2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Ib tus kws sau ntawv Askiv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Iris Murdoch, tau tawm hauv ntiaj teb nrog ntau cov dab neeg zoo heev uas yuav xav txog los ntawm ntau dua ib tiam neeg nyeem. Nws mob siab rau nws lub neej tag nrho rau cov ntaub ntawv. Nws txoj kev tsis yooj yim, nws yuav tsum tau nyiaj dhau ntau yam kev nyuaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej.
Keeb kwm thiab me nyuam yaus
Iris Murdoch yug rau Lub Xya Hli 15, 1919 hauv Phibsborough cheeb tsam ntawm Ireland lub peev, Dublin. Nws txiv los ntawm ib tsev neeg Presbyterian uas khiav yaj. Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, nws yog ib tug tub rog caij nkoj, thiab tom qab ntawd los ua tub ceev xwm. Niam Iris yog ib tug neeg hu nkauj opera, tuaj ntawm tsev neeg Askiv. Cov niam txiv tau ntsib hauv Dublin thiab sib yuav nyob rau hauv 1918. Ib xyoos tom qab lawv muaj ib tug ntxhais, nws yog tib tug me nyuam hauv tsev neeg. Xyoo 1920, Murdoch tsev neeg tau tsiv mus rau London (nws txiv tau txais txoj haujlwm ua tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv Ministry of He alth), uas yav tom ntej tus kws sau ntawv siv nws thaum yau. Txawm li cas los xij, nws cov keeb kwm Irish tau ua rau lawv tus kheej hnov tag nrho nws lub neej, cov teeb meem ntawm Ireland ib txwm nyob ze rau Iris. Thaum yau Murdochzoo siab heev, nws tham txog yuav ua li cas nws tsev neeg yog "kev hlub zoo kawg nkaus."
Kev Kawm
Iris Murdoch tau txais nws txoj kev kawm theem pib ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ywj pheej hauv Roehampton. Tom qab ntawd nws tau mus kawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntxhais hauv Bristol, qhov uas "cov poj niam me" tau qhia. Xyoo 1938, nws nkag mus kawm Somerville College ntawm Oxford University, thawj zaug hauv lus Askiv, tab sis tom qab ntawd tau tsiv mus rau chav kawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub thiab Askiv, suav nrog E. Frenkel chav kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm Agamemnon. Nws kuj tau mus koom lub rooj sib tham txog kev xav, qhov chaw uas nws cov phooj ywg yog Donald McKinnon. Nws kawm tiav qib siab hauv tsev kawm qib siab hauv xyoo 1942 nrog 1st degree.
Pib neeg laus lub neej
Kev tsov rog tawm tsam tiv thaiv kev txuas ntxiv ntawm Iris txoj kev kawm. Tom qab kawm ntawv qib siab, nws pib ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Nyiaj Txiag. Tab sis xyoo 1944, Murdoch tau mus ua haujlwm rau UN, thawj zaug ua tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab tom qab ntawd nyob hauv ib lub yeej thoj nam tawg rog nyob rau sab av loj. Nws tau ua haujlwm ntawm UN Rehabilitation Center txog xyoo 1946.
Xyoo 1947, Iris Murdoch nkag mus kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv Newnham College, Cambridge University, qhov chaw nws kawm txog kev xav. Nws txawm muaj sijhawm ntsib L. Wittgenstein, tab sis nws tsis muaj sij hawm los mloog nws cov lus qhuab qhia: tus kws txawj ntse tau tawm mus ua haujlwm hauv lwm lub tsev kawm qib siab.
