Classicism hauv Lavxias architecture (duab)

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Classicism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture tshwm nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th thiab nquag tsim mus txog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Ib tug tshiab era ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture vam meej. Qhov kev hloov pauv loj tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev tsim vaj tsev zoo nkauj ntawm lub nroog, nrog rau qee lub nroog. Tom ntej no, xav txog dab tsi ua classicism hauv architecture. Nws yuav yooj yim heev los ua daim ntawv qhia txog lub ncauj lus no siv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kab lus.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Classicism yog European kab lis kev cai thiab kev zoo nkauj. Nws tsom mus rau kev kos duab thaum ub, tshwj xeeb hauv Roman thiab Greek. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev taw qhia tau cuam tshuam los ntawm mythology ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Raws li rau Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv nws lub hnub nyoog ntawm classicism yog kuj npub thiab luv luv. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog suab paj nruag. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus masterpieces ntawm classicism nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Russia tseem tshuav rau cov xeeb ntxwv.

Tus yam ntxwv ntawm kev coj: piav qhia

Classicism hauv architecture (daim duab hauv qab no) yog qhov txawv ntawm lub suab nrov thiab meej, sib npaug thiab meej. Nws yog hais txog kev sib npaug proportions. Symmetry yog txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm kev sib sau. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm classicism hauv architecture muaj nyob rau hauv kev sib haum xeeb ntawm qhov chaw thiab tag nrho. Raws li rau lub ntsiab nkag mus rau lub tsev, nws yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub center thiab zoo li ib tug portico. Nws implies lub protruding ib feem ntawm cov qauv nrog ib tug pediment thiab kab. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tom kawg yuav tsum sib txawv ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv cov xim. Raws li txoj cai, cov kab muaj xim dawb. Cov phab ntsa yog daj. Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm classicism hauv architecture.

txheej txheem tsim tsev: streamlining lub nroog center

Classicism nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Russia pib tshwm zoo heev. Lub streamlining ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov kab lis kev cai peev tau cim los ntawm erection ntawm Admir alty lub tsev. Qhov project no yog tsim los ntawm Andrey Dmitrievich Zakharov. Nyob rau hauv ib lub tsev loj, tus kws kes duab vajtse txiav txim siab los qhia txog lub hauv paus pej thuam. Lub hauv paus loj heev tau txais kev txhawb nqa rau kev tsim ntawm nws cov dynamic ntsug txuas ntxiv. Tag nrho cov qauv dhau mus rau hauv ib lub qauv me me nrog lub teeb colonnade. Tom qab ntawd muaj ib tug sai sai tshem tawm ntawm ib tug gilded koob nrog ib lub nkoj. Lub suab ntawm tag nrho cov architecture ntawm lub nroog ntawm Neva tau teeb tsa los ntawm lub suab nrov ntawm Admir alty. Lub nkoj tau dhau los ua nws lub cim.

Classicism hauv architecture ntawm St. Petersburg

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, lub nroog lub nroog tau txawv ntawm ib pawg. Nws zoo ib yam li qub Moscow thiab tau faus rau hauv thaj chaw ntsuab ntawm ntau thaj chaw. Tom qab ntawd, lub tsev tsis tu ncua ntawm nws txoj kev pib, uas, zoo li cov kab hluav taws xob, sib txawv ntawm Admir alty. Yuav ua li caszoo kawg nkaus classicism nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm St. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, cov no tsis yog cov tsev sib cais, tab sis tag nrho cov koom haum thiab txoj kev. Classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg yog striking nyob rau hauv nws kev sib raug zoo, kev sib sau thiab sib npaug.

Tsim Txiaj Ntsig

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg pib nce ntau thiab ntau qhov tseem ceeb. Kev sib pauv khoom lag luam ntawm qhov nto qaub ncaug ntawm Vasilyevsky Island yog los ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Nws yuav tsum sib sau ua ke cov pawg uas tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm qhov dav tshaj plaws ntawm tus dej hauv qab. Thomas de Thomon, uas yog ib tug kws kos duab Fab Kis, tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim cov Tshuag Txauv thiab tsim cov xub. A. D. Zakharov koom nrog hauv qhov kev ua tiav ntawm qhov project. Txhua txoj haujlwm tau daws tau zoo ua tsaug rau lub zej zog muaj tswv yim ntawm architects. Lub kaw lus tau koom ua ke los ntawm daim iav ntawm Neva. Raws li rau lub ntim ntawm lub tsev ntawm Exchange nws tus kheej, nws kuj yog me me. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau ntseeg siab tawm tsam qhov dav dav ntawm dej. Nyob rau hauv ntau yam, qhov no tau ua tiav vim cov kab ke rostral thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov qauv cov ntaub ntawv. Lub ntsiab ntawm domination tshaj lub hwj chim ntsiab tau tsim zoo kawg nkaus. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no yog hais txog cov haujlwm tseem ceeb uas ua tiav cov khoom siv.

