Osip Mandelstam, "Stone": kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov sau paj huam, tshuaj xyuas

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Mandelstam sau cov paj huam "Pob zeb" tau ntev dhau los ua ib qho classic ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam ntawm "Silver Age" era. Zoo kawg nkaus lyrical tej hauj lwm ntawm tus kws sau paj lug tau kov yeej ntau tshaj ib tiam ntawm cov neeg nyeem, ua piv txwv ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub suab thiab tus qauv suab paj nruag. Osip Mandelstam, yog ib tug txiv neej ntawm lub koom haum kev puas siab puas ntsws zoo, tau tso rau nws cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ib qho cuab yeej cuab tam thiab romantic, echoes uas tuaj yeem hnov hauv ntau cov kws sau paj huam tam sim no.

Mandelstam

Osip Emilievich Mandelstam yog tus cim tshwj xeeb hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum nws lub neej luv luv thiab lub sijhawm luv luv ntawm kev muaj tswv yim, Osip tau tswj hwm los tsim ntau yam paj huam, tau koom nrog kev txhais lus los ntawm ntau hom lus, thiab sau ntawv xov xwm. Cov neeg koom nrog tau suav tias Osip Mandelstam yog ib tus neeg sau ntawv tseem ceeb heev thiab yog tus paub zoo ntawm kev kos duab.

Osip Emilievich yog suav tias yog ib tus kws sau paj huam nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws yog tus phooj ywg nrog Marina Tsvetaeva, Nikolai Gumilev, Anna Akhmatova.

Biography

Osip Mandelstam yug rau lub Ib Hlis 15, 1891 hauvWarsaw, Poland. Tsev neeg ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yav tom ntej tau koom nrog cov neeg Yudais tsev neeg ntawm Mandelstam. Tus kws sau paj huam txiv, Emily Veniaminovich Mandelstam, muaj lub npe ntawm ib tug tub lag luam ntawm thawj guild, thiab nws niam, Flora Ovseevna Verblovskaya, ua ib tug ntaus suab paj nruag ntawm lub conservatory.

Nyob rau xyoo 1897, thaum Osip muaj 6 xyoo xwb, tsev neeg tsiv mus rau St. Petersburg, qhov chaw uas nws tau siv lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tus kws sau paj huam mus txog thaum nws raug ntiab tawm.

Nyob rau xyoo 1907, cov tub ntxhais hluas Mandelstam tau los ua tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Physics thiab Mathematics ntawm St. Petersburg University, txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kawm qee lub sijhawm, nws tsis xav tias xav tau kev tshawb fawb txog ntuj tsim thiab meej, yog li nws txiav txim siab mus kawm. nqa cov ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau xyoo 1908, yav tom ntej luminary ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv nkag mus rau Sorbonne University, mus kawm cov kev kawm nyob rau hauv lub University of Heidelberg raws txoj kev. Tau ntau xyoo ntawm kev kawm, Osip tau ua pov thawj nws tus kheej los ua tus kws sau ntawv txawj ntse thiab tus neeg txawj ntse, uas tso cai rau nws nkag mus rau cov neeg tseem ceeb hauv zej zog ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv Lavxias yav tom ntej.

Ntawm cov phooj ywg thiab cov neeg paub txog ntawm tus kws sau paj huam ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog Nikolai Gumilyov, Vyacheslav Ivanov, uas nws tau ntsib ntau zaus, thiab cov phooj ywg tham txog classics ntawm Fabkis thiab lus Askiv paj huam.

Nyob rau xyoo 1911, tus kws sau paj lug tsev neeg tau pib ntsib teeb meem nyiaj txiag loj, thiab Osip yuav tsum tau rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws thiab kawm txuas ntxiv ntawm University of St. Petersburg.

Cia li sau paj huam

Thawj zaj paj huam Mandelstam pib sau thaum nws tseem hluas, ua ntej nkag mustsev kawm ntawv. Cov xyoo kawm ntawv qib siab, uas tau muab cov kws sau paj huam ntau yam kev paub txog keeb kwm ntawm kev kos duab thiab kev xav ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, ua rau Osip yog tus kws sau paj huam paub tab. Thaum lub sijhawm nws raug yuam kom ua tiav nws cov kev kawm hauv Tebchaws Europe, Mandelstam tau ua tiav tiav ntawm nws thawj phau ntawv paj huam, hu ua "Stone". Lub npe tau hloov mus ua yaj saub - Mandelstam "Stone" tiag tiag tau los ua granite slab nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, tshuav rau ntau xyoo ib tug monument ntawm dawb poetic creativity, uas yog ib qho piv txwv rau tiam tom ntej ntawm cov kws sau paj lug.