Kev qhia ua haujlwm
Xyoo 1948, Iris Murdoch pib nws txoj haujlwm qhia. Nws tau zaumLecturer in Philosophy ntawm St. Anne's College, Oxford University. Nws mob siab rau 15 xyoo ntawm nws lub neej rau qhov haujlwm no. Oxford tau dhau los ua txoj hmoo tiag tiag rau nws: cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub neej tau tshwm sim ntawm no. Xyoo 1963, los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd twb yog ib tus kws sau ntawv zoo, nws tau mus ua haujlwm ntawm Royal College of Art hauv Department of General Studies, qhov chaw nws tseem qhia txog kev xav. Xyoo 1967, nws tau tso tseg txoj haujlwm qhia ntawv tsis tu ncua, txwv nws tus kheej tsuas yog qee lub sijhawm qhia rau cov tub ntxhais kawm.
thawj qhov kev sim sau ntawv
Murdoch pib sau ntawv lig. Nws thawj qhov tshiab, Hauv qab Net, tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1954. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no haum rau cov lus Askiv kev lig kev cai ntawm cov xyoo ntawd: tus kws sau ntawv nto moo John Fowles pib tsim nws cov ntawv sau thaum muaj hnub nyoog 37 xyoo, W. Golding ntawm 45. Rau Murdoch, thaum xub thawj qhov haujlwm no tsuas yog kev nyiam ua haujlwm xwb. Nws tau sau ua ntej qhov tshiab Hauv Net, tab sis nws thawj qhov kev paub sau ntawv tsis tau nthuav tawm rau pej xeem. Nws txoj hauj lwm tsim cov prerequisites rau kev sau ntawv thiab nws pib sau ntawv raws li artistic illustrations ntawm philosophical postulates. Iris Murdoch thawj qhov tshiab, uas muaj los ntawm kev qhuas mus rau qhov tsis lees paub, yog ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm lub tswv yim thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm picaresque tshiab. Phau ntawv no suav nrog, raws li Time magazine, nyob rau hauv 100 unsurpassed English-lus dab neeg txhua lub sijhawm. Cov ntawv tshiab "Nyob rau hauv Net" tau dhau los ua kev lom zem ntawm tus kws sau ntawv nkaus xwb, nws twb tau qhia txog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm yav tom ntej kev sau ntawv ntawm Iris Murdoch.
Ntuj tsim txiaj
Tau nkag mus rau hauv txoj kev sau ntawv, Murdoch maj nrawm nrog nws ntseeg siab thiab ua tau zoo. Ob xyoos tom qab thawj qhov kev vam meej, nws qhov thib ob tshiab, Escape from the Wizard, tshwm. Hauv cov dab neeg ntawm xyoo 1950 thiab 1960s, cov kws tshawb fawb pom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev muaj sia nyob. Qhov kawg ntawm 60s tau cim los ntawm kev tso tawm cov phau ntawv uas cov kws tshawb fawb hu ua "cov dab neeg ntawm kev paub tsis meej thiab ntshai heev": "Lub Sijhawm ntawm Angels", "Italian", "Severed Head", "Unicorn". Hauv lawv, Murdoch tshawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg. Cov kab comic txuas ntxiv los ntawm Iris Murdoch's tshiab "Wild Rose". Nws tau qhia txog kev txawj ntse zoo li tus kws sau ntawv tiag tiag, uas nws cov kev coj noj coj ua tau muab tso tseg los ntawm cov ntawv Askiv classics. Cov ntawv tshiab qhia txog kev hlub, kev ywj pheej thiab kev sib yuav, Murdoch tshawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov xwm txheej no. Nyob rau hauv 1974, phau ntawv no tau ua ib tug 4-ntu zaj duab xis rau American TV. Lub 70s yog rau Murdoch lub sijhawm kom loj hlob ua tus sau. Nws siv zog mus txuas ntxiv cov kev lig kev cai ntawm Shakespeare raws li ib tug piv txwv embodiment ntawm zoo. Tus sau immerses tus nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv lub poetics ntawm theatricality thiab tsim nws tus kheej txhais lus ntawm Shakespeare cov dab neeg. Lub voj voog "Shakespearean" suav nrog cov dab neeg "Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dub", "Jackson's Dilemma" thiab "Hiav Txwv, Hiav Txwv". Murdoch's Shakespeare cov cim tau txais kev txhais lus tshiab thiab hloov pauv hauv kev tshawb nrhiav qhov zoo thiab lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tus sau ironically tshaj tus hero, thiab tshaj tus nyeem ntawv, thiab tshaj nws tus kheej. Lub tswv yim ntawm xyoo 1980 yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev nce hauv kev ua si, tus kws sau ntawv tsim cov ntawv tshiab zoo li rebus, nyob rau hauv uas lub ntsiab lus tsis yog tsuas yog encrypted nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev sib tsoo thiab lem, tab sis kuj muab zais rau hauv ib tug complex.ua ke ntawm quotes, allusions, references rau lwm cov ntawv. Iris Murdoch's 1985 tshiab Lub Tsev Kawm Txuj Ci tsim los ntawm nws tus hlub psychoanalyst tus cwj pwm, uas yog ob qho tib si wizard thiab dab, ib tug txiv neej cuam tshuam los ntawm kev mob siab rau. Cov ntawv tshiab yog hu ua qhov pib ntawm "Murdoch tshiab", tsis yog kev xav, txawm hais tias nws txuas ntxiv ntau lub ntsiab lus los ntawm lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim dhau los. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, didacticism, religiosity, txawv txawv rau tus sau, pib. Nws qhov kev zoo siab xaus zoo li tsis muaj tseeb hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kws sau ntawv cov keeb kwm qub. Cov dab neeg ntawm xyoo tas los no tau poob qhov ntxim nyiam kawg ntawm Murdoch's prose, thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees tau nce ntxiv hauv lawv. Nws zaj dab neeg kawg yog Jackson's Dilemma hauv 1992.
Nkauj ntseeg vaj tswv
Kev lig kev cai, Iris Murdoch qhov tshiab "Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dub" suav tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Phau ntawv no tau luam tawm xyoo 1973 thiab yog lub sijhawm muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tus kws sau ntawv. Phau ntawv no yog tus sau phau ntawv txhais zaj dab neeg ntawm Hamlet; cov kws tshaj lij kuj xa nws mus rau qhov hu ua "Platonic" series. "Dub Tub Vaj Ntxwv" muaj cov qauv tsim qauv zoo nkauj thiab muaj kev xav zoo nkauj. Cov lus piav qhia nyuaj ua ke nrog ntau qhov kev xav ntawm tus phab ej, txhua yam no ua rau phau ntawv nyuaj, tab sis kev nyeem ntawv zoo siab heev. Murdoch tsis pab tus nyeem ntawv nrhiav nws tus kheej txhais lus tshiab, thiab yog li muaj ntau txoj hauv kev los txhais nws. Phau ntawv tau raug qhuas, raug xaiv tsa rau Booker Prize thiab muab khoom plig James Taite. Qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm Murdoch cov txuj ci tseem muaj xws li cov dab neeg "Tus Npau Suav ntawm Bruno","Hiav txwv, Hiav txwv" thiab "Me nyuam ntawm lo lus". Cov phau ntawv no tsa lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau tus kws sau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej, kev xav thiab kev mob siab rau hauv tib neeg lub neej, teeb meem ntawm kev ywj pheej.
philosophical views
Iris Murdoch tau ua tus kws tshaj lij thoob plaws nws lub neej. Nws sau nws thawj tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv philosophical vein. Xyoo 1953 nws tau sau ib phau ntawv hais txog Sartre. Txawm tias thaum pib ntawm nws txoj kev taug kev, nws raug coj mus los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev muaj sia nyob, thiab nws cov dab neeg thaum ntxov "Kev khiav tawm ntawm Wizard" thiab "Lub Unicorn" yog permeated nrog cov tswv yim ntawm cov kev taw qhia no. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, cov phau ntawv ntawm J.-P. Sartre's Nausea thiab Phab Ntsa. Ob peb ntawm nws cov ntawv tau mob siab rau kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev thuam ntawm kev xav ntawm Kant thiab Wittgenstein. Lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej dhau los ntawm kev kos npe ntawm Plato, uas tau tshoov nws lub siab los xav txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev muaj tiag thiab kev tsis pom kev, mus nrhiav lub neej ncaj ncees. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees quest los ua tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub tshiab "Tus txiv neej ntawm xwm txheej". Iris Murdoch tshawb hauv nws qhov teeb meem ntawm tus kheej lub luag haujlwm ncaj ncees rau lwm tus neeg, tab sis siv daim duab comic ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej, nws rov qab mus sau philosophical tej hauj lwm thiab sau Metaphysics raws li ib tug Qhia rau Morality thiab Existentialists thiab Mystics, nyob rau hauv uas nws tsim nws tus kheej views ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees.
