Arab kws sau paj huam txij hnub nyoog nruab nrab mus rau tam sim no. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev txawj ntse, hu nkauj nyob rau hauv nqe lus nta

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Arabic paj huam muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj. Paj huam tsis yog ib daim duab kos duab rau cov neeg Arab thaum ub, tab sis kuj yog ib txoj hauv kev los qhia cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Niaj hnub no, tsuas yog qee tus kws sau paj huam Arabic, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm rubaiyat quatrains, tej zaum yuav paub rau ntau tus, tab sis Arabic ntawv thiab paj huam muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg.

Arabic Literature

Arabic cov ntaub ntawv yog los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais lus ntawm cov neeg zej zog uas ib zaug nyob hauv Arabian Peninsula. Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov kws sau paj lug thaum ub tau tsim los ntawm cov nom tswv hauv zos. Nws kis tau ntawm ib nrab-nomadic thiab sedentary cov neeg nyob hauv zos.

Ntawm cov Arabians, ib pab pawg neeg hu nkauj ntawm qhov tseeb "saib" kev hlub tshwm sim - cov kws sau paj lug ntawm Arab East. Lawv tsim cov paj huam tsis yog hais txog lub ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig lawv, tab sis kuj hais txog tus kheej txoj kev xav thiab lawv tus kheej tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug neeg twg. Cov paj huam hlub ntawm Arab kws sau paj huam tau sau txog cov khub niam txiv nto moo (Majnun thiab Leyla, Jamilthiab Busaina, Qais thiab Lubne).

Lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm tus Yaj Saub Mohammed thiab lub ntsej muag ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj Quran tsis tsuas yog coj cov kev hloov hauv kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj noj coj ua, tab sis kuj hloov pauv cov ntaub ntawv Arabic thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, paj huam.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 8, cov neeg los ntawm cov neeg kov yeej tau pib koom nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Arabic. Maj mam, kev txaus siab rau kev paub txog keeb kwm ntawm Arabic tau tsim nyob rau hauv Arab Caliphate, nws tus kheej txoj kev xav ntawm cov lus, nrog rau kev ntsuas ntawm poetic style, pib tsim, kev txhais lus ntawm qee qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws thaum ub ua haujlwm rau hauv Arabic tau pib ua. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv Arabic yog kev txhais lus ntawm cov kws sau paj huam los ntawm Persian lus. Paj huam pib maj mam hloov kho, uas tau hais nyob rau hauv qhov kev nyiam rau qasid - ib tug me me paj huam nrog nws tus kheej lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub thiaj li hu ua "new style" (badit).

Kev sib txuas ntawm paj huam, keeb kwm thiab kev ntseeg

Arabic cov ntaub ntawv muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm tib neeg. Lub neej nomadic tshwj xeeb, sawv ntawm Islam, Arab conquests, khoom kim heev ntawm Abbasids thaum ntxov, kev sib pauv kev coj noj coj ua nrog cov neeg nyob sib ze (tshwj xeeb nrog Spain), kev rhuav tshem ntawm Caliphate, kev coj noj coj ua stagnation, tsis kam, thiab, thaum kawg, rov tshawb pom dua. Kev paub txog tus kheej txhawm rau tsim cov xeev ntiag tug - txhua yam ntawm keeb kwm Arab tau cuam tshuam hauv cov ntaub ntawv, vim tias cov neeg Arab tau mob siab rau khaws cia thiab nco txog lawv keeb kwm yam tsis pom dab tsi.

Piv txwv li, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm al-Nadim "Fihrist" ntau cov ntaub ntawv tau sau txogCov ntaub ntawv Muslim thiab kab lis kev cai: tus sau tsim ib hom catalog ntawm tag nrho cov phau ntawv ntawm Arab kws sau paj lug thiab sau ntawv paub los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm keeb kwm, kev ntseeg, paj huam, jurisprudence, philology, thiab lwm yam. nyob rau hauv thawj 3 centuries los ntawm lub advent ntawm Islam. Tsawg heev tau muaj sia nyob mus txog rau tam sim no, thiab hauv nws daim ntawv qub, yuav luag tsis muaj dab tsi tau mus txog peb hnub tag nrho.