History of sau

Osip Mandelstam's "Stone" zoo nkaus li muaj kev cuam tshuam cov ntsiab lus sab hauv ntawm tus kws sau paj huam. Cov khoom siv rau kev sau yog tsim thaum lub sij hawm tsim Osip raws li ib tug cwm pwm, raws li ib tug muaj tswv yim tus kheej. Tus kws sau paj huam txoj kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tsis tu ncua tau cuam tshuam los ntawm lub neej hnyav, thiab Mandelstam sim tshawb nrhiav cov xwm txheej no los ntawm kev ua haujlwm muaj tswv yim.

Kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov cim hauv Mandelstam cov haujlwm thaum ntxov tsuas yog qhia txog nws qhov kev xav paub daws teeb meem ntawm ib puag ncig kev muaj tiag, ua tsaug rau tus kws sau paj huam muaj lub zeem muag tshwj xeeb.

Cov ntsiab lus

Mandelstam phau ntawv "Stone" yog, hauv qhov tseem ceeb, ib qho kev sau tshwj xeeb uas nthuav qhia cov neeg nyeem nrog txhua yam ntawm tus sau tus cwj pwm thiab ntau yam ntawm nws lub ntiaj teb poetic. Cov sau muaj xws li lyrical tej hauj lwm ntawm tus kws sau paj lug, prose miniatures thiab mus ncig teb chaws sketches nyob rau hauv poetic daim ntawv, ua los ntawm Mandelstam thaum lub sij hawm nws.ncig teb chaws Europe.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws sau paj huam yog ib qho ntawm thawj zaug hauv Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv los koom nrog kev siv cov monologue ntawm kev nthuav qhia kev xav, siv daim ntawv nthuav qhia hauv thawj tus neeg. Qhov no ua rau nws txoj haujlwm kov yeej lub siab dawb paug, ua rau Mandelstam cov haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus rau cov neeg nyeem.

Landscape lyrics nyob ib qho chaw loj heev nyob rau hauv lub sau, vim hais tias nws yog los ntawm kev piav qhia ntawm lub greatness ntawm xwm uas tus kws sau paj lug feem ntau qhia tib neeg xwm, sim to taub lub hom phiaj ntawm tib neeg, lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws lub neej.

Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm kev sau "Stone" los ntawm Mandelstam qhia tias tsis muaj cov ncauj lus txwv tsis pub rau tus kws sau paj huam, nws pom nws qhov kev tshoov siab hauv txhua lub ntsiab lus. Cov ntawv sau muaj cov paj huam hais txog kev hlub, kev ua tsov ua rog, suab paj nruag, ntawv nyeem thiab txawm tias kis las.

Kev tshuaj ntsuam ntawm Mandelstam "Stone" qhia tau hais tias cov khoom sau muaj cov paj huam nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim lawv tau sau. Hauv thawj ntu ntawm nws phau ntawv, tus kws sau paj huam suav nrog thaum ntxov, lyceum thiab cov haujlwm hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Lub sijhawm ntawd, Mandelstam tau qhia txog kev sau ntawv ntawm Symbolist zej zog, yog li nws txoj haujlwm dhau los muaj yuav luag tag nrho ntawm cov duab cim. Lub ntiaj teb muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau paj huam yog sawv cev los ntawm lub zeem muag tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom qub, uas tau muab cov ntsiab lus txawv txawv. Tus kws sau paj lug cais "lub ntiaj teb no" thiab "lub ntiaj teb saum ntuj ceeb tsheej", nyiam qhov kawg.

Mandelstam xav tiag tiag txog nws qhov xwm txheej poetic thiab muaj peev xwm ua tau zoo, tsis ntseeg txog nws qhov khoom plig.

Part 2

Qhov thib ob ntawm Mandelstam cov paj huam nyob rau hauv "Pob zeb" tau hloov mus ua qhov hnyav dua thiab kev xavoriented tshaj thawj. Nws nyob ntawm no tias tus kws sau paj huam ruaj khov qhia nws txoj kev loj hlob raws li tus neeg muaj tswv yim, nws lub zeem muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Tus kws sau paj huam ib txwm ntseeg tias qhov thib ob ntawm "Lub Pob Zeb", txawm hais tias cov qauv ntawm kev txheeb xyuas ntau dua, yog qhov ua tau zoo thiab hnyav dua. Nws nyob ntawm no tias tus kws sau paj huam thawj zaug los nkag siab txog cov kev hloov pauv hauv nws lub neej, sim hloov mus rau qhov xwm txheej tshiab ntawm nws lub neej.

Kev tsom xam ntawm Mandelstam sau "Stone" qhia tau hais tias nws qhov thib ob yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txawj ntse lub siab xav thiab muaj tswv yim cynicism. Tus kws sau paj lug zoo nkaus li tsis yog ib tug tub hluas uas txaus siab, tab sis raws li ib tug txiv neej loj uas tau ntsib ntau yam hauv nws lub neej luv luv tab sis nyuaj.

