Soviet architecture: piav qhia, keeb kwm thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Tsim kom muaj lub neej tshiab tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cuam tshuam rau kab lis kev cai ntawm lub teb chaws feem ntau thiab kev tsim vaj tsev tshwj xeeb. Soviet architecture tau dhau los ntawm ntau theem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, nws paub nws qhov nce thiab nqis, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub nws tau los ua ib qho kev tshwm sim tseeb hauv ntiaj teb architecture. Muaj ob peb architects ntawm qib siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub USSR, thiab niaj hnub no nyob rau hauv lub expansion ntawm lub post-Soviet qhov chaw koj tuaj yeem pom ntau lub ntiaj teb-chav masterpieces. Wb tham txog yuav ua li cas cov qauv ntawm Soviet architecture tsim thiab tsim nws li cas.

Ntawm thiab ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet architecture

Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1917, tsoom fwv tshiab ntawm lub teb chaws tau koom tes los hloov txhua yam ntawm lub neej. Rau qee lub sij hawm, txhua tus neeg tsis yog nyob rau hauv architecture, tab sis tsis ntev nws tau pom tseeb tias nws yuav tsum tau ua lub tswv yim zoo, zoo li txhua yam.kos duab. Nyob rau xyoo 1920, cov kws tsim vaj tsev tsis tau ua haujlwm ncaj qha los tsim qhov chaw tshiab, tab sis cov neeg tsim khoom lawv tus kheej tau xav tias lub sijhawm tau los rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab pib tshawb nrhiav cov tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, Soviet architecture tau raug hu los ua haujlwm rau cov tswv yim ntawm socialism. Tag nrho cov kos duab nyob rau hauv lub USSR yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj tsuas yog txoj kev loj hlob - socialist. Qhov no txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm Soviet architecture, uas ib txwm yuav tsum tau ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov kev xav, thiab thaum kawg - zoo nkauj. Yog tias thaum xub thawj cov neeg tsim khoom tseem tswj hwm los ua ke cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, lub tswv yim thiab kev zoo nkauj, ces maj mam ua kom zoo nkauj muab txoj hauv kev rau kev siv, thiab qhov no ua rau muaj kev poob qis hauv lub peev xwm ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev zoo.

keeb kwm keeb kwm

Kev txhim kho ntawm Soviet architecture tau dhau los ntawm ntau theem. Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm qhov tshwm sim yog txuam nrog lub sij hawm ntawm lub xyoo 1920s - thaum pib ntawm lub 30s, thaum muaj ib tug nquag nrhiav rau cov ntaub ntawv tshiab, classical txoj kev ntawm architecture yog rethought. Thaum lub sij hawm no, ob lub ntsiab avant-garde tiam sis nyob rau hauv lub Soviet architectural qauv tau coj cov duab: constructivism thiab rationalism. Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1930s, nws tau pom tseeb tias avant-garde tsis nyob rau hauv txoj kev nrog lub tswv yim ntawm Soviet kab lis kev cai. Ib tug tshiab architecture pib coj zoo, lub hom phiaj ntawm uas yog los qhuas lub greatness thiab achievements ntawm socialist lub tswv yim. Kev siv cov tswv yim ntawm lub sijhawm no tau tiv thaiv los ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ob, tom qab ntawd lub sijhawm tshiab hauv architecture pib. Nws yog txuam tsis tau tsuas yog nrog lub restoration ntawm lub nroog puas, tab sis kuj nrog rau cov creation ntawm ib tug tshiab qhov chaw uas yuav txhawb nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg.kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lawv lub teb chaws. Nws yog nyob ntawm no ideological lub hauv paus uas lub teb chaws Ottoman Stalinist yog tsim, nrog rau nws craving rau scale. Thaum pib ntawm lub 60s exacerbated qhov teeb meem ntawm vaj tse nyob. Cov neeg nyob hauv cov xwm txheej tsis zoo, thiab qhov no tsis tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau kev tsim kho tom qab ua tsov rog. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev loj. Txoj haujlwm no tau raug daws vim qhov txo qis tshaj plaws ntawm cov nqi ntawm cov haujlwm. Qhov no tau dhau los ua qhov xwm txheej rau Soviet architecture. uas tau xaiv tsis yog txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev txhim kho thiab ua raws li Fab Kis hauv lawv cov qauv kev tsim kho.

Txhua qhov kev sim siab ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev tau lees paub tias tsis muaj thiab tsis zoo. Dab tsi ua rau cov neeg tsim khoom koom nrog "paper architecture", uas yog, tsim cov haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev cia siab ntawm kev siv. Nyob rau xyoo 1980s, Soviet architects tau paub txog qhov kev kub ntxhov yuav tshwm sim. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, ib qho kev sib raug zoo, tsis muaj qhov project dominates. Architecture yog hloov zuj zus los ntawm kev kos duab mus rau kev kos duab xwb. Nws maj mam pib tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kev kub ntxhov no tsuas yog mus rau qhov kawg ntawm 90s, tab sis qhov no yog lub sijhawm tom qab-Soviet.