Pib los ntawm "hnub nyoog kub", kev cuam tshuam ntawm Arab kab lis kev cai thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lwm haiv neeg tau dhau los ua ntau thiab muaj zog: muaj kev sib xyaw loj ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, qhov tseem ceeb thiab lwm yam kev coj noj coj ua thiab keeb kwm. Tom qab tsim lub teb chaws Ottoman, cov lus sau ntawm Arabs tau pib dhau los, thiab tsuas yog ua tsaug rau ib pawg neeg tsawg uas tau siv zog los khaws cov lus ntawm cov ntawv Arabic, cov Arabs nkag mus rau cov nplua nuj Renaissance nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th..

Tej zaum, tsis muaj kab lis kev cai muaj qhov sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntawv nyeem nrog kev ntseeg ib yam li hauv Arab. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Arabic paj huam yog hais tias, txawm lub hav zoov ntawm pre-Islamic paj huam, lub Vaj Quran yog suav hais tias yog pib ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev nkag siab ntawm lo lus nyob rau hauv lawv cov kab lis kev cai. Ntxiv rau qee qhov graffiti ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st. AD, uas tsis yog cov lus sau, tsis muaj lwm yam pov thawj ntawm lub neej ntawm qee yam haujlwm hauv Arabic ua ntej los ntawm tus yaj saub Muhammad. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsis nyeem ntawv tau nthuav dav: cov neeg uas kawm nyeem lossis sau ntawv, raws li txoj cai, tau kawm sab nraud ntawm ciam teb ntawm Arabia. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no tsis tau dhau los ua teeb meem rau cov nomadic Bedouins:lawv paub paj huam zoo kawg nkaus los ntawm lub siab. Ntau haiv neeg thiab cov nom tswv tau khaws cia cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev nyeem qhov ncauj: muaj cov neeg nyeem tshwj xeeb uas tau txais lawv txoj sia los ntawm kev nco thiab nyeem nqes los ntawm kev nco.

Hom paj huam Arabic

Ntau tus neeg nyeem kuj tau nyeem nrov qee cov dab neeg nto moo. Tsis zoo li tus sau paj huam, tag nrho cov hauj lwm prose yog pej xeem. Prose nws tus kheej tsis yog li ntawd nthuav nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Paj huam tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv Arabic - hauv nws qhov embryo nws yog menyuam yaus lullabies, ua haujlwm thiab tua tsiaj. Yooj yim tsim sai heev xws li:

• hija - thuam tus yeeb ncuab;
• fahr - lus qhuas;
• sar - kua zaub ntsuab;
• risa - elegy;
• mloog nkauj kho siab;
• nasib - love lyrics;
• wasf - piav qhia lyrics.

Ntawm qub txeeg qub teg, ntawv tseeb kuj tau yug los, xws li:

• sib ntaus sib tua;
• lus;
• tales about historical events.

V-VII xyoo pua tau cim los ntawm kev vam meej ntawm cov ntawv nyeem Arabic. Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm cov paj huam Arabic thaum ub yog qasida thiab ib qho amorphous fragment (kyta, muqat).

Ib yam ntxwv ntawm cov paj huam Arabic tau dhau los ua ib qho monorhyme: txhua nqe lus ntawm tus kws sau paj huam Arabic suav nrog ib kab lus thiab yog ib qho kev ywj pheej semantic aesthetic unit.

paj huam thiab paj huam

Rau cov Arabs, paj huam tau dhau los ua kev sib haum xeeb nrog nws tus kheejqhov loj, sib dhos thiab lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb. Cov Arabs tsis tuaj yeem hu ua paj huam yam tsis muaj nws lub ntsiab lus paj huam. Tsuas yog ib tug neeg uas muaj kev txawj ntse thiab txawj ntse, txawj ntse thiab saj zoo thiaj li muaj cai hu ua tus kws sau paj huam.

Paj huam tau tsim los rau ntau lub hom phiaj. Nws tuaj yeem piav qhia qee yam nrog nqe, nws tuaj yeem thuam thiab thuam ib tus neeg lossis, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhuas nrog nqe. Nrog kev pab ntawm ib nqe lus, ib tug yuav lees txim rau ib tug txoj kev hlub, qhia kev tu siab thiab kev xyiv fab. Feem ntau, tag nrho cov haujlwm no thiab ntau lwm tus yog cov yam ntxwv tsis yog rau paj huam xwb, tab sis kuj yog rau cov haujlwm prose, thiab qhov no kuj muaj tseeb rau kev kos duab.

