2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Kev cog lus yog kev tshawb fawb, theological lossis kev xav txog kev nthuav qhia uas muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm qee qhov chaw lossis cov ncauj lus, nrog rau kev sib tham txog qhov teeb meem thiab kev txiav txim siab. Qee qhov piv txwv yuav tsum muab rau kom nkag siab zoo dua.
Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Archimedes
Kev tshawb fawb yog tsim los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.
Piv txwv li, Archimedes tau sau ntau yam haujlwm. Tus kws tshawb fawb no tau ua li cas rau cov teeb meem ntawm lub cev? Nws pib los ntawm nruj, txawm tias tsis yooj yim pov thawj. Yog li, peb tuaj yeem hais tias Archimedes yog leej txiv ntawm lej physics. Nws tej hauj lwm "Nyob rau hauv Floating Bodies", thiab "Nyob rau hauv lub Balance ntawm lub dav hlau Figures" tau mob siab rau nws. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog kev kho mob zoo ntawm optics hu ua "Katoptrik", uas, hmoov tsis, tsis tau muaj sia nyob. Cov hauj lwm "Nyob rau hauv qhov sib npaug ntawm lub dav hlau Figures" muaj xws li cov ntaub ntawv empirical paub los ntawm cov thawj ntawm Archimedes. Lawv kov cov khib nyiab. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau piav qhia cov ntaub ntawv no raws li postulates, hauv lwm lo lus, axioms. Cov txiaj ntsig tshwm sim los ntawm qhov no, Archimedes tau ua pov thawj tsis tu ncua, yog li tsim ib txoj kev xav txog qhov chaw.lub ntiajteb txawj nqus. Tus kws tshawb fawb kuj muab piv txwv. Nws xam qhov nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus rau txhua yam ntawm cov khoom tiaj tus.
Treatise "Nyob Hauv Floating Bodies"
Cov kws tshaj lij ntseeg tias kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob "Rau Floating Bodies" Archimedes tau sau thaum kawg ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, thiab qee tus txawm ntseeg tias qhov no yog nws txoj haujlwm kawg. Cov haujlwm no tau nthuav tawm hauv ob ntim.
Nyob rau hauv thawj phau ntawv, tus kws tshawb fawb, ntseeg tias qhov dej dawb ntawm lub ntsej muag yog kheej kheej, ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas cov teeb meem cuam tshuam txog kev tso dej ntawm cov khoom hauv nws, thiab tsim nws txoj cai nto moo, uas tseem sau txog hauv tsev kawm ntawv. phau ntawv. Nws muab qhov tseem ceeb heev. Tseem, vim hais tias nws yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau ancient lub cev txoj cai. Txoj hauv kev mus rau qhov teeb meem hauv qhov kev cog lus no tseem zoo ib yam: tom qab ua qee qhov kev soj ntsuam, tus kws tshawb fawb tsim cov qauv dej, ua tsaug rau nws tau txais cov npe ntawm qhov tshwm sim. Nws mus ua pov thawj rau lawv ib leeg. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ntim, Archimedes, piv txwv li, qhov chaw ntawm cov dej yog tiaj tus, qhia lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm hydrometer. Tom ntej no yog dab tsi? Tom qab ntawd tus kws tshawb fawb tham txog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov khoom uas zoo li ib ntu ntawm paraboloid thiab nyob hauv dej. Kev xav ntawm Archimedes muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim nkoj hnub no.
Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Aristotle
Aristotle yog thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm los sau cov lus qhia txog kev xav ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Nws lub npe hu li cas? Yooj yim heev: "Hais txog tus ntsuj plig."
Cov ntawv sau no nthuav tawm tsis yog qhov kev xav ntawm Aristotle nws tus kheej xwb. Thaum pib muaj kev sib cav txog tus ntsuj plig,teej tug mus rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas nyob thiab ua hauj lwm ua ntej, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd tus kheej views ntawm tus sau tau hais. Yog li, qhov kev cog lus no tuaj yeem suav tias yog lub ntiaj teb thawj cov haujlwm keeb kwm yav dhau los cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws thiab kev xav. Txaus siab heev, puas yog?
Daim ntawv thiab teeb meem
Lub tswv yim ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb tau tawm tsam nrog nws cov tswv yim dav dav txog cov qauv thiab qhov teeb meem. Koj tuaj yeem hais tias nws yog los ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv kev nkag siab ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ob lub hauv paus ntsiab lus - ib qho active, uas Aristotle hu ua daim ntawv, thiab ib qho passive, hu ua teeb meem. Yuav siv li cas rau yav tom ntej? Yog, tej zaum, txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig tib neeg, suav nrog lawv tus kheej. Txhua yam khoom siv tshwj xeeb yog tsim los ntawm ib daim ntawv uas muaj peev xwm tswj tau. Thiab nws yog precisely vim nws hais tias qhov khoom tau txais ib tug qualitative certainty. Daim ntawv thiab qhov teeb meem tsis tuaj yeem nyob ua ke xwb. Cov kev pib no yog qhov sib cais tsis tau. Tus ntsuj plig yog daim ntawv. Txhua yam muaj sia muaj nyob.
