Types of painting painting: Gzhel, Gorodets, Zhostovo, Khokhloma. Art painting

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Txij thaum ub los, tib neeg tau saib xyuas qhov zoo nkauj ntawm qhov xwm txheej. Lub siab xav ua kom zoo nkauj koj lub neej thaum ub thiab ua kom nws xis nyob tau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias lawv pib kho lub tsev nrog ntau yam ntuj tsim. Nws yog daim tawv nqaij ntawm tus tsiaj hauv qab taw, kos duab rau ntawm phab ntsa, pob zeb xim, ci hlau, thiab ntau ntxiv. Ntau pua xyoo tom qab, daim phiaj, diav, tais pib pleev xim rau. Txhua cheeb tsam muaj nws hom kev pleev xim tais diav.

hom styles

Kev kos duab ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm ib tus kheej lub tsev tau tshwm sim ib txhij nrog kev txhim kho ntawm tib neeg cov kab lis kev cai thiab nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb ntawm tus kheej thaj chaw:

• Khokhloma painting;
• Gorodets;
• Zhostovo;
• Gzhel.

Kev xav ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv paub tsis muaj kev cia siab, tab sis qhov sib txawv ntawm cov duab kos tseem pom tseeb. Txhua thaj chaw muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ornament thiab sau tes.

Kev tshwm sim ntawm Khokhloma painting

Nyob ze cov qub Trans-Volga hav zoovNyob ze ntawm tus dej Uzola muaj cov zos Lavxias - Khryashchi, Kuligino, Semino, Novopokrovskoye, Khokhloma. Cov tais diav, pleev xim nrog ntau yam gilded qauv, tuaj ntawm no.

Hmoov tsis zoo, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim kom raug qhov pib ntawm cov tsos ntawm Khokhloma painting. Tom qab tag nrho, tag nrho cov tais diav yog ua los ntawm ntoo, hnav sai sai, muab pov tseg los yog muab pov rau hauv lub qhov cub, zoo li ib tug dog dig log.

Cov khoom ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau muaj sia nyob rau peb lub sijhawm. Tab sis, txiav txim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, cov khoom siv tes ua los ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th.

Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm Khokhloma - pleev xim nrog cov xim dub thiab cinnabar yog ua rau ntawm lub hauv paus kub - pom nyob rau hauv ancient Lavxias teb sab art.

Ntawm Khokhloma painting

Cov kws ua txuj ci muaj lawv tus kheej zais cia ntawm yuav ua li cas "kom nplua nuj" hauv chav ua noj. Ib txoj hauv kev yooj yim los npog cov tais diav nrog kub tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no:

• cov tais diav tau muab txhuam nrog cov hmoov nplej;
• coated nrog ziab roj;
• rhuab hauv qhov cub;
• nyob rau hauv qhov kub ntawm qhov kub, cov roj ziab kom qhuav, tin tau pom los ntawm nws, cov nyhuv kub tau txais.

Nws ntseeg tias txoj kev pleev xim no yog cov neeg ntseeg qub. Yav tas los, nyob rau hauv cov zos nyob deb nroog muaj ntau tus neeg khiav tawm uas raug kev tsim txom rau "kev ntseeg qub". Ntawm lawv yog cov neeg pleev kob icon thiab phau ntawv me me.

Khokhloma Patterns

Cov tais diav hauv tsev pheej yig tuaj yeem lees paub tam sim. Nws tau tsim nrog cov nyiaj tshwj xeeb los ntawm cov kaus mom los nag los yog ib qho kev xav ntawm cov ntaub, cov qauv hloov mus rau theem pib, tab sis tsis poob lawv qhov kev zoo nkauj. Cov khoom no qhia ntau heevpob zeb diamond, kauv thiab nplooj.

cov tais diav kim dua tau pleev xim ntau dua. Cov txheej txheem tau tsim nrog txhuam los ntawm tes. Muaj ntau txoj haujlwm ntawm no. Masters kos:

• berries (raspberries, strawberries, rowan);
• noog zoo heev;
• paj (cornflowers, clover, violets).