Tab sis tsis yog txhua tus kws sau paj huam tau xav los tsim tej hauj lwm zoo tib yam. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau ib txhia ntawm lawv kom ua siab ntev rau cov neeg nyeem, qhia ib zaj dab neeg zoo kawg nkaus, ua kom pom cov txuj ci ntawm kev ua paj huam, lossis tsuas yog tso dag xwb, tab sis ua rau cov pej xeem txaus siab rau qhov tso dag.

Kev cob qhia

Paj huam kuj tau siv rau kev kawm. Txij li thaum feem ntau ntawm cov pej xeem tsis nyeem ntawv, qhov kev paub uas yuav tsum tau sau tseg tau nthuav tawm hauv cov ntawv paj huam. Tsuas yog ob peb phau ntawv kawm thaum ub tau muaj sia nyob rau tam sim no, piv txwv li, ABC bin Malik thiab Al-Shatbi System, uas yog ib qho kev qhia ntxov rau kev kawm ntawm Kaulees.

Cov kws sau paj lug zoo tshaj plaws tsis yog tuaj yeem qhia lawv txoj kev xav xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muab cov kev paub zoo rau hauv nqe lus kom dhau mus rau tiam tom ntej. Kev kawm paj huam tsis tuaj yeem hu ua paj huam tag nrho, txij li cov notej hauj lwm tsis qhia tus kheej txoj kev xav thiab kev xav ntawm tus sau. Tab sis txij li cov phau ntawv no tau ua tib zoo npaj thiab muab ntim rau hauv cov lus sib dhos uas pab nco txog ntau yam kev paub, cov haujlwm no tuaj yeem yooj yim sib txawv rau hauv chav kawm tshwj xeeb ntawm paj huam Arabic.

Cryptography thiab cryptography

lus Poetic feem ntau yog siv los encrypt cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb - cov paj huam no hu ua "dig muag". Cov kws sau paj lug ntawm Arab East muaj peev xwm hloov cov ntawv zoo tib yam rau hauv cov lus zais, tsuas yog rau ib tus neeg nyob hauv qhov tshwj xeeb, lossis rau ib tus neeg uas muaj "tus yuam sij" - ib qho laj thawj los daws qhov cipher. Cov kws sau ntawv thaum ntxov thiaj li txawj sau cov lus caw mus rau hnub lossis cov lus ntawm kev hlub hauv lawv cov paj huam uas tsuas yog ib tug poj niam tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb nws yog dab tsi - rau tus neeg sab nrauv, cov ntawv nyeem yuav zoo li tsis muaj tseeb thiab tsis meej pem. Cov paj huam ntawm Arab paj huam hais txog kev hlub yog qhov tshwj xeeb vim yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cipher thiab cov ntsiab lus txawv txawv. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tshwj xeeb no muaj nws lub ntsiab lus, uas qhia meej txog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib neeg, lawv tus cwj pwm thiab tus cwj pwm. Arab kws sau paj lug hais txog kev hlub ntsiag to, zais cia. Rau lawv, kev xav yog ib yam dab tsi sib raug zoo thiab tus kheej uas yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj rau lwm tus neeg lub pob ntseg.

Ib tug neeg paub lus dab neeg hais txog tus kws sau paj huam uas piav txog nws zaj lus tim khawv nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv paj huam, uas nws hais kom cov tub sab uas ib zaug tawm tsam nws kom pauj nws. Kwv tij cov kwv tij tau tshaj tawm zaj paj huam no thiab khaws cia mus txog thaum kev ua pauj kua zaub ntsuab ua tiav thiab tau nrog cov neeg tawm tsam.

paj huam ua ntej-Islamic

Daim ntawv tshaj plaws ntawm zaj paj huam yog qasida - ib hom paj huam tshwj xeeb uas siv cov lus sib dhos los nthuav qhia cov kev paub dhau los thiab txawm tias qee qhov kev txawj los ntawm cov duab tiag tiag. Zoo sib xws qasidas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub 8th thiab 9th centuries. Cov kws tshawb fawb Ancient tau lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev khaws cia cov kab lig kev cai qub ntawm paj huam raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev tshoov siab rau kev coj noj coj ua tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, Arabic yog ib qho cuab yeej tseem ceeb rau kev piav qhia Vaj Qhia.

Cov npe ntawm Arab kws sau paj huam ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Islam tsis ntev dhau los, tab sis cov Arabs txaus siab rau lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam:

• Tarafa.
• Zuhair ibn Abi Sulma.
• Imru al-Qays yog tus kws sau paj huam Arabic zoo, tus sau tau ntawm hom qasida classical.
• Harith ibn Hillisa al-Yashkuri.
• Antara ibn Shaddad al-Absi thiab lwm tus

Nyob rau hauv cov piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm cov paj huam Arabic, qhov tseeb uas tau tsim muaj kev ntseeg siab, tshwj xeeb sophistication thiab simplicity tau sau tseg: cov nqe lus ntawm Arab paj huam piav qhia tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom. Feem ntau koj tuaj yeem ntsib kev txais tos ntawm personification thiab ncaj qha koom haum. Qhov kev xaiv ntawm hom thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm nqe yog rooted nyob rau hauv ib tug ntev-tsim kev lig kev cai.

Qhov kev nyuaj ntawm qee cov paj huam thaum ntxov yog siab heev uas nws yooj yim los txiav txim siab tias cov kws sau paj huam pib tsim cov paj huam ntev ua ntej ntawd. Xws li ib tug zoo-tsim poetic style thiab daim ntawv yuav tsis tau tshwm sim poob nthav, feem ntau yuav tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug ntev ua hauj lwm ntawm cov style. Yog li ntawv paj huam Arabic tseem laus dua li peb xav.

Cov ntaub ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm no muaj nyob hauvanthologies sau tom qab sawv ntawm Islam. Tsim nyog saib xyuas tshwj xeeb:

• "Mufaddaliyat" compiled by al-Mufaddal;
• Hamas Abu Tammam;
• "Rau Tuam Tshoj al-Aghani" Abu-l-Faraj al-Isfahani;
• Muallaqat.

Cov tom kawg suav nrog 7 zaj paj huam sib haum xeeb los ntawm kev sau ntawv sib txawv ntawm Arab kws sau ntawv thiab kws sau paj huam: Imru al-Qais, Haris, Tarafa, Antara, Ambr ibn Kulsum, Zuhair, Labid. Cov paj huam no ntxiv rau lub suab tiag ntawm Jahiliya - Hnub ntawm Ignorance - uas yog li cas pre-Islamic lub neej hu ua. Cov hauj lwm no yog cov keeb kwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm pre-Islamic Arabia.

Paj huam ntawm lub xyoo pua VI. tseem hais lus rau cov nyeem hauv Arabic, uas tau hais thoob plaws hauv Arabia.

Arabic paj huam ntawm Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog

Txij thaum pib ntawm peb lub sijhawm mus txog rau xyoo pua 18th, Arab kws sau paj lug tsis tau tawm ntawm ib thaj tsam ntawm lub voj voog tsim kom meej meej - qasida, kyta thiab ghazal. Tag nrho lub sij hawm no, cov nqe lus ntawm Arab sau ntawv tau zoo ib yam li ib leeg nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm poetic cov tswv yim, daim ntawv thiab style - tib lub motive suab nyob rau hauv creativity, storylines yog monotonous, thiab toj roob hauv pes yog universal. Txawm li cas los xij, cov paj huam no yog qhov qub, ua rau muaj sia thiab muaj sia nyob: nws tau dhau los nrog lub siab dawb paug, kev muaj tiag.

Thaum pib ntawm 7th-8th centuries, Arabic paj huam xaus rau hauv Syria, tim lyiv teb chaws, Iraq thiab Central Asia, tsiv mus rau lub Maghreb lub teb chaws thiab, bypassing lub Strait ntawm Gibr altar, seeps rau Spain. Sij hawm dhau mus, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau lus Arabic tau pib tawm ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus: nrog rau kev tshwm sim ntawm kev ntseeg tshiab thiab txoj hauv kev ntawm lub neej, kab lis kev cai kuj hloov. Tsis ntev ces tus txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv muaj nqis yog ua raws"classical" piv txwv ntawm Bedouin paj huam. Ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm nws tau pom tias yog qhov txawv txav ntawm cov qauv ntawm kev zoo nkauj. Cov paib no yog harbiners ntawm canonization.