Aristotle tau ntseeg qhov no. Tus kws tshawb fawb txoj haujlwm ntawm daim ntawv thiab teeb meem thiab ntawm tus ntsuj plig, uas yog txhua yam muaj sia nyob, muaj cov npe ntawm cov txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau lawv thaum nyeem cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm tus ntsuj plig. Feem ntau, koj yuav tsum xav txog txhua lo lus.
tus ntsuj plig yog dab tsi?
Aristotle ntseeg tias tus ntsuj plig tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog lub xeev ntawm qhov tseem ceeb, lossis qhov tshwm sim ywj pheej cais tawm ntawm lub cev. Nws yog dab tsi? Tus ntsuj plig yog ib txoj hauv kev ua neej nyob, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus uas tau muab kaw rau hauv cov khoom siv plhaub, nws daim ntawv, tab sis nws tsis yogtuaj yeem sawv cev ua ib yam khoom ywj pheej lossis lub cev.
Kama Sutra - lwm qhov kev kho mob nto moo
Muaj tseeb txhua leej txhua tus tau hnov tsawg kawg me ntsis txog cov npe nrov "Kama Sutra". Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog txhua leej txhua tus paub tias muaj tsawg heev txhais lus tseeb ntawm no treatise. Lawv tuaj yeem suav rau ntawm tus ntiv tes. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov lus cog tseg zoo sib xws feem ntau yog qhov tsis tshua muaj, thiab cov ntawv sau no tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog qhov tshwj xeeb.
Ua haujlwm rau txhua lub sijhawm
Qhov tseeb, Kamasutra yog ib qho haujlwm tseem ceeb uas pab ntau tus kws tshawb fawb hauv kev kawm txog keeb kwm Indian thaum ub.
Los ntawm tsab ntawv no koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias kev lis kev cai kav hauv lub tebchaws no li cas, kev coj ncaj ncees dab tsi ntawm tib neeg, feem ntau, koj tuaj yeem kawm ntau yam tshiab. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias txawm niaj hnub no Kama Sutra tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog ib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb heev. Millennia dhau mus, tab sis cov teeb meem ntawm kev hlub thiab kev ntxub, kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev sib deev tseem nyob hauv lub siab ntawm ntau tus neeg. Nws zoo nkaus li tias ntau pua xyoo tau ya los ntawm ib qho thib ob, thiab tib neeg kev puas siab puas ntsws tsis tau hloov hlo li. Tib neeg poob rau hauv kev hlub, kev sib deev, kev txom nyem, hnia, npau suav txog hnub ib yam li lawv tau ua ntau txhiab xyoo dhau los.
No treatise on kev hlub yog sau nyob rau hauv prose, tab sis cov lus xaus yog nthuav nyob rau hauv nqe lus nyob rau hauv lub classic sloka meter.
Kev nthuav qhia
Koj tuaj yeem hais dab tsi txog qhov style ntawm daim no? Nws yog qhov tseeb heev, minimalistic, nws tsis ci nrog cov yeeb yuj piv txwv thiab cov lus sib cav ntev. Cov style no yog yam ntxwv ntawm cov sutras, qee zaum koj tuaj yeem ua tauNco ntsoov tias nws muaj qee qhov zoo sib xws nrog bhashya (yog li cov lus hais thaum ub Indian hu ua), yog li ntawd, nws tsis tuaj yeem hu ua nthuav thiab qub. Los ntawm txoj kev, novelty thiab originality tsis yog prerequisites rau creation ntawm tej hauj lwm. Treaties tsis yog ib yam dab tsi qub heev. Nominative kab lus yog taug qab nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Feem ntau, txoj haujlwm no yog cov lus piav qhia uas feem ntau tuaj yeem pom cov kab lus nrog lub siab xav. Dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov lus ntawm no treatise? Tsuas yog tej yam zoo tuaj yeem hais txog nws: cov ntsiab lus hauv cov ntawv siv tau zoo heev thiab tsis txhob ua yuam kev rau tus nyeem ntawv, thiab yog tias qee lub tswv yim tshiab tau qhia thiab piav qhia, ces nws yuav siv rau yav tom ntej xwb. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj ntau cov lus sib txawv hauv cov lus cog tseg uas muab zaj dab neeg zoo nkauj.
Kev cog lus ntawm St. George
Tseem muaj cov lus qhia txog kev nom kev tswv.