Qhov no yog tsim cov diav, phaj, mugs thiab ntau dua.

Cov xim tseem ceeb ntawm Khokhloma painting yog liab (cinnabar) thiab dub (soot). Tab sis ua kom cov duab kos tuaj rau lub neej thiab paj, xim av, ntsuab, xiav, txiv kab ntxwv thiab daj ntxoov tau ntxiv rau cov khoom.

Nyob ntawm painting

Maj mam Khokhloma cov khoom tau los ua khoom plig lossis kho kom zoo nkauj, thiab tsis pheej yig.

Muaj ntau hom zaub mov pleev xim:

1. "Nes" - lub ntsiab muaj pes tsawg leeg - kriul - yog superimposed ntawm ib tug silvery keeb kwm. Ntxiv mus, cov tee dej, kav hlau txais xov, curls ntxiv rau nws hauv xim liab thiab dub.
2. "Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau" - thaum xub thawj lub silhouette ntawm cov ornament tshwm, thiab keeb kwm yog sau nrog cov xim dub.

Yuav muaj ntau hom ornaments ntawm cov tais diav:

• "Nyiaj" - qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kos cov hniav me me thiab loj ntawm cov nyom.
• "Gingerbread" - sab hauv lub masterpiece yog kos duab geometric. Nws tuaj yeem yog rhombus, square, lub voj voog. Nws yog pleev xim rau berries, paj thiab nyom.
• "Kudrina" - tus qauv yog siv rau ntawm lub hauv paus liab lossis dub hauv daim ntawv ntawm nplooj golden thiab paj ntawm curls.

Khokhloma yog ib qho haujlwm zoo kawg nkaus ntawm kev kos duab, txawm tias cov xim tsaus, nws radiates warmth thiabxyiv fab.

History of Zhostovo painting

Lwm yam paub zoo ntawm kev kos duab yog Zhostovo painting. Nws yog nto moo rau lub fact tias yuav luag ob centuries lawv decorate ib yam - qhov no yog ib lub tais. Lub zos Zhostovo nyob rau hauv Mytishchensky koog tsev kawm ntawv ze Moscow.

Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th hauv Urals, qhov chaw metallurgical nroj tsuag ntawm Demidovs tau tsim (Nizhny Tagil, Verkh-Neyvinsk, Nevyansk), cov khoom siv tes ua sawv - pleev xim rau cov tais hlau.

Kev yug ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua nyob ze Moscow tau tshwm sim los ntawm qee yam tseem ceeb:

• Tus tswv ntawm Lavxias teb sab serf Khudoyarov nrhiav tau ib daim ntawv qhia rau "crystal" lacquer, nws tsis tawg ntawm tooj liab, ntoo thiab hlau.
• Pib pib ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv St. Petersburg ntawm qhov txawv txav ntawm cov tais nrog cov qauv nthuav.
• Qhib kev cob qhia ntawm F. N. Vishnyakov hauv Zhostovo hauv xyoo 1820. Cov khoom pleev xim papier-mâché tau tsim tawm ntawm no: cov tais, hleb, snuffboxes, thawv, stamp thawv.

Cov khoom tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov zos ze Moscow - Troitsky, Novoseltsevo, Ostashkov. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub zos Zhostovo muaj 22 rhiav, cov khoom tau zoo nkauj heev. Lawv piav qhia txog toj roob hauv pes, caij ntuj no troikas ntawm nees, caij ntuj sov taug kev, tshuaj yej tog ntawm lub rooj. Tab sis, hmoov tsis, cov gizmos no tau dhau los ua tsis yooj yim thiab siv tsis tau.

