2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Kev kawm thiab nkag siab txog kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg tsuas yog ua tau los ntawm lawv cov cuab yeej cuab tam thiab kev kos duab. Cov kev ua ntawm tib neeg thaum ub feem ntau yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov duab sib txawv ntawm tus kheej, ib lub khaub ncaws, lub tsev, ntau yam khoom, cuab yeej, riam phom. Ib daim ntawv siv dav ntawm cov duab kos duab yog cov khoom qub qub. Nws tsis tuaj yeem raug cais tawm ntawm qhov khoom uas nws muaj. Tab sis ntau zaus nws yog qhov tseem ceeb dua nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej thiab yog ib qho kev kos duab. Los ntawm style muaj geometric, floral, nyob rau hauv tsos - picturesque, sculptural, nraaj ornaments. Ib qho kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj yog ib qho motif, muaj ib lossis ntau lub ntsiab lus. Cov txheej txheem no nyob rau hauv ornament yog ib txwm tsim los ua ib qho haujlwm. Los ntawm txoj kev cov ntsiab lus tau piav qhia, los ntawm txoj kev tus tswv tsim lub tswv yim ntawm cov qauv, yuav ua li cas nws ua ke motifs los ntawm flora los yog fauna nrog cov khoom lossis geometric motifs nrog cov duab ntawm cov khoom, ib tus tuaj yeem txiav txim siab txog kab lis kev cai thiab keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm ornament., nws yog ib tug neeg.
Thiab thaum twgcais cov ornament, ces ua ntej lawv tham txog nws keeb kwm, thiab ces txiav txim lub hom phiaj thiab cov ntsiab lus. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom siv thaum ub, nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws lub teb chaws ntau haiv neeg, nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm niaj hnub hom kev siv kos duab tsis tuaj yeem overestimated.
Kev faib tawm ntawm ntau yam ornaments
Tsim cov khoom siv hauv av thiab embossing ntawm cov tais nyiaj; cov qauv ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov ntaub pua plag ntawm tus kheej thaum ub, cov ntaub; hlua woven nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb - ornaments ntawm hom no tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg cov dej num (raws li lawv tom qab pib hais - kev), thiab yog li ntawd hu ua technical. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub tuaj, ntau yam cim thiab cov cim qhia feem ntau woven rau hauv ornaments. Hom no hu ua cim. Thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov cim nrog cov ntsiab lus nyuaj yam tsis muaj cov phiaj xwm tshwj xeeb tau muab kev txhim kho dav rau hom geometric. Qhov no yog gothic thiab Arabic style ornaments.
hom zaub yog suav hais tias yog feem ntau thiab qub. Cov motives ntawm no muaj xws li cov ntawv luam ntawm paj, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag mus rau lawv unrecognizable stylization. Thiab ntawm no txhua lub tebchaws muaj cov nroj tsuag nyiam thiab hwm. Ib yam li tsiaj ornaments, cov tswv thaum ub tau piav txog cov tsiaj qus uas lawv yos hav zoov, lossis cov uas dawb huv rau lawv, nrog rau cov neeg nyob ib sab ntawm lawv thiab yog li tshwj xeeb tshaj yog revered.
Ntawm lub plawv ntawm hom zoo heev ornament yog cov nroj tsuag lossis tsiaj txhu uas tsis muaj nyob. Ancient Rome, qhov twg kawm nrog cov khoom ntawm theatrical thiab suab paj nruas kos duab, luxurious lub neej los yog tub rog riam phom tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hlub, yog qhov chaw yug ntawmkawm ornament. Lub ntuj thiab cov hnub qub, Lub Hnub thiab Lub hli yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm astral ornaments yam ntxwv ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab Nyiv. Ib qho zoo nkauj ornaments ntawm ib hom toj roob hauv pes tau yug los nyob rau ntawd: roob, hav dej, dej tsaws tsag, hav zoov thiab teb ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Arab, ib tug tshwj xeeb calligraphic ornament, uas tshwm sim nrog lub advent ntawm thawj cov lus sau, uas muaj cov tsiaj ntawv thiab fragments ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, tau dav tsim. Txhua hom ornaments tsis tshua muaj nyob rau hauv lawv daim ntawv ntshiab, ntau zaus lawv intertwine, nkag mus thiab ntxiv ib leeg.
