Temperament scale: lub tswv yim, keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag
Temperament scale: lub tswv yim, keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag

Video: Temperament scale: lub tswv yim, keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag

Video: Temperament scale: lub tswv yim, keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim thiab lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag
Video: Музыка веры 183. Регент и композитор П Г Чесноков 2024, Hlis ntuj nqeg
Anonim

Ib qho ntawm Johann Sebastian Bach qhov kev tsim nto moo tshaj plaws yog hu ua Well-Tempered Clavier, lossis "HTK" luv luv. Yuav ua li cas to taub lub ntsiab lus no? Nws taw qhia tias tag nrho cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub voj voog tau sau rau lub clavier, uas muaj ib tug temperamental scale, uas yog, ib tug uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau feem ntau niaj hnub suab paj nruas ntsuas. Nws cov nta yog dab tsi, thiab nws tshwm sim li cas? Koj yuav kawm txog qhov no thiab ntau ntxiv los ntawm kab lus.

Bach "Zoo-Tempered Clavier"
Bach "Zoo-Tempered Clavier"

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Lub ntsuas kub xav tias txhua qhov octave (qhov kev ncua deb ntawm tib cov ntawv ntawm cov pitches sib txawv) muab faib ua qee qhov sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm kev siv xws li ib tug tuning, lub suab yog teem nyob rau hauv semitones. Yog hais tias peb xav txog lub piano keyboard, ces raws nraim no lub sij hawm yog sib npaug zos rau qhov deb ntawm txhuatus yuam sij nyob sib ze. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog lwm yam keyboard, cua lossis lwm yam ntsuas.

acoustic guitar
acoustic guitar

Piv txwv li, ntawm ib lub guitar, nruab nrab ntawm cov ntawv nyob ib sab ntawm tib txoj hlua, ib ntus ntawm qhov thib ob me me raug muab tso, uas yog sib npaug rau ib nrab lub suab.

Tus nqi siab

Lub npe ntawm qhov system no los ntawm Latin lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntsuas. Yog li ntawd, qhov kev ua tiav no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi tsis yog rau kev ua suab paj nruag xwb, tab sis kuj yog lej. Tseeb tiag, kev sim tsim cov txheej txheem zoo li no txij li thaum ub tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg uas yog cov kws tshaj lij hauv ob qhov kev paub no, thiab tseem paub txog lwm yam kev tshawb fawb, piv txwv li, physics. Thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, txij li qhov no ib tus neeg tau cuam tshuam nrog huab cua vibrations, uas tsim suab.

Kev suav lej tau pab cov kws tshawb fawb los tsim cov suab uas ua rau lub octave li no, txhawm rau ua kom qee cov haujlwm ua tau yooj yim rau cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag. Piv txwv li, kev taw qhia ntawm temperamental system ntawm suab paj nruag ua rau nws ua tau kom yooj yim rau kev thauj mus los ntawm tej hauj lwm. Tam sim no ua si tib qhov sib xyaw ua ke hauv cov yuam sij sib txawv tsis tas yuav tsum tau rov kawm dua. Yog hais tias ib tug neeg paub lub hauv paus ntawm lub suab paj nruag txoj kev xav thiab kev sib haum xeeb, ces nws yuav muaj peev xwm ua si ib daim nyob rau hauv tej yam tseem ceeb. Ntau xyoo dhau los tso cai rau koj ua kom sai txaus.

Ntse

Temperamental tuning ua pov thawj tias muaj txiaj ntsig feem ntau hauv kev ua yeeb yam ntawm suab paj nruag. Nrog nws cov lus qhia, cov neeg hu nkauj tau txais lub sijhawm los ua haujlwm hauv qhov yooj yim tshaj plawssuab rau lawv. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias vocalists tau tshem ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau overexert lawv lub suab qaum, noj tsawg heev los yog siab sau ntawv uas yog uncharacteristic ntawm lawv ntau yam. Ntawm chav kawm, xws li dawb tuav ntawm cov khoom siv suab paj nruag tsis yog txais tos nyob rau hauv txhua yam. Ua ntej tshaj plaws, nws txhawj xeeb txog cov suab paj nruag classic. Piv txwv li, kev ua tau zoo ntawm opera arias hauv lwm yam uas tsis yog thawj cov yuam sij yog suav tias yog qhov tsis lees txais.

Nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem thauj cov symphonies, classical instrumental concertos, sonatas, suites thiab ua haujlwm ntawm ntau lwm yam. Tsis zoo li suab paj nruag pop, tonality yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm no. Keeb kwm paub cov piv txwv ntawm qee tus kws sau nkauj muaj lub pob ntseg "xim" suab paj nruag. Ntawd yog, rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam no, txhua tus yuam sij tau cuam tshuam nrog qee qhov ntxoov ntxoo. Scriabin thiab Rimsky-Korsakov txawv ntawm qhov kev nkag siab ntawm suab paj nruag.

xim suab paj nruag pob ntseg
xim suab paj nruag pob ntseg

Lwm cov classical composers, txawm hais tias lawv tsis muaj xws li "xim" kev nkag siab ntawm lub suab, tseem txawv tonalities los ntawm lwm yam yam ntxwv (sov, saturation, thiab hais txog). Kev thauj mus los ntawm lawv tej hauj lwm rau hauv cov yuam sij arbitrary yog tsis tsim nyog, raws li nws distorted tus sau lub hom phiaj.

Tus pab tsis tau

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm li cas los xij, cov kws sau nkauj zoo li no tsis lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib txig sib luag rau kev tsim kho suab paj nruag. Kev hloov pauv dawb ntawm ib tus yuam sij mus rau lwm qhov tsis yog qhov pom tseeb "tsim" txiaj ntsig, txij li nws tso cai rau cov neeg ua yeeb yam kom xis nyob thaumua si thiab hu nkauj. Nrog txoj kev xaiv ntawm tonality, tus neeg hu nkauj lub suab suab zoo dua thiab zoo dua qub dua thaum nws ua nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ua qhov tsis zoo rau nws qhov ntau (qis lossis siab) sau ntawv.

ntsuas kub (thiab yog li hloov pauv dawb ntawm cov yuam sij) muab lub peev xwm los sau cov haujlwm nrog ntau tus tonal deviations thiab modulations. Thiab qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, yog ib tug vivid visual txheej txheem uas tau lug siv nyob rau hauv classical suab paj nruag. Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev kos duab pop, kev siv cov kev hloov pauv tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Yog li, nyob rau hauv jazz improvisations, harmonic sequences feem ntau siv, txav ntawm ib tug yuam sij mus rau lwm tus. Yog li ntawd, lub temperamental scale tuaj yeem raug hu ua ib lub cav ntawm kev nce qib hauv suab paj nruag.

History

Kev tshawb fawb txog kev ua suab paj nruag pib thaum ub. Ib tug ntawm thawj cov kws tshawb fawb uas tau pib ua tib zoo xav txog kev tsim yog tus lej Greek thaum ub Pythagoras. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias ua ntej yug los ntawm tus neeg zoo, muaj ntau lub suab paj nruag nrog cov txheej txheem uas twb muaj lawm. Cov neeg uas ua si lawv feem ntau tsis muaj lub tswv yim hais txog lub cev lub zog ntawm lub suab lossis txog lub hauv paus ntawm kev xav suab paj nruag. Lawv kawm lawv cov txuj ci, nkag siab ntau yam ntawm nws cov kev txawj ntse intuitively.

Ntawd yog, nyob rau lub sijhawm nyob deb, tib neeg los ntawm kev sim thiab ua yuam kev tau kawm cov kev cai acoustic uas qhia txog kev ua suab paj nruag thiab kev sib haum xeeb. Thiab cov kev tshawb fawb no, raws li koj paub, tsis yog qhov qis dua hauv lawv qhov nyuaj rau kev ua lej siab dua. Ib tug xav tom qab hais tias,tias cov kws ntaus suab paj nruag thiab cov kws sau nkauj tsis nco qab koom nrog kev daws teeb meem nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm lub cev thiab lej. Thawj tus kws tshawb fawb loj ntawm cov teeb meem no yog Pythagoras twb tau hais lawm.

YPythagorean system

Ib tug kws tshawb fawb Greek thaum ub tau ua kev sim nrog lub suab ntawm lub suab paj nruag yooj yim tshaj plaws, uas muaj lub cev ntoo thiab lub suab nrov ncav cuag nws - ib txoj hlua.