Soviet avant-garde

Thaum kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb, cov lus nug tau tshwm sim ntawm kev rov kho Moscow. Los ntawm lub sij hawm no, ob lub tswv yim tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub teb chaws: constructivism thiab rationalism. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm cov kws tsim qauv zoo nkauj uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab European kev lig kev cai, tab sis pom qhov yuav tsum tau tsim ib tug tshiab architecture uas yuav ua tau raws li qhov tseeb tshiab. Lub sijhawm ntawd, cov neeg tsim khoom txaus siab rau lub tswv yim tsim lub neej tshiab thiab tsim ib tus neeg tshiab, sib haum xeeb.

Constructivists coj los ntawm cov kwv tij Vesnin, Konstantin Melnikov, Mauxes Ginzburg ntseeg hais tias lub tsev muaj pes tsawg leeg yuav tsum ua tau raws li txoj haujlwm. Lawv tso tseg cov keeb kwm txuas ntxiv mus, muab lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau cov qauv yooj yim nrog qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm décor. Ua tsaug rau lawv, lub architecture ntawm lub Soviet avant-garde tau enriched nrog xws li vaj tse xws li lub round lub tsev ntawm K. Melnikov nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub tsev ntawm lub Izvestia ntawv xov xwm, lub ZIL Palace ntawm Culture thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Cov kev taw qhia tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev thiab nws cov ceg tau tshwm sim hauv Leningrad, Kharkov, Gorky, Sverdlovsk. Hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm yav dhau los USSR, koj tseem tuaj yeem qhuas cov tsev tsim kho.

Qhov thib ob avant-garde kev taw qhia, rationalism, coj los ntawm N. Ladovsky thiab V. Krinsky, tau txais kev siv tsawg dua li kev tsim kho. Lawv pom kev puas siab puas ntsws ntawm kev xaav ntawm ib lub tsev los ntawm ib tug neeg yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1930s, lub avant-garde tau lees paub tias yog ideologically alien rau Soviet kos duab thiab sai sai tsis muaj nyob. Tom qab ntawd, rationalism tau "rov kho dua tshiab" thiab nws cov tswv yim tau nquag siv hauv architecture hauv 60s.

Architecture ntawm 30s-40s

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1930s, Soviet architecture nkag mus rau lub sijhawm tshiab. Qhov xav tau kev tsim kho loj ntawm cov tsev nyob thiab pej xeem, kev tsim kho cov qauv tshiab, piv txwv li, qhov chaw rau kev ua liaj ua teb exhibition, yog brewing rau tsoom fwv tshiab. Cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem ib txwm muaj los ua ntej. Ib tug zoo architect coj cov kev caiqub tsev kawm ntawv, neoclassicist I. Zholtovsky. Ib tug retrospective nyob rau hauv nws views, nws rov qab mus rau domestic xyaum kev hlub ntawm txhua kab, pilasters, arches, thiab lwm yam. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub hwj chim ntawm constructivism tseem muaj zog, tab sis qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov classics tau ua kom pom tseeb. Ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, lub teb chaws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Moscow, tau ntsib kev tsim kho boom. Lub VDNKh complex, lub Xeev Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv muaj npe tom qab V. I. Lenin, ntau qhov chaw nres tsheb ntawm Moscow metro raug tsim. Ib pawg ntawm Dzerzhinsky Square tab tom ua hauv Kharkov. Tsoom fwv tsev tshwm nyob rau hauv Yerevan. Cov nroog tshiab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub USSR, cov kev npaj uas embody lub tswv yim ntawm tshiab architecture. Cov no yog Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Magnitogorsk, Khabarovsk. Ua ntej ua tsov ua rog, thaj tsam li 170 lab square metres tau tsim hauv lub tebchaws. m ntawm vaj. Ib qho tshiab, imperial style ntawm USSR tau maj mam ua zoo.

Stalin Empire style

Tom qab Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, keeb kwm ntawm Soviet architecture nkag mus rau theem tshiab. Nws siv ntau cov peev txheej los tsim kho cov chaw puas tsuaj. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1940s, qhov thib ob "zoo style" nyob rau hauv architecture tom qab constructivism, lub Stalinist Empire style, tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Nws ua ke ob peb tiam: classicism, baroque, art deco, faj tim teb chaws. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm txoj kev, pomposity, majesty. Cov tsev nyob rau hauv cov style no tau tsim los ua kom pom kev yeej thiab nplai ntawm Soviet kev ua tiav. Moscow skyscrapers ua nto moo cim ntawm no style: Moscow State University, Hotel Ukraina, Ministry of Foreign Affairs thiab lwm yam. Lub teb chaws Ottoman Stalinist style tau dhau los ua cov qauv tseem ceeb rau 150 xyoo, nws hloov lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tebchaws. Stalinskayaarchitecture tshwm sim nyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua lub nroog ntawm lub tebchaws.