Publication

Cov ntawv sau "Stone" los ntawm Osip Mandelstam tau dhau los ua thawj phau ntawv tso tawm los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, uas suav nrog tsuas yog 23 cov haujlwm sau los ntawm 1908 thiab 1913.

Ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, tus kws sau paj lug tau hloov kho qhov sau thiab npaj rau kev tshaj tawm ib qho kev kho thiab ntxiv, uas suav nrog ntau zaj paj huam sau rau xyoo 1914-1915.

Thaum kawg ntawm nees nkaum xyoo, tus kws sau paj huam tau sim luam tawm tsab ntawv thib peb ntawm kev sau, tab sis vim li cas zoo tau txiav txim siab tso tseg lub tswv yim no, nyiam siv nws lub sijhawm dawb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus txhais lus.

"Pob zeb" tau dhau los ntawm ntau qhov kev luam tawm thaum lub neej ntawm tus kws sau paj huam, muab Mandelstam nrog kev tsis txawj tuag hauv kev sau ntawv.

Kev tshuaj xyuas hauv zej zog

"Pob zeb" Mandelstam ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev sau ntawv hauv tebchaws Russiasij hawm. Nyob rau hauv lub poetic pab pawg neeg ntawm acmeists, tus kws sau paj lug tau tam sim ntawd nce mus rau nws cov thawj coj, los ua ib tug tseem ceeb sau ntawv daim duab ntawm ib tug tag nrho-Lavxias teb sab nplai. Txawm tias cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm ib qho kev sib txawv, uas yog kev sib raug zoo nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm acmeism, tau hais lus zoo siab txog Mandelstam cov paj huam.

Cov kws sau ntawv thaum lub sijhawm ntawd tau sau tseg qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsim paj huam, muaj ntau tus duab zoo nkauj, nrog rau cov lus piv txwv tshwj xeeb. Cov neeg nyeem txaus siab xav tsis thoob rau cov lus uas tus kws sau paj huam siv los piav qhia txog kev xav thiab kev xav tsis zoo uas tuaj xyuas nws.

Cov sau tau muag tam sim los ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv hauv lub peev.

Analysis

Txawm hais tias muaj kev tshuaj xyuas superficial ntawm kev sau "Stone" los ntawm Mandelstam, nws qhov tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ua rau pom qhov muag. Tus kws sau paj huam, ua tus sawv cev ntawm acmeism txav, txawj sib txuas hauv nws cov haujlwm ob qho tib si cov kev cai ntawm acmeism thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim, futurism thiab txawm tias qhov tseeb.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm Osip Mandelstam "Stone" yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus uas tus kws sau ntawv tsim cov ntaub ntawv. Tus kws sau paj huam nws tus kheej hu cov lus tseem ceeb no "sib cim" thiab tau sau tseg tias lawv yog lub zog ntawm kev tshoov siab uas mus ntsib tus neeg muaj tswv yim thiab txhawb kom nws sau txhua yam haujlwm.

Nyob rau hauv qhov no, hauv "Stone" Mandelstam tshawb txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov chaw thiab kev tshoov siab nrog rau kev xav ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab kev xav.

Txoj kev ntseeg ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tseem ceeb rau tus kws sau paj huam: ob peb zaj paj huam los ntawm kev saumob siab rau cov ntseeg tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev tuag thiab txoj sia nyob mus ib txhis.

Mandelstam lub tswv yim kev xav tau lees paub tias yog qhov tshwj xeeb vim yog kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo kawg ntawm ntau yam kev sau ntawv thiab cov qauv hauv nws, nrog rau tag nrho ntawm tus sau cov khoom siv thiab kev ntseeg kev ntseeg sib koom ua ke.

Kev thuam

Mandelstam cov paj huam tau raug rau kev tshuaj xyuas tseem ceeb thaum lub xyoo ntawm lub zog Soviet. Tom qab ntawd qee tus kws sau paj huam ua haujlwm tau lees paub tias yog "kev tawm tsam-Soviet", thiab tus sau nws tus kheej tau suav nrog hauv cov npe ntawm cov kws sau ntawv txwv tsis pub luam tawm thiab txhua yam kev tshaj tawm. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Osip Mandelstam, cov neeg thuam Soviet pom ntau qhov kev xav thiab kev npau suav uas tsis tsim nyog rau cov neeg Soviet, cuam tshuam cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm txhua hnub ua haujlwm thiab lub neej yav tom ntej.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, Mandelstam's "Stone" tau xyaum tsis tau luam tawm, thiab cov kws sau paj lug tej hauj lwm tau txais kev muaj koob meej ntawm cov neeg nyeem tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub yim caum, thaum, nrog rau cov paub zoo txog tej hauj lwm ntawm lwm cov neeg sau ntawv txwv., tej hauj lwm ntawm Osip Mandelstam tau republished.