Ntawm ntawm Arabic tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab
Txoj haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab tsim los ntawm cov neeg ntawm lub tebchaws ntawm Arab ntiaj teb yog qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm sab ntsuj plig, kev nthuav qhia, kev nkag siab zoo nkauj thiab zoo nkauj. Arabic qauv thiab ornaments yog tshwj xeeb thiab qub nrog ntau yam amazing. Nws yog raws li Muslim kev cai dab qhuas, uas txwv tsis pub depicting ib tug neeg, tsiaj txhu, nyob creatures feem ntau. Yog li, piv txwv li, Arabic ornament tsis tshua muaj xws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm fauna, thiab tom qab ntawd hauv daim ntawv stylized. Islamic kab lis kev cai yog los ze zog mus rau geometric motifs uas stun nrog ib tug nkag siab ntawm kev txuas ntxiv ntawm kev txav thiab raus ib tug neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm kev xav, kev npau suav, thiab lub siab xav kawm cov secrets ntawm lub neej.
Arabic ornament yog lub hauv paus ntawm cov yas creativity ntawm Muslims, uas yog kos duab ntawm artistic depiction ntawm cov lus, hais, aphorisms los ntawm dawb huv Kaulees - calligraphy.
Txiv kab ntxwv raws li daim duab kos duab ntawm Arabs
Kawm cov qauv thiab kev sib raug zoo nrog zej zog ntawm kev kos duab zoo nkauj ua rau nws muaj peev xwm siv tau txhua yamvam meej los ntawm yav dhau los hauv kev kos duab niaj hnub no. Lub Arabic ornament, raws li qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev hloov maj mam thiab thawj kos duab ntawm sab hnub tuaj, muaj cov ntsiab lus zoo nkauj tshwj xeeb thiab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai.
Cov ntaub ntawv xav tsis thoob nrog lawv txoj kev yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab pom kev ntsiag to, lawv tau siv los ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab sawv ua qhov thaiv ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab tib neeg. Arabic ornament nthuav tawm lub ntiaj teb tob tob ntawm cov tswv uas tsim nws. Nws zoo nkaus li tias lawv tau kawm los tswj lawv tus kheej cov txuj ci, ua kom muaj txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev paub dhau los, txhawm rau ua kom rov tsim dua txhua qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm tib neeg kev paub. Txhawm rau kom nthuav tawm tag nrho cov qauv tsim ntawm Arabic ornament, tus tswv siv cov ntaub ntawv sib txawv, muab lawv lub suab tshiab nrog kev pab ntawm cov lus ntawm cov xim thiab lub teeb.
Cov duab nraaj dominates, thiab cov ornaments ntawm Arab masters zoo li voluminous, dynamic. Muaj tswv yim hloov pauv tag nrho qhov chaw, cov neeg sau ntawv tshem tawm cov ciam teb, tig lawv txoj haujlwm mus rau hauv kev npau suav los muaj tseeb. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv Arabic thiab ornaments los ntawm lwm yam.
Txoj cai ntawm kev sib dhos hauv lub ornament
Rhythm yog ib txwm tshwm sim rau tib neeg. Hnub thiab hmo ntuj. Pw tsaug zog thiab wakefulness. Yog li ntawd, peb tab tom tos nws nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab: nyob rau hauv suab paj nruag thiab versification, painting thiab architecture. Rhythm yog kev txiav txim. Kev ua txhaum cai lossis tsis muaj kev txhawj xeeb lossis txawm tias khaus. Nws yog ua tsaug rau lub xub ntiag ntawm atherosclerosis uas peb zoo siab thiab tag nrho ntawm surprise, qhuas cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab ntawm Arabic ornament ntawm plaster, cib, ntoo, tooj liab, nyiaj. Zoo li tus tswv ua ke hauvqhov sib dhos ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov qauv ntawm cov ornament, hais txog qhov zoo nkauj thiab tus nqi ntawm cov khoom nrog cov qauv. Cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm cov ornament yog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib dhos, thiab nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau ib leeg lawv nyob rau hauv atherosclerosis. Tus tswv ntawm Arabic ornament yog zoo li tus neeg xyuas pib hauv ib lub orchestra. Yog li ntawd, tiag tiag tej hauj lwm ntawm ornamental kos duab yog li harmonious.