Classicism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture thiab duab puab txuas ntxiv kom muaj zog. Kev lees paub ntawm cov tom kawg yog nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis muaj zog uas adorned lub embankments ntawm cov dej loj ntawm lub teb chaws. Ntau tus tswv tau ua haujlwm rau lawv cov creation: V. I. Demut-Malinosky, I. I. Terebenev thiab S. S. Pimenov. Cov no thiab ntau lwm masterpieces ntawm classicism nyob rau hauvLavxias teb sab architecture yog rightfully ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tseem ceeb.

Ua haujlwm ntawm Nevsky Prospekt

Nws yuav yog hais txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. Nrog rau kev tsim kho ntawm Kazan Cathedral, lub avenue pib zoo li ib qho tseem ceeb architectural pawg. Qhov project yog tsim los ntawm Andrey Nikiforovich Voronikhin. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws txiv yog ib tug serf. Cov hauj lwm ntawm Michelangelo raug coj los ua qauv. Nws yog hais txog lub Cathedral ntawm St. Peter (hauv Rome). Voronikhin siv nws lub siab nyiam. Yog li ntawd, ib tug tshwj xeeb architectural ua hauj lwm raug tsim. Lub square nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub Kazan Cathedral yog surrounded los ntawm ob sab ntawm nws colonnade. Nws tau los ua qhov chaw ntawm pej xeem lub neej hauv nroog. Tom qab ntawd muaj kev tawm tsam thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm no. Cov tshauv ntawm M. I. Kutuzov tau pauv mus rau lub tsev teev ntuj.

St. Isaac's Cathedral

Nws siv plaub caug xyoo los tsim. Qhov no yog lub tsev loj tshaj plaws uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv Russia. 13 txhiab tus qhua tuaj yeem nyob hauv nws tib lub sijhawm. Qhov project yog tsim los ntawm Auguste Montferrand. Raws li rau kev tsim kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thiab tsos, K. P. Bryullov thiab P. K. Klodt tau koom nrog - ib tug kws kos duab thiab sculptor, feem. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv xws li ib txoj kev uas lub tsev teev ntuj yuav embody lub inviolability thiab lub hwj chim ntawm lub autocracy. Nws kuj hais txog kev sib koom ua ke nrog lub Koom Txoos Orthodox. Lub tsev ntawm lub cathedral yog tiag tiag majestic. Nws ua rau lub siab ntev. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom tsis txhob liam cov neeg siv khoom thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm qhov project rau qee qhov gigantomania. Qhov no ua pov thawj tias classicism nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Russia pib muaj kev paublub sijhawm muaj teebmeem.

Moscow lub tsev

Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb tsis yog los ntawm pawg, tab sis los ntawm cov tsev sib cais. Raws li rau cov creation ntawm thawj zaug, nws yog ib qho nyuaj heev los tsim lawv nyob rau hauv txoj kev nkhaus, uas tau hais crammed nrog lub tsev los ntawm txawv eras. Qhov hluav taws kub uas tshwm sim xyoo 1812 tsis tuaj yeem rhuav tshem lawv cov kev sib txawv ib txwm muaj. Txawm li cas los xij, classicism nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Russia tau coj cov xim ci txawm nyob ntawm no. Tom qab hluav taws kub hnyiab hauv Moscow, ntau lub tsev zoo nkauj tau tsim tsa. Peb tab tom tham txog Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Trustees ntawm Solyanka, Manege, Bolshoi Theatre thiab lwm yam. Lub monument rau Minin thiab Pozharsky tau tsim tsa ntawm Red Square. Tus sau ntawm no yog Ivan Petrovich Marsov. Tus sculptor ua raws li cov kev cai ntawm classicism. Vim li no, cov phab ej tau hnav khaub ncaws qub. Moscow classicism tsis tuaj yeem khav ntawm tib qhov majestic monumentality li St. Nws yog characterized los ntawm me me manor-hom tsev loj. Peb tuaj yeem hais tias Moscow classicism yog nyob ze rau ib tug neeg, heev naive thiab dawb. Lopukhins lub tsev yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws Moscow tsev loj ua nyob rau hauv no style. Qhov project no yog tsim los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse A. G. Grigoriev. Nws yog ib haiv neeg ntawm serfs.

Kev txhim kho hauv lub nroog

Nws tau ua zoo ib yam li Moscow. Lub xeev boasted ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov loj craftsmen. Baroque thiab classicism tau taug qab nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv Siberia txij thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Cov yam ntxwv notau xav txog txhua qhov chaw. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub Sawv Rov Los Cathedral ntawm Tomsk los yog lub Moscow rooj vag ntawm Irkutsk. Tom qab ntawd, classicism thaum kawg tau txais lub foothold hauv Siberia. "White House" yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws thawj creation uas tau ua nyob rau hauv no style. Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov tub lag luam Sibiryakovs. Tom qab ntawd, nws hloov mus ua ib tug tswv xeev-general qhov chaw nyob. Nikolsky Cossack Cathedral tau tsim tsa hauv Omsk raws li qhov project ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo. Peb tab tom tham txog Vasily Petrovich Stasov. Yermak tus chij tau khaws cia hauv lub tsev teev ntuj no.