Qhov tseeb, qhov no tsis yog qhov tsis tshua muaj. Qhov no kuj suav nrog Georgievsky treatise. Nws keeb kwm yog dab tsi?
Thaum Lub Xya Hli 24, 1783, ib daim ntawv tau kos npe hais tias Irakli II, uas yog tus huab tais ntawm Kakheti thiab Kartalinsky, lees paub txog kev txhawb nqa thiab lub zog ntawm Russia. Nws tshwm sim hauv lub fortress ntawm St. George. Raws li daim ntawv cog lus no, Erekle II, tus huab tais ntawm Georgia, tau lees paub txog kev txhawb nqa ntawm peb lub tebchaws thiab tau cog lus tias nws yuav tsis coj txawv teb chaws txoj cai ntawm nws tus kheej. Thiab nws cov tub rog los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd pib mus rau Russia. Raws li Empress Catherine II, nws tau cog lus tias muaj vaj ntxwv muajyuav khaws cia kom ruaj khov, thiab Georgia yuav raug suav hais tias muaj kev ywj pheej, tab sis tib lub sijhawm nws yuav raug tiv thaiv. Tom qab kos npe rau Treaty ntawm St. George, lub teb chaws ntawm lwm yam kev ntseeg, uas yog Qaib Cov Txwv thiab Iran, moderated lawv qab. Lawv nres saib predatory ntawm Eastern Georgia. Cov lus qhuab qhia no tsuas yog txoj kev cawm seej rau qee lub tebchaws xwb.
keeb kwm txheej xwm tom qab kos npe ntawm Treaty
Tom qab kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus, ntau qhov xwm txheej keeb kwm loj tau tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, P. S. Potemkin tau hais kom muab txoj kev Georgian Tub Rog Kev Loj Hlob rau kev sib txuas lus nrog pawg ntseeg lub teb chaws. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws hla dhau qhov hla hla. Txoj kev, uas 800 tus neeg ua haujlwm tau ua haujlwm, tau npaj txhij rau xyoo 1783, thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg. Tsis ntev ces tus tub huabtais txawm taug kev mus rau Tiflis. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv txoj kev los ntawm Ingush tawm tsam, lub fortress hu ua Vladikavkaz tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1784. Raws li Ossetia, nws tau los ua ib feem ntawm peb lub tebchaws.
Xyoo 1791, Russia tau thov kom Qaib Cov Txwv tsis txhob thov Georgia. Tsis ntev los sis tom qab nws yuav tsum tshwm sim. Qhov no tau nthuav tawm raws li qhov xwm txheej rau kev kos npe ntawm Iasi Treaty tom qab tsov rog ntawm Turkey thiab Russia.
Qee tus thawj coj ntawm Transcaucasia tau soj ntsuam qhov ua tau zoo ntawm Erekle II. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, lawv txiav txim siab ua raws li nws tus yam ntxwv. Xyoo 1783, cov thawj coj ntawm Armenia tau thov kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Russia. Thiab tsis ntev Western Georgia tau ua ib yam. Nws yog xyoo 1801.
No nom tswv treatise occupies ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Georgia, vim hais tias tom qab nwskos npe, nws intermarried nrog Russia. Nws txhais tau ntau heev rau nws. Nws raug tiv thaiv tsis yog hauv kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev nom kev tswv nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv qhov ncaj ncees, kev nkag siab ntawm lub cev.
Pom zoo:
Zoo thiab philosophical xwm txheej hais txog poj niam zoo siab
Ib tug poj niam zoo siab tuaj yeem ua rau lub ntiaj teb no tsuas yog nws nyob. Nws lub zog zoo kis mus rau lwm tus, thiab txhua tus neeg nyob ib puag ncig yuav sov thiab zoo siab. Txhawm rau qhia qhov zoo thiab qhia koj lub siab, koj tuaj yeem siv cov xwm txheej txog tus poj niam zoo siab
"Dab tsi yog vim Jupiter tsis yog vim yog tus nyuj": lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia
"Dab tsi yog vim Jupiter tsis yog vim tus nyuj" - hauv Latin, cov lus no zoo li Quod licet Jovi, tsis yog licet bovi. Nws muaj ntau heev hauv cov ntaub ntawv, qee zaum nws tuaj yeem hnov hauv cov lus hais. Txog tus uas hais tias: "Yuav ua li cas rau Jupiter tsis yog yuav tsum yog ib tug nyuj", thiab kev txhais lus tseeb ntawm chav tsev kab lus no yuav piav qhia meej hauv kab lus
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Cov kab lus muab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov khoom dai, nthuav qhia cov txheej txheem ntawm kev faib tawm, thiab piav qhia txog Lavxias teb sab ornament. Thaum kawg ntawm tsab xov xwm muaj ib phau ntawv txhais lus uas tso cai rau koj mus nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv zoo dua