Nws tau tsim nws tus kheej lub cev, uas hu ua Pythagorean. Lub suab nyob rau hauv nws tau teem nyob rau hauv ntshiab fifths. Kev siv cov txheej txheem zoo li no tso cai rau qee cov twj paj nruag los txo cov hlua. Ua ntej qhov no, tag nrho cov twj paj nruag tau teem caij zoo li harp, uas yog, txhua txoj hlua tuaj yeem tsim ib daim ntawv xwb. Ntiv tes pinching tsis tau siv. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog kev taw qhia ntawm Pythagorean system, cov kws ntaus nkauj tseem tsis tuaj yeem hloov tus yuam sij ntawm tag nrho cov haujlwm lossis ib feem ntawm nws. Qhov kev hloov kho no tau siv mus txog rau thaum Nrab Hnub nyoog. Tom qab ntawd lub cev rau kev ua yeeb yam ntawm pawg ntseeg suab paj nruag raug kho raws li cov qauv Greek thaum ub. Qhov system no, ntxiv rau qhov tsis zoo uas tau teev tseg, muaj ob qhov tsis zoo ntxiv. Ua ntej, qhov ntsuas hauv lawv tsis raug kaw. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias, tau pib ua si qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov mus, nws tsis tuaj yeem tuaj rau tib daim ntawv, tab sis ntawm octave siab dua.

hma quaj
hma quaj

Thiab qhov thib ob, cov twj paj nruag tuned nyob rau hauv txoj kev no ib txwm muaj ob peb lub suab hu ua "hma" suab, uas yog, cov yuam sij lossis frets, uas nws lub suab rub lub axis tawm ntawm tus yuam sij uas tag nrho cov cuab yeej tau kho.

Music ua ntej Baroque

Musicians, composers, thiab instrument makers nyob rau nruab nrab hnub nyoog twb lossi nrhiav rau lub zoo meej tuning. Cov neeg ua yeeb yam ncig mus ncig ua yeeb yam tau nto moo rau lawv cov kev ua yeeb yam zoo nkauj ntawm lutes. Ua ke nrog cov cuab yeej no, cov nqe lus comic ntawm cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb tau ua. Cov kws ua yeeb yaj kiab yuav tsum rov kho lawv cov cuab yeej hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tus yuam sij kom haum rau lawv lub suab, thiab qhov no cuam tshuam ntau tshaj li kev xoob lossis zawm cov hlua, ib yam li niaj hnub no.

Cov txheej txheem no yuav tsum tau hloov pauv ntawm frets. Lawv tsis txuas nrog lub fretboard raws li lawv nyob rau niaj hnub guitars. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau hloov los ntawm cov hlua khi ua los ntawm cov tsiaj tawv nqaij, thiab txav mus los ntawm cov ntiv tes dawb. Yog li, thaum rov tsim cov cuab yeej, cov frets no kuj yuav tsum tau txav mus. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas nyob rau hnub ntawd lawv tso dag tias cov neeg ntaus suab paj nruag siv ib feem peb ntawm lawv lub neej kho qhov ntsuas.

suab instrument
suab instrument

Dhau li ntawm, nyob rau hauv Pythagorean system tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm cov suab sib npaug. Qhov ntawd yog, daim ntawv "F sharp" tsis tau suab ces zoo li "G flat".

Kev xaiv sib txawv

Ib qho chaw nyob ze-nias hnub qub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm Johann Sebastian Bach.

Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach

Nws hu ua "zoo-tempered tuning". Dab tsi yog nws lub ntsiab lus? Raws li twb tau hais lawm, ua ntej uas tsis muaj lub suab sib npaug. Ntawd yog, yog tias lub piano niaj hnub muaj, ces ntawm cov yuam sij "ua" thiab "re" yuav tsum muaj ob.dub: C ntse thiab D tiaj tus, tsis yog niaj hnub no ib qho uas ua haujlwm ntawm ob qho tib si.