Hom ntawm Arabic ornaments
Yuav kom nkag siab qhov twg Arab tus tswv tau rub lawv txoj kev tshoov siab los ntawm, koj yuav tsum xav txog qhov kawg ntawm cov suab puam ntawm North Africa thiab Arabian Peninsula: qhib, tsis muaj qhov chaw, txiav los ntawm txoj kev winding, dej txaj, toj. Ua ntej koj ob lub qhov muag, gilding ntawm cov xuab zeb merges nrog lub kaj xiav ntawm lub ntuj thiab cov dej ntws, thiab ze rau cov dej, curly fragrant greenery thiab txawv txawv paj. Masters tau yoog thiab yoog rau hauv cov khoom dai kom zoo nkauj txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig lawv rau ntau pua xyoo. Muaj ntau qhov kev xav. Muaj cov ntsiab lus lees paub, piv txwv li, los ntawm kab lis kev cai qub, thiab muaj cov ntsiab lus paub daws teeb meem uas nws yuav luag tsis paub txog tus qauv. Ib qho tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv Arabic ornament yog lub pob caus. Qhov no yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntseeg Muslim. Nyob rau sab hnub tuaj, ntau yam duab ntawm ib lub pob hauv ib lub ornament muaj lub ntsiab lus zoo rau lub neej ntev, kev zoo siab. Nws feem ntau siv tsis yog rau kev sib txuas lus xwb, tab sis hloov ib hom ornament mus rau lwm qhov thiab ntxiv mus rau hauv ib yam dab tsi kiag li abstract.
Girikhov knot
Girih yog hom geometric ntawm ornament. Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yog cov duab: lub voj voog, oval, daim duab peb sab, square, polygons. Lawv yog tag nrho cov cim uas lub qab ntuj khwb tsim. Piv txwv li, lub voj voog sawv cevqhov nruab nrab thiab txav, lub xwmfab yog txuam nrog kev txiav txim thiab kev pom tseeb. Los ntawm cov duab no-cov cim, cov neeg ua haujlwm Arab, rov sib txuas thiab ua kom zoo ib yam rau sab saum toj ntawm lwm tus, tsim qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws, ua lej raug txheeb xyuas qhov tseeb ntawm ornament.
Thiab yog tias peb xav txog cov khoom siv hauv Arabic tag nrho (hauv ib lub mosque, piv txwv li), ces kev sib xyaw ntawm cov duab geometric hauv qhov chaw zoo siab. Qhov tseeb ntawm kev xaiv ntawm cov qauv ornamental nrog cov duab ntawm cov vaults ntawm cov chav thiab cov duab ntawm lub qhov rais zoo siab. Yuav ua li cas ib tug amazing xim tswvyim ntawm ornament ntawm lub qab nthab thiab phab ntsa, nyob rau hauv pediments thiab nyob rau hauv pem teb! Tag nrho cov no sib cais thiab ua ke yog voluminous vim kev ua si ntawm lub teeb thiab duab ntxoov ntxoo.
Islimi - txoj kev mus rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej vaj
Qhov no Arabic ornament yog ua raws li cov duab ntawm cov kauv tsis kawg nrog nplooj thiab paj. Nws zoo li lub cim ntawm txoj kev tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub Vaj Eden lossis lub tswv yim ntawm kev loj hlob tsis tu ncua ntawm cov paj ntsuab tua. Lub islimi ornament muaj tsib hom: braided, yooj yim, forked, almond-puab thiab tis. Cov ntaub ntawv no tsis muaj nyob nyias, lawv ntxiv thiab sau lwm cov motifs ntawm Arabic ornament, uas tsis zam qhov voids.
Khatai yog ib qho yooj yim islimi. Tib stems thiab ceg, tab sis paub daws teeb. Nyob rau hauv Arab lub teb chaws, nws yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv lub facades ntawm lub tsev, thaum painting hub thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntaub pua plag ornaments.
Islamic arabesque
Tag nrho lub ntiaj teb Islamic, lub arabesque yog ib hom ornaments. Lawv kho cov khoom siv hauv tsev, cov tsev teev ntuj, thiab cov chaw teev ntuj. Hom ornament no yog ua raws li kev rov ua dua ntawm cov khoom tawg hauv ib qhosib dhos thiab tsis nqa ib qho duab. Nws zoo tshem tawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau vim tias cov ntsiab lus haum ib qho rau lwm qhov.
Nyob rau hauv kev nruam nruam ntawm tus qauv, daim ntawv nrog cov lus nyob mus ib txhis Arabic ntawm infinity ploj mus. Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm arabesque yog qhov chaw ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab weaves, kev cob cog rua nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb ligature, mus rau infinity.