Zhostovo hlau tais

Osip, tus tub ntawm Philip Vishnyakov, txiav txim siab tsis ua papier-mâché ntxiv lawm, tab sis tau coj cov tais hlau. Raws li qhov kev thov rau cov tais loj. Lawv tau siv ob qho tib si rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thiab rau lawv lub hom phiaj. Zhostovo tais tau pom hauvCov chaw haus dej haus, cov tshuaj yej lub tsev nto moo ntawm Moscow, taverns, tsev so thiab cov tsev lag luam. Cov vajntxwv Spanish thiab Askiv tuaj yeem khav tau ntawm Zhostovo tais.

Kev thov tsim khoom, thiab xyoo 1960 Zhostovo painting Hoobkas tau tsim.

Secrets of craftsmanship

Saib cov txheej txheem ntev thiab mob siab rau, koj tuaj yeem pom tias cov craftsmen tseem ua raws li cov txheej txheem qub.

• Painting. Lub hauv paus ntawm tus qauv yav tom ntej. Sketches ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej yog ua rau ntawm lub dav hlau npaj nrog diluted xim.
• Tanezhka. Xim ntxoov ntxoo yog siv nrog cov xim translucent. Ib qho pom ntim ntawm paj yog tsim thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov nroj tsuag tshwm.
• Gasket xim. Qhov no yog theem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Zhostovo txheej-los ntawm-txheej tha xim. Cov tsos ntawm lub pob paj yog tsim, tag nrho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg yog lightened los yog darkened, cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb me me yog txiav txim siab.
• Glitter. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev txiav txim no, ntim thiab lub teeb tshwm sim, kev sib xyaw ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab lub siab xav tau zoo.
• Kev kos duab. Qhov kawg ntawm daim duab. Tus kws kos duab siv me me tab sis cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb.
• Kev khi. Lub paj, raws li nws yog, kis tau nyob rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm cov khoom. Nyias stalks thiab tendrils tshwm magically nyob rau hauv ib tug tag nrho thiab sib koom ua ke nrog keeb kwm.
• Ntxhais cov npoo ntawm lub tais. Sab ntawm lub tais yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog txhua hom qauv. Yog tsis muaj nws, txoj haujlwm yuav zoo li tsis tiav.
• Daim iav ci. Nrog kev pab ntawm chalk hmoov, rub lub tais nrog xib teg kom ci, ces rubparaffin, cov khoom no ci ntau dua.

Zhostovo tais muaj tau ntau xyoo, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg zoo ib yam.

Txoj kev kos duab

Cov keeb kwm yav dhau feem ntau yog xim dub, tsis tshua muaj xim liab, xiav lossis ntsuab. Tus kws kos duab pleev xim ntau lub tais ib zaug.

Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog lub paj paj, uas cov paj me me thiab cov paj vaj loj tau hloov pauv.

Cov qauv yog kos nrog cov hmoov kub diluted hauv cov lacquer ntshiab lossis turpentine lossis gulfabra - xim dawb tov nrog lacquer, sprinkled nrog txhuas hmoov.

Los ntawm tus nqi, cov tais tau muab faib ua ob pawg: rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thiab hauv tsev.

Gorodets painting

Hais txog ib yam ntawm Lavxias teb sab hom zaub mov. Gorodets painting tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob ze lub nroog ntawm Gorodets nyob rau hauv lub Nizhnegorsky Trans-Volga cheeb tsam, nyob rau sab laug bank ntawm lub Volga. Qhov no yog ib tug ancient Lavxias teb sab nroog-fortress. Nws tag nrho pib nrog lub log tig, uas muaj lub hauv qab thiab zuag.

Tsheb thauj mus los, cov poj niam, cov neeg caij nees, cov tub rog, dev - tag nrho cov no adorned hauv qab ntawm lub log tig. Cov figurines raug txiav tawm ntawm ntoo ntawm lwm hom thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov tsim nyog.