Awards
Lub sijhawm nws 40-xyoo kev sau ntawv thiab cov dab neeg zoo heev, Iris Murdoch tau txais ntau yam khoom plig thiab khoom plig. Nws yog ntau tus neeg xaiv tsa thiab yeej ntawm Booker Prize (rau qhov tshiab "Hiav txwv, Hiav Txwv"). Xyoo 1987 Murdoch tau txais lub npe ntawm Emeritus xibfwb ntawm Oxford. Nyob rau hauv 1988 nws tau muab tsub lub prestigious Shakespeare nqi zog. Nws kuj tau txais lub npe siab tshaj plaws ntawm Dame Commander ntawm lub tebchaws Askiv hauv xyoo 1989. Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, nws tau muab ntau tshaj 20 qhov kev qhuas qhuas ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv thoob ntiaj teb. Xyoo 1997, nws tau txais Golden Pen Honorary Lifetime Achievement Award for English Literature.
Nyob rau hauv nws cov hluas, Iris tau ntsib ob qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo rau tus kheej: thaum ua tsov rog, ob tug txiv neej uas nws hlub, Frank Thompson thiab Franz Steiner, tuag. Yog li ntawd, rau qee lub sijhawm nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim kev sib raug zoo. Thaum ntxov 50s hauv Oxford, Iris Murdoch, uas nws biography hais tias nws tau ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv lub zos no, ntsib nws colleague John Bailey. Nws yog ib tug kws qhia ntawv, sau ntawv thuam, sau ntawv, Murdoch thiab Bailey muaj ntau yam sib xws. Lawv sib yuav hauv 1956 thiab nyob ua ke mus txog thaum Iris tuag. Tom qab nws tuag, Bailey tau sau ib phau ntawv hais txog Iris, uas tau ua rau hauv cov yeeb yaj kiab nto moo uas tau yeej ntau Oscars. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws sau keeb kwm thiab cov phooj ywg ntawm Murdoch tau hnov qhov tsis zoo rau phau ntawv no, hais tias nws muaj kev cuam tshuam thiab kev ua rau qhov tseeb. Nyob rau hauv nws, tus kheej lub neej ntawm tus sau ntawv zoo li ib tug series ntawm novels nrog txiv neej thiab poj niam. Ntau npaum li cas qhov no sib raug rau qhov tseeb tsis paub. Ib yam li nws tsis paub meej tias vim li cas nkawm niam txiv tsis muaj menyuam. Bailey hais tias nws yog Iris uas tsis xav ua niam, thaum nws cov phooj ywg hais tias yog John qhov kev txiav txim siab. IrisMurdoch, uas nws cov phau ntawv tau lees paub los ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb cov zej zog, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm Alzheimer's kab mob nyob rau hauv lub xyoo kawg ntawm nws lub neej. Nws maj mam poob nws lub cim xeeb, muaj peev xwm ua rau kev txawj ntse, tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm rau nws tus kheej. Txhua yam kev txhawj xeeb txog nws tau raug coj los ntawm nws tus txiv, uas sim ua kom nws lub neej yooj yim dua thiab tsis xa nws mus rau tsev laus. Lub Ob Hlis 8, 1999, Iris Murdoch tau tas sim neej. Sau tseg cov keeb kwm ntawm 26 cov dab neeg zoo heev uas tau sau nws lub npe mus ib txhis hauv cov npe ntawm cov kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm xyoo pua 20th. Iris Murdoch's tshiab "Tus Tub Vaj Ntxwv Dub" muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv yuav luag txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv ntiaj teb. Ob peb phau ntawv tau sau txog Iris lub neej, thiab ob peb zaj yeeb yaj kiab tau ua los ntawm nws cov haujlwm.Lub neej ntiag tug
xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej
Nco thiab cuab yeej cuab tam
Pom zoo:
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