Piv txwv ntawm kev pleev xim, hom, qauv, ntau yam txuj ci thiab tiam sis

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Painting yog kab tias daim duab qub tshaj plaws. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub primitive era, peb cov poj koob yawm txwv ua dluab ntawm tib neeg thiab tsiaj nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm lub qhov tsua. Nov yog thawj qhov piv txwv ntawm kev pleev xim. Txij thaum ntawd los, hom kev kos duab no yeej ib txwm nyob ua ke ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Piv txwv ntawm painting niaj hnub no muaj ntau thiab ntau yam. Peb yuav sim ua kom npog hom kev kos duab no kom ntau li ntau tau, qhia txog yam tseem ceeb, qauv, cov lus qhia thiab cov tswv yim hauv nws.

painting techniques

Cia pib nrog cov txheej txheem pleev xim yooj yim. Ib qho ntawm feem ntau yog roj. Qhov no yog ib qho txheej txheem uas siv cov roj pleev xim. Cov xim no yog siv rau hauv cov hlab ntsha. Nrog lawv cov kev pab, koj tuaj yeem tsim ntau yam ntxoov ntxoo, nrog rau kev nthuav tawm cov duab tsim nyog nrog qhov siab tshaj plaws realism.

Tempera yog lwm cov txheej txheem nrov. Peb tab tom tham txog nws thaum siv cov xim emulsion. Lub binder nyob rau hauv cov xim no yog tsiaj kua nplaum, qe los yog dej.

Gouache yog cov txheej txheem dav siv hauv cov duab. Gouache xim yog ua los ntawm cov nplaum nplaum. Nws tuaj yeem siv los ua haujlwm ntawm cov duab los qhia, ntawv, pob txha lossis txhob lo lo ntxhuav. Cov duab yog ruaj khov, thiab cov kab yog qhov tseeb. Pastel yog txheej txheem ntawm kev kos duab nrog cov xaum qhuav, thaum lub ntsej muag yuav tsum ntxhib. Thiab, ntawm chav kawm, nws tsim nyog hais txog watercolors. Cov xim no feem ntau yog diluted nrog dej. Ib txheej mos thiab nyias ntawm cov xim yog tau siv cov txheej txheem no. Watercolor toj roob hauv pes yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov. Tau kawg, peb tau teev tsuas yog cov tswv yim tseem ceeb uas siv feem ntau hauv kev pleev xim. Tseem muaj lwm tus.

Dab tsi yog paintings feem ntau pleev xim rau? Qhov nrov tshaj plaws painting ntawm canvas. Nws yog stretched rau ib tug ncej los yog glued rau cardboard. Nco ntsoov tias yav dhau los, ntoo boards tau siv ntau zaus. Niaj hnub no, tsis yog tsuas yog pleev xim rau ntawm canvas yog nrov, tab sis lwm yam ntaub ntawv tiaj tus tuaj yeem siv los tsim cov duab.

Painting types

Nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua 2 yam tseem ceeb: easel thiab monumental painting. Cov tom kawg yog cuam tshuam nrog architecture. Hom no suav nrog cov duab kos rau ntawm lub qab nthab thiab phab ntsa ntawm cov tsev, kho kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab ua los ntawm mosaics lossis lwm yam ntaub ntawv, cov qhov rais stained iav, thiab lwm yam. Easel painting tsis cuam tshuam nrog ib lub tsev tshwj xeeb. Nws tuaj yeem txav ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv easel painting, muaj ntau ntau yam (lwm yam lawv yog hu ua ib hom ntawv nyeem). Cia peb nyob ntawm lawv kom ntxaws ntxiv.

painting genres

Lo lus "ib hom" yog Fab Kis hauv keeb kwm. Nws txhais tau tias "genus", "hom". Ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm ib hom ntawv muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm qee yam, thiab, hais nws lub npe, peb nkag siab tias daim duab yog dab tsi, peb yuav pom dab tsi hauv nws: tus neeg, xwm, tsiaj, khoom, thiab lwm yam.

Portrait

Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg yog cov portrait. Nov yog daim duab ntawm ib tug neeg uas zoo nkaus li nws tus kheej thiab tsis muaj lwm tus. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug portrait yog ib tug duab nyob rau hauv painting ntawm ib tug neeg tsos, vim hais tias peb txhua tus muaj ib tug neeg lub ntsej muag. Hom painting no muaj nws tus kheej ntau yam. Daim duab portrait tuaj yeem yog qhov ntev, lub hauv siab-ntev, lossis tsuas yog ib tus neeg pleev xim rau. Nco ntsoov tias tsis yog txhua tus duab ntawm tus neeg yog portrait, txij li tus kws kos duab tuaj yeem tsim, piv txwv li, "tus neeg feem ntau" yam tsis tau sau nws tawm ntawm leej twg. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nws piav qhia txog ib tus neeg sawv cev tshwj xeeb ntawm tib neeg, nws tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm portrait. Needless hais, muaj ntau ntau yam piv txwv ntawm painting nyob rau hauv hom ntawv no. Tab sis cov duab hauv qab no paub txog yuav luag txhua tus neeg nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws. Peb tab tom tham txog cov duab ntawm A. S. Pushkin, tsim nyob rau hauv 1827 los ntawm Kiprensky.