Arabic paj huam sai sai tsiv mus rau thaj chaw ntawm lub caliphate, nqus cov kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos. Qhov no zoo heev muaj ntau haiv neeg thiab enriched Arabic paj huam, qhia tag nrho cov tswv yim tshiab, multiplying thiab diversifying lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv. Txij li thaum lub sijhawm Abbasid, paj huam tsis tuaj yeem hu ua Arabic, vim tias nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm keeb kwm nws tau hloov pauv ntau, sib xyaw nrog peb cov kab lis kev cai thiab kev coj noj coj ua - tam sim no nws tuaj yeem hu ua Arabic. Nyob rau ob peb centuries tom ntej no, cov chaw ntawm kev vam meej ntawm paj huam hloov los ntawm East mus rau sab hnub poob thiab rov qab, los ntawm ib tug muaj txiaj ntsim kws sau paj lug mus rau lwm tus. Cov qauv tshiab ntawm cov ntawv sau paj huam tau raug tsim, tab sis cov canons ntawm cov paj huam Bedouin qub tseem nyob hauv lub hauv paus.

Los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm paj huam thiab mus txog rau 8th-10th centuries, nws cov neeg khaws cia yog cov kws nyeem ntawv, uas tseem hu ua Ravi. Txhua tus ntawm lawv coj ib daim ntawm nws tus kheej mus rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm qhov ncauj pej xeem kos duab, txawm nws yog ib lo lus ntxiv, kev xav xim los yog tus kheej tawm tswv yim. Yog li, cov paj huam uas tau kaw lawm yuav txawv ntawm nws qhov ncauj.

Kev txhim kho tom ntej ntawm cov paj huam Arabic tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev ntseeg tshiab thiab kev tsim ntawm Kaulees. Paj huam tau dhau ib qho kev kub ntxhov hauv kev sib txuas nrog qhov no, tom qab ntawd nws "tshem tawm" nyob rau hauv Umayyad dynasty hauv Arab-colonized Iraq thiab Syria. Lub sijhawm no, cov neeg nyeem ntawv hauv tsev hais plaub xws li al-Akhtal, al-Farazdak, Yaj. Lawv qhuas lawv cov patrons, hu lawv lub siab tawv, kev txawj ntse thiab kev ua siab zoo, defiling thiab denigrating tus tw ntawm lub dynasty. Tam sim no, tom qab txoj kev cai lij choj thiab cov canons, cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev muaj tiag tau dhau los ua qhov muag tsis pom. Txhua qhov kev tsim kho tshiab hauv paj huam tuaj ntawm qhov chaw zoo nkauj ntawm lub nroog loj ntawm Arab Caliphate, qhov twg hom nkauj ntawm kev hlub tau vam meej. Ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom ntawm lub sijhawm no yog Umar ibn Abu Rabia, nrog rau al-Ahwasi caliph Walid II.

Lub sijhawm no, kev hlub cov nkauj tsis ploj mus qhov twg: cov kab lig kev cai ntawm nasib tau txais kev txhawb los ntawm cov kws sau paj lug ntawm Abbasid lub tsev hais plaub, cov uas tus tswv Abu Navas sawv tawm tshwj xeeb. Tom qab swb ntawm Arab Caliphate ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv - nws pib maj mam nthuav tawm hauv Iraq, Egypt, Iran, Syria, Lebanon. Abu al-Tayib al-Mutanabbi tau los ua tus neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm: nws cov yeeb yaj kiab thiab qhuas qasidas tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj, cov lus piv txwv tob, muaj zog hyperbole thiab cov koom haum tsis tseem ceeb. Nws txoj hauj lwm tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Syrian kws sau paj lug Abul-Ala al-Maarri, uas tau tswj xyuas cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm inventing complex ob rhymes.

Raws li kev hais lus, ntawm-Tanukhi thiab Abu Hainyan ntawm-Tawhidi yog cov neeg sawv cev nto moo ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam no. Abu Bar al-Khwarizmi tau sau nws lub npe nrov "Cov Lus" ("Rasael"), thiab Badi az-Zaman al-Hamadani tau tsim ib hom ntawv tshiab hu ua maqamu.

Los ntawm lub xyoo pua XI, txawm hais tias muaj coob tus kws sau paj lug thiab cov kws sau ntawv Arab nce, cov ntaub ntawv Arabic tau poob qis. Mysticism pib tshwm nyob rau hauv paj huam, thaumraws li nyob rau hauv prose - didactics. Tab sis txawm ntawm cov adherents ntawm mystical paj huam muaj cov pob zeb diamond tiag tiag, piv txwv li, Ibn al-Farid thiab Ibn Arabi. Ibn Yaafar tau tso nws txoj kev koom tes rau cov ntawv nyeem los ntawm kev tsim cov hom ntawv keeb kwm tshiab. Nyob ib ncig ntawm tib lub sijhawm, Usama ibn Munkiz tau sau phau ntawv keeb kwm keeb kwm yav dhau los, tshwj xeeb ntawm cov ntawv sau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, hu ua Phau Ntawv Kev Txhim Kho.