Thaum lub sijhawm Johann Sebastian Bach, suab paj nruag hauv cov yuam sij nrog ntau tus ntse thiab cov tiaj tus tau txais kev nrov nrov. Cov kws sau paj huam tau pib siv qhov tsis yooj yim txav - kom yooj yim ntawm kev ua tau zoo, lawv feem ntau ua kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb. Piv txwv li, tsis yog "G flat" lawv pib sau "F ntse" hauv cov qhab nia. Tab sis cov ntawv no tsis sib npaug rau ib leeg thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Ntawd yog, lawv lub suab, txawm tias tsis ntau, tab sis txawv. Yog li ntawd, mloog cov nkauj no ua rau tib neeg tsis xis nyob me ntsis.

tsis raug tab sis yooj yim

Tab sis txoj kev tawm ntawm qhov xwm txheej no tau pom sai sai no. Ob daim ntawv nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov kauj ruam uas nyob ib sab ntawm qhov ntsuas tau hloov los ntawm ib qho uas nyob nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Lub suab no tsuas yog kwv yees li ntawm qhov sib npaug ntawm ob daim ntawv no, lossis theej, nws yog lawv qhov nruab nrab tus nqi. Tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tsim kho tshiab no tau qhib lub sijhawm rau cov kws sau nkauj thiab ua yeeb yam.

Natural and tempered scales

Tus nplaig ntuj yog ib qho uas tsuas muaj cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb ntawm qhov ntsuas. Qhov sib piv ntawm lawv yog raws li nram no: ob tones - semitone - peb tones - semitone. Raws li cov tswv yim no, cov twj paj nruag yooj yim tshaj plaws tau kho: cov kav dej, cov kav dej, thiab lwm yam.

ntoo flute
ntoo flute

Ntawm lawv txhua tus koj tuaj yeem ua si tsuas yog hauv ob lub yuam sij - loj thiab me.

Kev tshwm sim ntawm kev txiav txim tshiab

Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, ob peb lub suab paj nruag theorists tau tawm tswv yim txog kev hloov kho tshiab. ATNyob rau hauv nws, octave tau muab faib ua 12 sau ntawv, lagging qab ib leeg los ntawm ib nrab ib lub suab. Qhov no hu ua vaj huam sib luag temperament. Nws muaj ntau tus neeg txhawb nqa, tab sis kuj tseem muaj tus lej txaus ntawm cov neeg thuam hnyav. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus tsim ntawm tempered system yog ntaus nqi rau ntau tus neeg ib zaug. Cov npe ntawm Heinrich Gramateus, Vincenzo Galilei thiab Maren Marsenna suab feem ntau hauv qhov kev sib txuas no.

Kev tsis sib haum

Rau lo lus nug "Yuav ua li cas teev yog hu ua vaj huam sib luag?" Cov lus teb hauv qab no tuaj yeem suav hais tias ua tiav: "Qhov no yog qhov system uas ib qho octave muaj kaum ob daim ntawv teev nyob rau hauv semitones." Qee cov neeg thuam ntawm txoj hauv kev no rau kev ntsuas ntsuas tau hais tias nws tsis yog qhov tseeb, thiab lub suab zoo nkauj zoo nkauj dua. Nws yog nyob rau hauv no system uas amateur musicians los ntawm cov neeg hu nkauj thiab ua si. Nyob rau hauv lub memoirs ntawm tus kws sau ntawv, composer thiab suab paj nruag theorist Vladimir Odoevsky, ib tug yuav nrhiav tau ib zaj dab neeg txog yuav ua li cas nws ib zaug caw ib tug xws li hu nkauj tuaj xyuas nws. Thaum Odoevsky pib nrog cov qhua, nws tau hnov tias lub siab ntev ntawm lub piano tsis phim cov ntawv sau uas tus neeg no hu.

Tom qab qhov xwm txheej ntawd, tus kws sau nkauj tau kho nws lub piano nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev sib txawv. Nws lub suab nyob ze rau ntuj.

Zaj lus

Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19. Tab sis kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg txhawb nqa thiab cov neeg tawm tsam ntawm kev npau taws txawm nyob hauv suab paj nruag tseem tsis nres. Thawj ntawm lawv tiv thaiv qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm kev hloov pauv dawb mus rau cov yuam sij sib txawv, thiab qhov thib ob sawv ntsug rau qhov purity ntawm qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas. Tseem muaj lwm tusntau kab txawv customization xaiv. Ib qho piv txwv yog microtone guitar. Tab sis feem coob ntawm cov cuab yeej hauv ntiaj teb tseem muaj qhov sib npaug.

Pom zoo: