Khokhloma painting: keeb kwm ntawm tsos, theem ntawm kev loj hlob, xim thiab daim ntawv thov txheej txheem

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Lub ci "golden" pleev xim rau ntawm cov khoom siv ntoo, paub rau txhua tus neeg Lavxias, tsis tshua nyiam nyiam. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog tej yam tsoos Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai yam tsis muaj xws li ci ntsiab lus ntawm lub teb chaws décor. Cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv zoo nkauj kuj tseem nrov nyob txawv teb chaws. Nov yog daim npav tuaj xyuas peb lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab khoom siv tes ua.

Keeb kwm ntawm Khokhloma painting, nrog rau nws qhov kev faib tawm thiab qhov tseem ceeb hauv lub neej niaj hnub hauv lub tebchaws, tau piav qhia hauv peb tsab xov xwm.

Yam duab paintings

Folk crafts tsis yog hu ua tsis muaj dab tsi, vim lawv yog invented los ntawm tib neeg. Yuav luag txhua lub ces kaum ntawm Russia yog nto moo rau nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb thiab tshwj xeeb style nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm craftsmen.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm Khokhloma painting yog nthuav heev. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj lwm hom thiab. Peb nthuav qhia cov txuj ci tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, paub txog kev kos duab kos duab hauv tebchaws Russia:

• Gzhel. Tej zaum lub feem ntau recognizable keeb ntawm décor nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Xiav, airy, hloov maj mam qauv ntawm cov keeb kwm dawb tuaj rau peb los ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th. Hom kev kos duab no muaj ntau pua lawmxyoo yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai.
• YZhostovskaya. Qhov no yog kab tias qhov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws painting ntawm cov khoom siv hlau hauv tsev. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau xav txog ib tug tub lag luam Lavxias teb sab lub tsev yam tsis muaj xim zoo nkauj lossis samovar. Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm dub, tag nrho tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab tshwm sim ua ntej peb ob lub qhov muag - kaj paj thiab zoo heev firebirds. Lawv zoo li npaj ya tawm ntawm cov kab pleev xim.
• Khokhloma painting. Tsis tas li ntawd ib tug heev recognizable Lavxias teb sab khoom siv tes ua. Ci ntsa iab nplooj, rowan pawg, ripe liab berries ntawm strawberries, roob tshauv, gooseberries ntawm cov khoom siv ntoo yog nyiam los ntawm cov neeg tsis yog nyob rau hauv Russia xwb, tab sis kuj nyob deb dhau nws ciam teb.

• Gorodets painting los ntawm lub nroog Gorodets tau paub ua tsaug rau nws cov duab zoo uas piav txog cov neeg Lavxias. Cov khoom ua si thiab cov txiv neej muaj yeeb yuj me me hauv cov ris tsho ntse thiab cov tsho ib txwm zoo siab. Nov yog ib hom ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm Lavxias siv kos duab.
• Fedoskino lacquer me me yog qhov kev xav zoo siab ntawm Lavxias lub neej. Kev pleev xim rau ntawm lub hleb thiab snuffboxes coj peb rov qab mus rau lub ntiaj teb kev lom zem, bazaars thiab hnub so. Troikas ntawm nees haiv neeg hnav khaub ncaws zoo nkauj txiv neej thiab poj niam ncaj nraim rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm kev ua koob tsheej.

Khokhloma painting

Nws ob yam tseem ceeb yog ntoo thiab "kub". Niaj hnub no, xws li cov tais diav yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, hniav ntsiab. Amazingly zoo nkauj rooj tog, thawv, panels thiab paintings kuj harmoniously haum rau niaj hnub interiors ntawm peb chav tsev.

HistoryKhokhloma painting yog ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias tam sim no hom kev kos duab pej xeem no tsis poob nws qhov tseeb. Yuav ua li cas zoo nkauj kos duab tuaj rau Russia?

A Brief History

Thaum ntxov, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsuas siv cov khoom siv ntoo xwb. Cov diav, tais, jugs thiab ladles yog cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj hauv txhua tsev neeg. Yuav ua li cas yooj yim rustic tais dheev dhau los ua ib qho kev kos duab? Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Khokhloma painting muaj nws cov hauv paus hniav nyob rau hauv lub 17th caug xyoo. Lub zos ntawm tib lub npe Khokhloma, uas muaj nyob rau hauv lub Volga cheeb tsam, los ua nws homeland.

cheeb tsam Volga yog thaj av nplua nuj hauv hav zoov thiab thaj chaw zoo nkauj. Nws yog qhov tshwj xeeb xim uas tau los ua qhov kev tshoov siab. Lub xeev Nizhny Novgorod yav dhau los yeej ib txwm muaj npe nrov rau nws cov craftsmen.

Keeb kwm ntawm Khokhloma painting yog inextricably txuas nrog rau lwm yam crafts ntawm lub Volga cheeb tsam. Lub cheeb tsam no tau nto moo rau nws cov ntoo carving thiab tsim khoom ntawm ntau yam khoom ntoo. Nws kuj yog nto moo rau icon paintings. Muaj kev xav tias cov xim kub ntawm cov tais diav tau txais los ntawm cov masters no los ntawm kev siv tshuab gilding thav ntawv rau cov cim. Tom qab ntawd cov craftsmen siv nyiaj hmoov, uas yog siv los npog ib tug neeg cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv creation. Thaum cuam tshuam nrog hluav taws, nyiaj hloov mus rau "kub", uas yog, nws hloov xim. Nws yog lub tshuab no uas cov kws kos duab pib siv thaum pleev xim ntoo tais.

Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siv Khokhloma painting yog qhov nyuaj heev. Cov hmoov nyiaj tom qab tau hloov nrog cov khoom pheej yig dua - tin. Kev pleev xim ua ntej thiab tam sim no ua tiavmanually resistant xim uas tiv tshav kub kev kho mob. Ua ntej, cov contours ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej qauv yog siv. Tom qab ntawd lub keeb kwm yav dhau yog sau nrog cov xim, uas cov stems ntawm paj yog kos nrog ib tug nyias txhuam, ci strokes thiab dots. Tom qab siv cov qauv nrog xim liab, dub, xim av thiab ntsuab, cov khoom yog varnished thiab xa mus rau qhov cub. Kev ua haujlwm yog varnished 5-6 zaug, txhua txheej yog kom qhuav.

Stages of development

Raws li tau sau tseg saum toj no, muaj ntau tus kws ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam Volga. Lawv cov secrets tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam, ua rau muaj kev tshwm sim ntawm cov tub txawg tshiab hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Keeb kwm ntawm Khokhloma painting, originated nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th, pib mus rau active tsim. Qhov no tau yooj yim los ntawm ntau tus neeg siv khoom siv tes ua thiab kev sib cuam tshuam tas li ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua. Qhov chaw zoo ntawm thaj av tau sau ntau tus neeg los ntawm ntau lub nroog ntawm cov rooj sib tham. "Golden" tableware nrog liab berries muag tawm sai heev, nws muaj koob meej loj hlob nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws.

Keeb kwm ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Khokhloma painting tsis yog tsis muaj lus dab neeg. Nws qhia tias nyob rau xyoo pua 17th, tus tswv uas muaj koob meej Andrey Loskut tau khiav tawm ntawm lub nroog mus rau Khokhloma. Nws pleev xim rau cov cim, tab sis tom qab kev qhia txog cov canons ntawm Patriarch Nikon, nws txiav txim siab tawm hauv lub nroog, vim nws tsis nyiam qhov kev txiav txim tshiab. Nyob rau hauv roob moj sab qhua ntawm lub Volga cheeb tsam, nws coj li painting tais diav. Nikon paub txog qhov no thiab xa tub rog mus ntes Andrey. Tus tswv kaw nws tus kheej hauv lub tsev pheeb suab thiab hlawv nws tus kheej, thiab ua ntej nws tuag bequeathed los tiv thaiv nws daim duab.

Thawj zaug, hauv Khokhloma thiab cov zos ze, cov tais diav tsis tau ua li ntawdmuaj yeeb yuj thiab ci ntsa iab li peb pom tam sim no. Qhov tseeb yog tias hmoov hmoov, uas tau los ua "golden" thaum lub sij hawm ua, yog kim heev. Raws li txoj cai, nws tsuas yog siv los ua ib qho edging rau cov khoom, lub thiaj li hu ua txoj siv tawv. Volumetric tais tau muab nrog kev pab los ntawm whitewash. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, lawv kawm yuav ua li cas ua ib tug golden keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm tin hmoov. Cov khoom no yog pheej yig heev. Yog li ntawd, nws pib siv rau daim ntawv thov rau tag nrho cov khoom. Txhua hom qauv tau kos rau ntawm nws. Whitewash tau raug txiav lawm. Lub sijhawm no, muaj kev faib ua haujlwm. Hauv qee lub zos, ntoo raug txiav, lwm yam khoom raug txiav tawm, thiab lwm yam (tsuas yog hauv Khokhloma), lawv tau pleev xim, muab qhov kawg saib rau cov khoom.

Nrog rau kev txhim kho loj ntawm kev lag luam, cov khoom siv tes ua xuas tes ua tau hloov los ntawm cov khoom lag luam, uas raug nqi ntau dua. Khokhloma painting twb revived nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo. Lub sijhawm no, cov tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim qhov chaw uas lawv qhia kev ua haujlwm ntoo thiab kos duab. Masters ntawm Khokhloma painting tau rov qab koom nrog hauv kev nthuav qhia thoob ntiaj teb. Ua tsaug rau lawv cov txuj ci, tib neeg thoob plaws ntiaj teb muaj kev xav tias cov neeg txawj ntse nyob hauv Russia.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsa sawv daws.

Gold on a black background, decorated with scarlet berries and uncomplicated branch, is so fond of the Russian people that today is popular as in the past. Qee tus masters kos cov qauv ci ntsa iab ntawm keeb kwm liab lossis golden. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov phiaj xwm yeej ib txwm mob siab rau qhov xwm txheej. Nws tuaj yeem ua tsis tau tsuas yog cov nroj tsuag, tab sis kuj muaj cov noog nrog lub teeb ciplumage. Feem ntau hauv cov phiaj xwm, pawg ntawm cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo siav lossis pob ntseg pob kws yog siv, uas hais txog kev nplua nuj ntawm lawv thaj av. Tam sim no lawv ua tsis tau tsuas yog xws li cov tais diav zoo nkauj. Ntawm kev nthuav qhia, peb tuaj yeem pom cov tsheb pleev xim nrog Khokhloma qauv.

Piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm

Keeb kwm ntawm Khokhloma painting tuaj yeem txiav txim siab luv luv hauv cov khoom hauv tsev uas tso rau hauv tsev cia puav pheej. Lawv muab lub tswv yim meej txog qhov no pej xeem cov khoom siv li cas tau pib, nws tsim thiab hloov li cas. Cov nplua nuj assortment ntawm cov tais diav ib txwm amazes lub tswv yim. Peb ob lub qhov muag yog pleev xim rau khob thiab mugs, daim phiaj sib txawv diameters thiab sib sib zog nqus tais, ntsev shakers, kegs thiab jugs.

Tam sim no, Khokhloma painting tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev zam siab. Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog txiv neej thiab poj niam cov khaub ncaws, tab sis kuj yog txhua yam ntawm cov khoom zoo nkauj. Cov qauv ci Khokhloma tuaj yeem pom ntawm rooj plaub hauv xov tooj, poj niam cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab ntau yam khoom sab hauv.

Khokhloma motifs hauv textiles kuj nyob tsis yog qhov kawg. Masters siv cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub rau kev siv lawv cov qauv nyiam rau yuav luag txhua yam khoom. Cov neeg uas xav tuaj yeem yuav cov ntaub, ntaub pua chaw pw thiab cov ntaub pua tsev hauv "Khokhloma" style.

Khokhloma painting yog nquag siv hauv kev tsim rooj tog. Ntau tus nco txog cov me nyuam lub rooj thiab cov rooj zaum, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov qauv paub. Niaj hnub no, cov txee, rooj, lub hauv siab ntawm cov tub rau khoom thiab txee tau dhau los ua cov khoom ntawm "Lavxias teb sab" sab hauv.

rau menyuam

Keeb kwm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm Khokhloma painting raumenyuam yaus yog qhov nthuav heev. Lub simplicity thiab ornateness ntawm lub ntsiab yuav ua tau heev kev kawm rau cov hluas tiam. Txoj kev kawm ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm pej xeem craftsmanship yog ua tiav nyob rau hauv lub voj voog rau cov me nyuam. Nws yog qhov nthuav heev rau cov menyuam yaus los tso cov nplooj ci ntsa iab thiab berries ntawm keeb kwm dub.

Cov duab kos siv ntau lub ntsiab lus uas tsis yog tsuas yog kos duab xwb, tab sis kuj yog kev xav ntawm cov kws kos duab me me. Ornaments hloov. Qhov tshwm sim yog cov duab zoo nkauj. Cov me nyuam tsis tsuas yog kos cov qauv, tab sis kuj ncaj qha pleev xim rau cov khoom, uas yog ntau nthuav rau kev loj hlob ntawm creativity.

Keeb kwm ntawm Khokhloma painting rau cov me nyuam muaj cov lus piav qhia ntawm yuav ua li cas tib neeg siv los xav txog tej yam ntuj tso, yuav ua li cas nws yog portrayed. Cov menyuam yaus raug qhia kom kos cov nyom, tee dej, bushes, berries, curls, antennae, voj voog. Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus no lawv ua cov qauv, pleev xim rau daim ntawv diav, phaj, tais diav.

Zoo kawg

Ntau tshaj peb puas xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, Khokhloma painting tsis tau tsuas yog tsis tau poob nws qhov tseeb, tab sis tau ua ntau ntau haiv neeg. Cov intricate ornaments thiab designs yog tshwj xeeb. Nov yog peb keeb kwm, peb lub hom phiaj. Zoo nkauj ci lauj kaub tais diav nrog Khokhloma painting yeej ib txwm tsim nyog nyob rau hauv ib tug niaj hnub chav ua noj. Nws tsim kom muaj kev nplij siab, ua kom muaj cua sov thiab zoo.