyav. Lub hauv pliaj nqes hav, cov plaub hau dub, lub qhov muag xim av, lub ntsej muag zoo siab thiab ntxim nyiam - tag nrho cov no tau ua rau Stankevich txawv ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nws.

Tseem niaj hnub hais qhia tias nws paub txhawb cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig nws, yog tus cob qhia zoo rau lawv. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, nws hlub thiab paub kev ua yeeb yam, nws yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse heev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tus cwj pwm nyob ntsiag to thiab npau suav.

Nws nyiam kev xav, nws tsis nyiam tshwj xeeb rau cov tswv yim. Stankevich yog ib tug romantic, ntxias ntau tus rau hauv daim duab ntawm lub tswv yim. Nws mob siab rau, kub-tempered. Yog hais tias nws poob siab nyob rau hauv ib tug philosophical system, nws tam sim ntawd coj mus rau lwm nrog txaus siab. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, nws tseem ntseeg siab heev.

Nws lub ntsiab yog nws tsis muaj cai. Thaum lub sij hawm Stankevich tsis tuaj, thaum nws nyob txawv teb chaws, Bakunin pib thov nws qhov chaw ntawm lub taub hau ntawm lub voj voog, tab sis Belinsky indignant ntawm qhov no, sau tseg tias nws yog Stankevich uas ib txwm ua tus thawj coj.

Lub ntsiab lus ua haujlwm

Stankevich tau sau ntau zaj paj huam uas feem ntau cov neeg thuam thiab cov neeg kawm tau suav tias yog qhov nruab nrab. Nws kev ua si "Vasily Shuisky" tsis yog nrov heev, yuav luag tag nrho nws cov kev ncig yuav tsum tau yuav los ntawm nws tus kheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev cuam tshuam ntawm tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm ntawm kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias thiab lub tswv yim tsis tuaj yeem raug kwv yees.

Nws ua tiavkoom ua ke ib ncig ntawm nws tag nrho cov neeg txawj xav ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, txawm tias lawv tuav cov kev xav sib txawv. Stankevich sawv tawm rau nws lub tswv yim zoo, muaj peev xwm ib txwm coj kev sib tham nyob rau hauv txoj kev yog, mus rau delve rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm txhua qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb lossis kev sib tham, thiab, nrog rau nws txoj kev ntxim nyiam, qhov no ua rau tus phab ej ntawm peb tsab xov xwm yog tus thawj coj tsis hais.

Lub voj voog uas tsim nyob ib puag ncig nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub teb chaws kev coj noj coj ua nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Stankevich nws tus kheej nrhiav kev txaus siab rau nws cov phooj ywg nrog German lub tswv yim, uas nws ua tiav nrog ntau tus. Yog li ntawd nws nqa lub tswv yim hais tias tib neeg lub siab muaj peev xwm paub qhov tseeb, awaken nobility nyob rau hauv tib neeg, qhia qhov chaw, hu rau qhov zoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tus kheej tau nrhiav los ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev los nrhiav txoj hauv kev rau kev siv nws txoj kev xav. Txhua yam uas nws tsis muaj sijhawm coj los ua neej, nws cov phooj ywg thiab cov thwjtim tau ua. Lawv tau dhau los ua tiam neeg uas tau ua tiav txoj hauv kev rau kev hloov kho ntawm xyoo 1860.

Ntawm cov neeg uas tau txais kev cuam tshuam los ntawm Stankevich yog Granovsky, Belinsky, Herzen, Bakunin, Aksakov, Botkin, Keller, Turgenev, Klyushnikov, Bodiansky, Stroev. Granovsky, nco txog Stankevich, tau sau tias nws yog ib tug kws qhia ntawv thiab tau txais txiaj ntsig rau ntau tus ntawm lawv.

Stoppard Trilogy

Qhov tseeb nthuav txog Nikolai Vladimirovich Stankevich txuas nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj Askiv thiab tus kws sau nkauj Tom Stoppard. Stankevich los ua ib tug ntawm cov cim nyob rau hauv nws ua si "Ntaus ntawm Utopia".

Qhov kev ua yeeb yam no qhia txog Russia ntawm xyoo pua 19th, ntawm cov cim muaj ntau yam keeb kwm tiag tiagtus kheej - Chernyshevsky, Belinsky, Chaadaev, Herzen, Marx, ntawm lawv muaj Stankevich.

Creativity

Ntawm Stankevich cov haujlwm muaj ntau cov paj huam, suav nrog "Kev tawm tsam ntawm lub moos ntawm Spasskaya Ntauwd", "Consolation", "Nyob rau hauv lub ntxa ntawm ib tug nkauj muam nyob deb nroog", "Feat of Life".

Hauv xyoo 1830 nws tau sau qhov xwm txheej hauv tsib zaj yeeb yam "Vasily Shuisky", xyoo 1834 nws tau luam tawm cov dab neeg luv luv. Ntawm lawv yog "Ib Lub Sijhawm Los Ntawm Lub Neej Ntawm Suav T.", "Peb Tus Kheej". Cov paj huam romantic "Tus neeg raug txim ntawm Caucasus" tau sau nrog kev koom tes nrog Nikolai Melgunov.