Tom qab ntawd - hauv IX-X centuries. ib daim ntawv tshiab ntawm paj huam tshwm - rubaiyat. Daim ntawv ntawm cov nkauj no yog quatrain nrog philosophical laj thawj. Ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Arab nto moo tshaj plaws, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm rubaiyat quatrains:

• Omar Khayyam.
• Heyran Khanum.
• Zakhiriddin Babur.
• Mehseti Ganjavi.
• Abu Abdallah Rudaki.
• Amjad Hyderabadi thiab ntau ntxiv.

Vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm cov lus ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Arabic, nws yog qhov ua tau tsis yooj yim sua kom hloov cov suab paj nruag ntawm thawj cov paj huam mus rau lwm yam lus: feem ntau cov neeg txhais lus mus rau iambic pentameter, txawm hais tias qhov no kuj tsis yog tag nrho.

Hauv XIII hom zajal thiab muwashshah tau thov dav hauv Syria thiab Egypt. Sufis sim sau ua lus pej xeem, uas yog ze rau cov neeg. Twb tau nyob rau hauv lub XIII-XV centuries, sira (biography) pib nthuav tawm - ib tug series ntawm cov dab neeg ntawm kev hlub thiab heroic cov ntsiab lus txuam nrog tej yam keeb kwm los yog tsis tseeb cov xwm txheej thiab tus kheej - lawv tau muab cais, xws li, raws li chivalric novels. Cov thawj coj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws suav nrog kev sau npe nrov hauv ntiaj teb "Ib txhiab thiab Ib Hmo", uas, nrog rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv thiab lus dab neeg, suav nrog cov lus tseem ceeb ntawm Omar ibn al-Num.

Kev poob ntawm cov kab lis kev cai canonical hauv cov ntaub ntawv Arabic tau ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm cov ntawv nyeem tshiab. Cov hom ntawm dastan tau los ua qhov nrov tshaj plaws. Hauv tebchaws Iziv, keeb kwm dab neeg pib tshwm sim. Los ntawm XIX-XX centuries nyob rau hauv Morocco, tim lyiv teb chaws, Algeria, Lebanon, Yemen thiab Tunisia, ib ceg ntawm lub teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv pib tsim nrog rau cov dav dav Arabic. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov kev taw qhia tshiab, xws li lub tswv yim xws li "Islamic modernism" pib tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, ib tug romantic novel (A. Reihani), ib tug macam tshiab (M. Muwailihi) thiab lwm yam.

Arab kws sau paj lug ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog tau nthuav tawm keeb kwm raws li txoj hlua nruj ntawm cov xwm txheej sib cais tsis sib xws. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov paj huam Arabic nws tus kheej yog qhov txuas tsis tseem ceeb hauv cov kab keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb tib neeg kab lis kev cai.

Sau Quran

Hnub ua ntej ntawm tus Yaj Saub Muhammad tuaj, kev tsis txaus siab nrog Bedouin txoj kev ntawm lub neej thiab ntau yam kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog qhov no tau pib loj hlob ntawm cov neeg xav. Nws tsuas yog ntuj uas paj huam poob nws qhov chaw thaum rov ua dua tshiab kev ntseeg kev ntseeg pib hloov cov txiaj ntsig ib txwm muaj. Kev tsim cov paj huam tuaj rau lub virtual nres thaum cov neeg hloov siab los ntseeg tshiab pib nrhiav tus Yaj Saub kom hnov kev tshwm sim ntawm tus neeg. Tom qab tus Yaj Saub tuag lawm, muaj qhov xav tau ceev ceev kom khaws cov kev tshwm sim uas tshwm sim rau nws hauv kev sau ntawv - thiab tus Vaj Ntsuj Plig Dawb Huv tau yug los.