Gorodets painting tau tsim rau 50 xyoo. Cov menyuam yaus lub rooj zaum lub rooj zaum, rooj zaum, lub thawv tau pleev xim rau. Lub ncov ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev nuv ntses tuaj nyob rau hauv 1990.

Painting motifs

Cov ntsiab lus feem ntau ntawm Gorodets painting yog paj thiab tsiaj. Los ntawm cov duab zoo li no ua rau kev nplij siab thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb.

painted diav, rooj tog thiab tais diav hauv Gorodets zoo siab style refreshed thiab enlivened sab hauv.

Paj painting yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws. Muaj ntau ntau hom ornament:

• "Bouquet" - siv symmetrically, tam sim no feem ntau ntawm cov tais diav lossis txiav boards.
• "Garland" - ib lossis ob lub paj nyob hauv nruab nrab, cov paj me me thiab nplooj nthuav tawm ntawm lawv mus rau txhua qhov chaw. Breadbaskets, tais diav, thawv yog pleev xim rau cov qauv no.
• "Rhombus" - hom garland. Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw muaj ib lub paj los yog ob peb, thiab nplooj thiab buds txo thaum lawv mus rau saum ntawm lub rhombus. Thiab lawv nyob ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm ntug ntawm daim duab. Lub hauv siab, lub rooj zaum, cov txee tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab zoo li no.
• "Paj kab" - tshuav dhau los ntawm lub sijhawm tig lub log. Qhov no yog ib tug rov qab ribbon qauv ntawm paj ntawm tib qhov loj, diluted nrog nplooj. Kho cov khoom loj.
• "Wreath" - zoo li "kab paj". Qhov txawv yog tias nws kaw ib ncig ntawm cov npoo ntawm lub hau los yog tais.

Nyob rau hauv lub paj painting muaj cov duab ntawm ib tug noog thiab ib tug nees. Feem ntau lawv yog kos rau hauv ib lub paj garland. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Gorodets painting tau pom lawv qhov chaw hauv cov khoom loj: panels, sleighs, tais diav thiab thawv.

Cov duab tuaj yeem sib txawv: cov neeg caij tsheb sib tw, scenes nrog tshuaj yej haus, cov noog zoo nkauj, cov ntxhais ntxim hlub nrog dev, kab txawv tsov ntxhuav thiab tsov txaij. Feem ntau muaj ib tug zoo siab nees los yog tsov rog zoo li qaib.

Txoj kev ua tiav

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kos duab kos duab yog qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov nws tau ua ncaj qha rauntoo puag. Lub hauv paus yog primed nyob rau hauv cov xim sib txawv - kaj xiav, nplua nuj ntsuab, sib sib zog nqus liab.

Ib yam khoom yog pleev xim nrog txhuam yam tsis muaj daim duab ua ntej. Tus kws kos duab hloov lub siab ntawm tus txhuam hniav: txawm tias nrog lub ntsej muag dav, lossis nrog lub taub hau, kos duab lwm tus masterpiece.

History of Gzhel

Ib qho ntawm cov cheeb tsam qub txeeg qub teg muaj txog 30 lub zos. Nws hu ua Gzhel. Nws nyob ze Moscow ze tus dej Gzhelka. Qhov chaw nplua nuj tshaj plaws ntawm av nplaum tau pom nyob rau hauv cov chaw no.

Gzhel tau hais thawj zaug hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg rov qab mus rau 1339. Nws yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo thiab yog cov cuab yeej ntawm cov thawj coj thiab vaj.

Nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, Gzhel tau dhau los ua ib lub chaw Lavxias rau kev ua majolica. Ib puas xyoo tom qab, Gzhel pib tsim semi-faience, pleev xim rau cob alt thiab npog nrog pob tshab glaze. Nyob ze rau lub xyoo pua 20th, Gzhel craftsmen tsim masterpieces ntawm zoo faience thiab porcelain, decorating nws nrog paj thiab geometric qauv.