Tus kheej-portrait kuj tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hom ntawv no. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus artist depicts nws tus kheej. Muaj ib tug khub portrait, thaum nyob rau hauv daim duab muaj cov neeg nyob rau hauv ib tug khub; thiab ib pab pawg portrait, thaum ib pab pawg neeg yog depicted. Ib qho tseem tuaj yeem nco txog kev ua koob tsheej portrait, ntau yam uas yog equestrian, ib qho ntawm feem ntau solemn. Nws tau nrov heev nyob rau yav dhau los, tab sis cov haujlwm zoo li no tsis tshua muaj tam sim no. Txawm li cas los xij, ib hom ntawv tom ntej uas peb yuav tham txog yog cuam tshuam txhua lub sijhawm. Nws yog dab tsi? Qhov no tuaj yeem kwv yees los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas los ntawm ib hom ntawv uas peb tseem tsis tau muaj npe, tus cwj pwm painting. Tseem lub neej yog ib tug ntawm lawv. Nws yog hais txog nws uas peb yuav tam sim no tham, txuas ntxiv mus xavpainting.

Tseem muaj sia

Lo lus no kuj yog los ntawm Fab Kis teb, nws txhais tau tias "qhov xwm txheej tuag", txawm hais tias lub ntsiab lus yuav raug ntau dua "inanimate nature". Tseem muaj sia - daim duab ntawm cov khoom tsis muaj sia. Lawv muaj ntau yam. Nco ntsoov tias tseem muaj sia nyob kuj tuaj yeem piav qhia txog "qhov xwm txheej nyob": npauj npaim rau ntawm cov nplaim paj, paj zoo nkauj, noog, thiab qee zaum ib tus neeg tuaj yeem pom ntawm qhov khoom plig ntawm xwm. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem yuav ua neej nyob, vim tias daim duab ntawm lub neej tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau tus kws kos duab hauv qhov no.

toj siab

Landscape yog lwm lo lus Fab Kis uas txhais tau tias "saib lub tebchaws" hauv kev txhais lus. Nws yog analogous rau German tswvyim ntawm "tuab toj". Toj roob hauv pes yog ib tug depiction ntawm xwm nyob rau hauv nws ntau haiv neeg. Cov nram qab no ntau yam koom nrog ib hom ntawv no: cov toj roob hauv pes architectural thiab seascape nrov heev, uas feem ntau hu ua ib lo lus "marina", thiab cov kws ua yeeb yam ua haujlwm hauv nws hu ua marine painters. Ntau tus piv txwv ntawm kev pleev xim rau hauv hom seascape tuaj yeem pom hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm I. K. Aivazovsky. Ib tug yog "Zaj Zaj" xyoo 1873.

Daim duab pleev xim no nyuaj ua. Tab sis nws tsis yooj yim los tsim cov xim dej, yog li tom tsev kawm ntawv, hauv kev kos duab, txoj haujlwm no tau muab rau peb txhua tus.

Nyob ib leeg

Lwm yam yog tsiaj txhu. Txhua yam yooj yim ntawm no - qhov no yog cov duab ntawm cov noog thiab cov tsiaj nyob hauv qhov, hauv lawv qhov chaw ib puag ncig.

Cov neeg siv khoom lag luam

Txhua hnub ib hom ntawv yog qhov piav qhia ntawm scenes ntawm lub neej, lub neej txhua hnub, lom zem " xwm txheej", lub neej hauv tsev thiab cov dab neeg ntawm tib neeg nyob hauv ib puag ncig zoo tib yam. Thiab koj tuaj yeem ua yam tsis muaj dab neeg - tsuas yog ntes cov haujlwm txhua hnub thiab cov xwm txheej. Tej paintings no tej zaum kuj hu ua hom painting. Ua piv txwv, xav txog Van Gogh's The Potato Eaters (1885), hais saum toj no.