Thawj suras tau ua tib zoo kaw yuav luag tam sim ntawd, scrupulously thiab raug, txhawm rau txhim kho Vajtswv Txojlus tiag tiag thiab raug heev. Ntau ntawm cov suras, nrog rau lwm tus hauv tshooj tom ntej -zoo nkaus li tsis meej pem thiab qhov muag plooj rau cov kws tshawb fawb thaum ub. Txawm niaj hnub no, feem ntau ntawm cov dluab complex thiab metaphors yuav tsum tau deciphered thiab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws. Qee ceg ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Arabic tau loj hlob tawm ntawm qhov xav tau rau kev nthuav tawm cov lus piav qhia ntawm Qur'an, suav nrog lexicography thiab cov qauv sau ntawv.

Lub Quran tau los ua thawj tus neeg sawv cev ntawm kev sau ntawv Arabic. Lub cawv ntawm Qur'an tuaj yeem taug qab tau yooj yim thoob plaws hauv cov ntaub ntawv Arabic tom ntej. Lub sijhawm no tau cim los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv nto moo tshiab:

• Kaab ibn Zuhair;
• Abu Dhuayb al-Biga al-Jadi;
• Hasan ibn Thabit.

Modern Arabic paj huam

Cov ntaub ntawv Arabic niaj hnub tuaj yeem hu ua tag nrho ntawm txhua yam ntaub ntawv ntawm Arab lub tebchaws, koom ua ke los ntawm ib hom lus Arabic thiab kev ncaj ncees ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab keeb kwm.

Piv txwv li, cov ntawv sau "Ntawm Arabic Paj Huam" nthuav tawm rau pej xeem cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau paj huam niaj hnub Arabic los ntawm yim lub tebchaws: Lebanon, Algeria, Yemen, Jordan, Iraq, Sudan, UAE, Tunisia. Cov ntawv sau suav nrog cov paj huam uas cuam tshuam txog cov xwm txheej keeb kwm xws li kev tawm tsam rau kev ywj pheej, kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg Africa thiab Asia los ntawm kev ua lag luam, thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev thaj yeeb thiab kev tsis lees paub ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog kuj yog ib qho lus qhia los ntawm tag nrho cov paj huam. Cov ntawv sau suav nrog ntau tus kws sau paj huam - los ntawm cov tswv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov paj huam, xws li Abd al-Wahhab al-B alti, Ahmad Suleiman al-Ahmad, Maaruf ar-Rusafi, Ahmad Rami, rau cov paj huam los ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas paj huam - Lyamia Abbas Amara, AliMuhammad Hamad, Ali Hashim Rashid, Osman Abdullah. Cov ntsiab lus thiab cov tswv yim ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Arab nto moo no nyob ze thiab nkag siab zoo rau cov tib neeg. Cov kws sau ntawv, nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev los sis lwm qhov, txuas ntxiv cov kab lig kev cai pib ntau pua xyoo dhau los los ntawm lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv.

Ntxiv rau, tam sim no ntau tus neeg paub Arab Palestinian kws sau paj huam Mahmoud Darwish, tus tswv ntawm ntau yam khoom plig zoo nkauj thiab paj huam. Ib qho ntawm nws cov ntawv sau nto moo tshaj plaws yog hu ua "Birds Without Wings" - nws yog nws phau ntawv debut, uas nws tau sau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 19 xyoo xwb.

Arabic cov ntawv nyeem thiab, tshwj xeeb, paj huam tau tshwm sim ntau pua xyoo dhau los. Nws tau dhau los ntawm ntau lub sijhawm ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob - ob qho tib si nce thiab nqis. Tab sis ua tsaug rau tus cwj pwm rhiab ntawm Arab kws sau paj lug rau kab lis kev cai thiab kab lis kev cai, tej hauj lwm zoo Arabic tau nqis los rau peb lub sij hawm, uas tseem excite tus ntsuj plig. Paj huam tsis nyob twj ywm: tam sim no, ntau thiab ntau tus kws sau paj huam tshiab tshwm sim uas txuas ntxiv cov kab lig kev cai ntawm canonical oriental paj huam thiab coj tej yam tshiab rau kev kos duab. Paj huam loj hlob thiab loj hlob ua ke nrog tib neeg, nws lub neej yav tom ntej yog nyob rau hauv peb txhais tes: peb yuav tsum tsis txhob cia nws wither, nws yog tsim nyog los tuav lub monuments uas twb muaj lawm ntawm ib tug zoo nkauj kab lis kev cai thiab tsim tshiab inspiring thiab haib tej hauj lwm.