Lub ntsiab ntawm daim duab

Gzhel pleev xim rau khoom qhia txog cov xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv nroog thiab nyob deb nroog, nrog rau cov xwm txheej ntuj. Cov duab kos tau muab faib ua peb pawg loj:

• zaub. Ntawm no, tag nrho cov nroj tsuag muaj lub ntsej muag stylized nrog cov yam ntxwv yooj yim. Koj tuaj yeem pom berries, nplooj ntawm nyom, txiav, paj thiab nplooj.
• Cov qauv zoo nkauj. Thawj thiab stylized drawings uas qhia cov artist lub koom haum thiab nws tus kheej qhia. Nws yog ua nrog ornamental nets - "antennae", "zais ntawm cov nyom", "droplets", "combs" thiab "pearls".
• Zaj dab neeg pleev xim. Cov no yog cov caij sleigh, fairs thiab caij.

Gzhel yog ib qho kev sib tw tag nrho, tsis yog cov qauv xwb. Siv hauv kev tsim cov ceramics, hauv kev tsim khaub ncaws thiab sab hauv.

Qhov no yog li cas Gzhel masterpieces miraculously tshwm sim, "zoo li cov noog zoo heev", thiab ya thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Yog li ntawd, cov noog xiav nyob rau hauv Gzhel yog ib hom kev pleev xim niaj hnub.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab:

• nto glazing;
• khaub thuas dawb tom qab;
• khoom plig hauv xiav thiab xiav tones;
• sib tw los yog pej xeem style qauv;
• tsuas yog xuas tes ua.

Txhua yam khoom siv tes pleev xim yog ua haujlwm kos duab. Tag nrho cov duab kos yog qhov tshwj xeeb.

Gzhel art painting

Gzhel cov txheej txheem yuav tsum muaj qee yam kev txawj. Tus tswv pib pleev xim ib yam dab tsi tam sim tom qab tua. Ib qho ntawm cov duab hauv Gzhel style yog hu ua majolica, nws tau kos npe nrog "tsib paj". Ib daim duab tau siv rau cov enamel dawb, uas yog lub hauv paus.

Xim rau pleev xim siv los ntawm cov ntsev:

• ntsuab - tooj liab ntsev;
• yellow - antimony ntsev;
• cherry-manganese;
• blue - cob alt.

Tsis ntev cov txheej txheem no tau tso tseg thiab cov qauv cob alt-xiav ntawm lub hauv paus dawb-dawb pib ua. Kev kos duab yuav tsum muaj txuj ci, spatula, txhuam, ib lub thawv ntawm cob alt oxide. Nws yog cob alt uas muab qhov ntxoov ntxoo zoo nkauj ntawm xiav, tab sis tsuas yog tom qab tua cov tais pleev xim, thiab cov xim nws tus kheej yog xim dub.

Ua ntej, cov khoom yog pleev xim rau, ces nws yog dipped nyob rau hauv glaze thiab muab tso rau hauv qhov cub kom qhuav. Qhov kawg ntawm kev tua hluav taws yog nqa tawm ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1400 degrees. Lub glaze hloov mus rau hauv nyias, translucent zaj duab xis, npog cov qauv xiav.

Ua tsaug rau cov huab cua ntawm pej xeem tsis yog kev kawm txuj ci, kev purity thiab originality ntawm cov qauv, Gzhel xiav noog tau txais kev qhuas los ua tus cim ntawm lub Hoobkas Gzhel porcelain.

Nyob hauv lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab kev hloov pauv, zoo li tsis muaj chaw rau cov khoom pleev xim ntxim hlub, thiab koj tuaj yeem qhuas lawv hauv tsev cia puav pheej. Tab sis txog niaj hnub no, kev cob qhia ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab xeev uas tau khaws cia ntev kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev kos duab kos duab, thiab txuas ntxiv ua kom zoo siab rau lub qhov muag ntawm cov neeg uas tsis quav ntsej txog kev kos duab.