Historical genre

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev pleev xim muaj ntau haiv neeg, tab sis keeb kwm ib hom ntawv sawv tawm nyias. Qhov no yog ib daim duab ntawm keeb kwm heroes thiab cov xwm txheej. Kev sib ntaus sib tua ib hom ntawv txuas nrog nws, nws nthuav tawm ntu ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, kev sib ntaus sib tua.

kev ntseeg thiab dab neeg dab neeg

Nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv dab neeg, cov duab pleev xim rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus dab neeg thaum ub thiab cov dab neeg qub txog vajtswv thiab tus phab ej. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias daim duab yog ib tug secular xwm, thiab nyob rau hauv no nws txawv ntawm cov dluab ntawm lub deities sawv cev ntawm lub icon. Los ntawm txoj kev, kev cai dab qhuas painting tsis yog icons xwb. Nws coj ntau yam haujlwm sau nrog cov ntsiab lus kev ntseeg.

Qhov ntau dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm hom, qhov ntau nws "tus khub" tshwm sim. Ntau hom tuaj yeem sib koom ua ke, yog li muaj cov duab kos tsis tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib qho ntawm lawv txhua. Hauv kev kos duab, muaj ob qho tib si (cov txuj ci, hom, hom) thiab tus kheej (ib qho haujlwm tshwj xeeb cais). Ib daim duab nyias muaj nyias ib yam. Yog li ntawd, ntau tus kws kos duab yuav muaj ib hom ntawv, tab sis cov duab pleev xim rau hauv nws yeej tsis zoo ib yam. Culture muaj cov yam ntxwv no.painting.

Style

Style in the fine arts is a nam of the visual perception of paintings. Nws tuaj yeem ua ke cov haujlwm ntawm ib tus kws kos duab lossis cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm qee lub sijhawm, kev taw qhia, tsev kawm ntawv, cheeb tsam.

Kev kawm painting thiab realism

Kev kawm tha xim yog ib qho kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb, kev tsim uas cuam tshuam nrog cov haujlwm ntawm kev kawm txuj ci hauv Tebchaws Europe. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th nyob rau hauv lub Bologna Academy, cov haiv neeg uas nrhiav los xyaum tus tswv ntawm lub Renaissance. Txij li thaum xyoo pua 16th, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia tha xim pib ua raws li kev coj ua nruj ntawm cov cai thiab cov qauv, ua raws li cov qauv tsim. Lub Royal Academy of Arts hauv Paris tau suav tias yog ib qho ntawm feem cuam tshuam hauv Tebchaws Europe. Nws txhawb kev zoo nkauj ntawm classicism uas ua rau Fabkis nyob rau xyoo pua 17th. Parisian Academy? pab txhawb rau lub systematization ntawm kev kawm, maj mam muab cov kev cai ntawm classical kev taw qhia rau hauv dogma. Yog li kev kawm painting tau dhau los ua kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, ib qho ntawm cov kev tshwm sim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev kawm yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm J. L. Gerome, Alexandre Cabannel, J. Ingres. Classical canons tau hloov los ntawm qhov tseeb tsuas yog thaum tig ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries. Nws yog qhov tseeb uas tau dhau los ua thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia hauv kev kawm, hloov mus rau hauv dogmatic system.

Baroque

Baroque yog ib qho qauv thiab niaj hnub ntawm kev kos duab, uas yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm aristocracy, sib piv, dynamism ntawm cov duab, cov ntsiab lus yooj yim thaum piav txog kev nplua nuj, nruj, ua yeeb yam, khoom kim heev, fusion ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab illusion. Cov style no tau tshwm sim hauv Ltalis xyoo 1600 thiabkis thoob plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe. Caravaggio thiab Rubens yog nws cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Baroque feem ntau muab piv nrog kev nthuav qhia, txawm li cas los xij, tsis zoo li yav tas los, nws tsis muaj qhov cuam tshuam ntau dhau. Paintings ntawm no style niaj hnub no yog tus yam ntxwv los ntawm cov complexity ntawm cov kab thiab cov abundance ntawm ornaments.

Cubism

Cubism yog avant-garde kos duab txav uas tshwm sim hauv xyoo pua 20th. Nws tus tsim yog Pablo Picasso. Cubism ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tiag tiag hauv cov duab puab thiab duab ntawm Tebchaws Europe, txhawb kev tsim cov qauv zoo sib xws hauv architecture, ntawv nyeem, thiab suab paj nruag. Artistic painting nyob rau hauv no style yog characterized los ntawm recombined, tawg cov khoom uas muaj ib tug paub daws teeb daim ntawv. Lawv tau piav los ntawm ntau qhov kev pom.

Expressionism

Kev Tshaj Tawm yog lwm qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev kawm txuj ci uas tau tshwm sim hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Thaum xub thawj, nws tsuas yog sau paj huam thiab pleev xim, thiab tom qab ntawd kis mus rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm kev kos duab.