Arabic calligraphy
Arabic calligraphy muaj qhov tshwj xeeb zoo nkauj zoo nkauj. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv thiab kev sau ntawv feem ntau suav hais tias yog qhov kev tsim kho loj tshaj plaws ntawm noob neej. Ancient inscriptions ntawm pob zeb los ntawm lub zos ntawm Nabat, uas tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no thiab tau ua nyob rau hauv pre-Islamic lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Arabic, paub meej tias cov Arabs qiv cov tsiaj ntawv los ntawm cov neeg nyob ze ntawm Nabats nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm lub Arabian Peninsula. Rau Arab Muslims, kev paub txog cov tsiaj ntawv thiab kev muaj peev xwm nyeem tau raug tsa thiab txhawb nqa los ntawm Qur'an. Cov lus Arabic yog, qhov tseeb, cov lus ntawm phau ntawv dawb ceev no rau txhua tus Muslim. Thiab zoo li lub Kaulees, nws tau los ua ib qho kev sib koom ua ke rau cov neeg Arab. Nws tau siv rau kev sib txuas lus thiab sau los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv los ntawm txhua chav kawm uas muaj kev ntseeg sib txawv. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb kev ywj pheej lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv Arabic. Thiab nws yog ntuj uas nws tau los ua ib lub cuab yeej ntawm kev muaj tswv yim. Masters ntawm calligraphy, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov uas sau siv lub naskh txoj kev (lub Kaulees yog sau los ntawm lawv), nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug zej zog nyob ze rau lub hwj chim. Arabic calligraphy yog ib qho zoo kawg nkaus, sublime thiab koom ua ke kos duab. Ua tsaug rau nws, cov dawb ceev hauv Kaulees tau txais ib daim ntawv pom tseeb. Feem ntau phab ntsa mastersornaments, lawv sau cov ntawv sau lus Arabic hauv lawv tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov lus hais los ntawm cov vaj lug kub dawb ceev: "Siv rau Vajtswv ib leeg", "Power belongs rau Vajtswv"; los yog ib lo lus: "Happiness", "Life", "Eternity".
Pom zoo:
"Cov lus dab neeg thiab dab neeg ntawm Ancient Greece": cov ntsiab lus. "Legends thiab Myths ntawm Ancient Greece", Nikolai Kuhn
Cov vajtswv Greek thiab vajtswv poj niam, Greek heroes, dab neeg thiab dab neeg txog lawv tau ua lub hauv paus, qhov kev tshoov siab rau European kws sau paj lug, playwrights thiab artists. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom paub lawv cov ntsiab lus. Legends thiab myths xwb ntawm Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws, tag nrho cov Greek kab lis kev cai, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lig lub sij hawm, thaum ob lub tswv yim thiab kev ywj pheej tau tsim, muaj ib tug muaj zog lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tag nrho cov European civilization tag nrho
Ancient Greek duab puab, nws cov yam ntxwv, theem ntawm kev loj hlob. Ancient Greek sculptures thiab lawv cov kws sau ntawv
Ancient Greek sculpture occupies ib qho chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm ntau yam masterpieces ntawm kab lis kev cai cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub teb chaws no. Nws glorifies thiab embodies nrog kev pab los ntawm kev pom txhais tau tias kev zoo nkauj ntawm tib neeg lub cev, nws zoo tagnrho. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog tsuas yog qhov smoothness ntawm cov kab thiab kev tshav ntuj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov duab puab Greek thaum ub
Ancient tuam tsev. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm ancient architecture
Ancient Greek architecture yog ib lub ncov ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm yav dhau los. Nws tau tsim lub hauv paus rau European architecture thiab tsev kos duab. Lub ntsiab feature yog hais tias lub ancient architecture ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws muaj ib tug kev cai dab qhuas connotation thiab tau tsim rau fij rau cov vajtswv, muab khoom plig rau lawv thiab tuav pej xeem cov xwm txheej rau lub sij hawm no
Npe ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting. Cov duab ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting
Cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab hnub qub duab los ntawm tus neeg pleev kob Andrei Rublev - "Kev Tshaj Tawm", "Archangel Gabriel", "Descent into Hell" thiab ntau lwm tus - tau paub dav txawm tias cov neeg tsis txaus siab. hauv art
National Gallery hauv London (National Gallery). National Gallery ntawm London - paintings
Kab lus no qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim National Gallery ntawm London, nrog rau cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej no