sijhawm muaj kev kub ntxhov

Nws pib thaum 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Contemporaries tsis txaus siab rau kev nyuaj siab monotony ntawm cov tsev nrog txhua. N. V. Gogol kuj tau hais txog qhov no. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, St. Petersburg tau them los ntawm kev tsim cov tsev tenement. Lawv xav tau ntau qhov nkag. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li cov canons ntawm classicism, tsuas yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb tuaj yeem ua tau, uas yuav tsum tau nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tsev. Cov tsev qis qis ntawm cov tsev tenement kuj tau hloov pauv. Lawv pib muab cov khw. Txawm nyob ntawm no, cov qauv ntawm classicism tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li txhua txoj kev. Qhov no yog vim muaj lub qhov rais dav. Yog li, nyob rau hauv qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm niaj hnub, classicism raug yuam kom tawm mus.

New destinations

Kev xav zoo ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev pib ua raws li cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "kev xaiv ntse". Lawv ntseeg hais tias lub tsev yuav tsum raug tua nyob rau hauv ib tug style uas zoo tshaj plaws suited nws lub hom phiaj. Thiab tseem qhov kawg tshwm sim nyob ntawm seb tus saj ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Cov vaj tse ntawm cov tswv tsev tau pib ua hauv cov stylemedieval gothic. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, aristocratic tsev loj tshwm nyob rau hauv lub nroog, sib xws rau tag nrho cov canons ntawm lub baroque tshiab. Qee lub sij hawm cov neeg siv khoom da dej architects uas tsis yog tus qauv. Yog li, Venetian qhov rais tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm lub tsev tsev. Lub sijhawm sib xyaw cov qauv tau pib.

Late famous buildings

Lub Hermitage tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg raws li ib qhov project tsim los ntawm German kws kes duab vajtse Leo Klenze. Hwj chim granite atlantes tiv thaiv qhov nkag, kho kom zoo nkauj (ntaub ntawv Greek style) thiab sib npaug ntawm qhov chaw - ua tsaug rau tag nrho cov no, ib qho duab zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau tsim. Tom qab ntawd, Nicholas Palace tau tsim tsa. Nws qhia meej txog qhov kev xav ntawm Italian Renaissance. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov project no belongs rau tus kws kes duab vajtse Andrey Ivanovich Shtakenshneider. Kev pom sab hauv ntawm lub palace ua rau muaj kev xav tshwj xeeb. Qhov tsaus nti lattice ntawm railing qhia txog kev khiav tawm ntawm kev taug kev ntawm lub ntsiab staircase. Cov kab yog txawv los ntawm kev tshav ntuj tshwj xeeb. Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov vaults so yooj yim heev rau lawv. Nws zoo nkaus li hais tias lub architecture tau sau nrog kev txav mus los. Raws li qhov chaw ntawm tus ntaiv, nws txav mus rau hauv qhov tob.

Kev koom tes ntawm Konstantin Andreevich Ton

Nws lub hom phiaj muaj tswv yim yog los kho cov kab lig kev cai ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture. Raws li Ton tus qauv tsim, tsib lub tsev teev ntuj nrog lub qhov rais nqaim tau ua. Nws siv Byzantine thiab Lavxias décor. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus no tau ua ke nrog symmetry thiab nruj proportions ntawm classicism. Tony tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog nws. Rau ntau tus, qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke no zoo li dag heev. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb yog lwm yam. Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb yog qhov kev loj hlob tsis txaus ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Lavxias teb sab architectural. Nicholas kuv txaus siab rau txoj haujlwm ntawm Ton. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tau muab ntau qhov kev txiav txim loj rau Moscow. Grand Kremlin Palace tau tsim nyob rau hauv nws cov thawj coj. Tom qab ntawd, kev tso lub Cathedral ntawm Khetos tus Cawm Seej tau tshwm sim. Nws siv sijhawm ntev heev. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias lub tuam tsev nws tus kheej tau xeeb los ua lub cim xeeb ntawm kev xa tawm ntawm lub teb chaws los ntawm Napoleonic ntxeem tau. Nyob rau hauv 1883 nws yog solemnly fij tseg. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim kho, ntawm lawv:

1. Stonemasons.
2. Founders.
3. Engineers.
4. Artists.
5. Sculptors.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub pua plag marble tau muab tso rau hauv lub tuam tsev, uas cov npe ntawm cov neeg raug mob thiab tua raug tua raug immortalized. Nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog pes tsawg tus tub rog tuag hauv ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov npe ntawm cov neeg uas pub lawv cov nyiaj khaws cia kom ua tiav yeej kuj tseem tsis tau paub txog ntawm cov pob zeb marble no. Raws li rau lub silhouette ntawm Moscow, ib puas-meter bulk ntawm lub tuam tsev haum txig rau hauv nws.