Cov kws tshaj lij qhia txog lub ntiaj teb kev xav, cuam tshuam qhov tseeb los tsim kom muaj kev xav ntau dua. Lawv lub hom phiaj yog ua kom cov neeg saib xav. Kev nthuav qhia nyob rau hauv expressionism yeej dhau ntawm daim duab. Nws tuaj yeem raug sau tseg tias ntau yam haujlwm yog tus cwj pwm ntawm kev tsim txom, kev mob, kev txom nyem, qw (kev ua haujlwm ntawm Edvard Munch, hais saum toj no, hu ua "Scream"). Cov neeg ua yeeb yam tsis txaus siab rau cov khoom siv tiag tiag, lawv cov duab kos tau sau nrog lub ntsiab lus tob thiab kev xavkev paub.

Impressionism

Impressionism - kev taw qhia ntawm kev pleev xim, tsom tsuas yog ua haujlwm hauv huab cua qhib (qhib huab cua), thiab tsis nyob hauv lub studio. Nws tshuav nws lub npe rau daim duab "Kev xav, Sunrise" los ntawm Claude Monet, uas tau qhia hauv daim duab hauv qab no.

Lo lus "impression" hauv lus Askiv yog kev xav. Impressionistic paintings qhia feem ntau lub teeb pom kev zoo ntawm tus kws kos duab. Lub ntsiab nta ntawm painting nyob rau hauv no style yog raws li nram no: NW nyuam qhuav pom, nyias strokes; hloov nyob rau hauv lub teeb pom kev zoo, raug conveyed (feem ntau yog tsom rau cov nyhuv ntawm lub sijhawm); qhib muaj pes tsawg leeg; ib lub hom phiaj yooj yim; kev txav mus los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm tib neeg kev paub thiab kev nkag siab. Cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov kev xav zoo li no yog Edgar Degas, Claude Monet, Pierre Renoir.

modernism

Txoj kev taw qhia tom ntej yog kev niaj hnub, uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam kev kos duab nyob rau hauv lig 19th thiab 20th centuries. Lub Parisian "Salon of the Rejected" tau qhib rau xyoo 1863. Cov kws ua yeeb yam uas nws cov duab tsis raug tso cai hauv lub chaw ua yeeb yam tau nthuav tawm ntawm no. Hnub no tuaj yeem suav hais tias yog hnub ntawm kev tshwm sim ntawm modernism raws li ib qho kev taw qhia ntawm kev kos duab. Txwv tsis pub, modernism yog qee zaum hu ua "lwm art". Nws lub hom phiaj yog los tsim cov duab tshwj xeeb uas tsis zoo li lwm tus. Lub ntsiab ntawm tej hauj lwm yog tus sau lub zeem muag tshwj xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

Cov neeg ua yeeb yam hauv lawv txoj haujlwm tau ntxeev siab rau qhov muaj txiaj ntsig ntawm kev muaj tiag. Self-consciousness yogci yam ntxwv ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no. Qhov no feem ntau ua rau kev sim nrog daim ntawv nrog rau kev nyiam rau abstraction. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm modernism tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm. Ib qho ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog Henry Matisse (nws txoj haujlwm "Red Room" ntawm 1908 tau nthuav tawm saum toj no) thiab Pablo Picasso.

Neoclassicism

Neoclassicism - lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev pleev xim rau sab qaum teb Europe los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws yog characterized los ntawm ib tug rov qab mus rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm ancient kos duab, kos duab ntawm lub Renaissance thiab txawm lub sij hawm ntawm classicism. Nyob rau hauv architectural, kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai cov ntsiab lus, neoclassicism tshwm sim raws li ib lo lus teb rau Rococo, uas yog perceived raws li ib tug ntiav thiab artsy style ntawm kos duab. Cov kws ua yeeb yam Neoclassical, ua tsaug rau lawv txoj kev paub zoo ntawm pawg ntseeg txoj cai, sim qhia cov canons rau hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv zam tsuas yog rov tsim cov qauv classical thiab cov ntsiab lus. Neoclassical artists sim tso lawv cov duab nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm kev lig kev cai thiab yog li qhia tau hais tias mastery ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem. Neoclassicism nyob rau hauv qhov kev hwm no ncaj qha tawm tsam modernism, qhov twg improvisation thiab kev qhia tus kheej yog suav tias yog kev tsim txiaj. Nws cov neeg sawv cev nto moo tshaj plaws suav nrog Nicolas Poussin, Raphael.

Pop Art

Txoj kev taw qhia kawg peb yuav saib yog pop art. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-50s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, thiab nyob rau hauv lub lig 50s - nyob rau hauv America. Pop kos duab ntseeg tau tias muaj keeb kwm los ua cov tshuaj tiv thaiv rau cov tswv yim ntawm abstract expressionism,tseem ceeb ntawm lub sijhawm. Hais txog cov lus qhia no, nws tsis tuaj yeem hais txog Andy Warhol. Xyoo 2009, "Eight Elvises", ib qho ntawm nws cov duab kos tau raug muag rau $ 100 lab.