Massive vaj tse architecture

Nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab tsov rog, qhov teeb meem ntawm vaj tse tau mob heev. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub 50s, kev tswj tsis tau yuav daws tau nws, vim hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los kho cov tsim infrastructure. Tab sis nyob rau xyoo 1960 nws twb tsis tuaj yeem ncua kev daws qhov teeb meem no. Tsuas yog los ntawm lub sijhawm no, qhov kawg ntawm Stalin era tuaj thiab N. Khrushchev tau hu kom txo qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm tus nqi ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Nws kuj tau pib tawm tsam "kev kos duab ntau dhau", nws tau pom zoo kom coj lub quarters ntawm Fabkis txoj kev ua haujlwm raws li tus qauv. Qhov no yog li cas tus naas ej Cheryomushki tau tshwm sim ua piv txwv ntawm qhov chaw nyob tshiab. Lub thaiv yuav tsum muaj tag nrho cov chaw hauv zej zog, thiab cov tsev yuav tsum muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus rau txhua tus neeg nyob.

Architecture ntawm 60-80s

Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 60s, kev tsim vaj tsev loj tau pib. Hauv txhua lub nroog thiab cov nroog ntawm USSR, cov tsev ua los ntawm cov pob zeb loj loj tshwm sim. Kev tsim kho sai sai, cov neeg tau txais cov tsev. Tab sis nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau siv lo lus "architecture" rau txoj kev loj hlob no, txij li thaum lub tsev yog kiag li faceless thiab zoo tib yam. Yog li ntawd, lub architecture ntawm lub Soviet cheeb tsam raws li ib tug txheej txheem project nyob rau hauv tej lub nroog yog zoo li ob tee dej zoo ib yam li lwm cov chaw. Nws yog dhau qhov no uas tus thawj coj ua yeeb yaj kiab E. Ryazanov luag hauv zaj duab xis "The Irony of Fate". Kev tsim kho loj thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev ntau dhau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias los ntawm 80s qhov tshwm sim ntawm Soviet architecture tau hloov mus ua tsis muaj dab tsi. Muaj tseeb tiagcov neeg tsim thiab cov tsev tsim nyog tau txais kev saib xyuas, tab sis feem ntau, architecture yog nyob rau hauv ib qho kev kub ntxhov. Nws yog qhov nthuav tias kev ua neej nyob architectural creativity nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd tsiv los ntawm lub capitals mus rau lub xeev thiab union republics.

"paper" architecture

Nyob rau hauv lub 80s, thaum lub official architecture ntawm lub Soviet lub sij hawm poob rau hauv kev kub ntxhov, qhov txawv txawv tshwm sim tshwm sim. Cov kws tsim vaj tsev hluas nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tsis tuaj yeem suav tsis tau tsuas yog rau kev siv lawv lub tswv yim, tab sis txawm tias lawv qhov kev lees paub. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsim tej yaam num ntawm daim ntawv, feem ntau xa lawv mus rau ntau yam txawv teb chaws kev sib tw thiab yeej khoom plig. Tag nrho tiam ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev zoo raug tsim nyob hauv cheeb tsam no. Cov founders ntawm lub zog yog A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, M. Belov, Yu. Avvakumov, M. Kharitonov. Architects tau tsim lawv tus kheej style ntawm kev nthuav tawm tswv yim. Txij li thaum lawv paub tseeb tias cov haujlwm yuav tsis raug pom, lawv tau tsom mus rau qhov kev nthuav qhia pom ntawm lub tswv yim. Qhov tseeb, cov kws tsim vaj tsev no tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov tswv yim ntawm ancient sij hawm, txawm hais tias lawv feem ntau tsim tej yaam num futuristic.

Tus kws tsim vaj tsev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm USSR

Soviet architecture nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm nws keeb kwm tsim ua tsaug rau lub tswv yim ntawm architects uas kawm thiab tsim rov qab nyob rau hauv imperial lub sij hawm. Tom qab tiam no ploj mus lawm, muaj ib lub sij hawm luv luv. Tab sis tsis ntev lub pleiad tshiab ntawm architects loj hlob tuaj, coj cov tswv yim tshiab thiab cov hauj lwm tshiab. Cov kws tshaj lij suav nrog K. Melnikov, V. Tatlin, A. Shchusev ntawm cov kws tsim qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm USSR. Cov constructivists no yog kev txaus siab tiag tiag ntawm peb lub teb chaws.hauv ntiaj teb architecture. Tsis tas li ntawd ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv domestic architecture yog N. Ladovsky, I. Rerberg, cov kwv tij Vesnin, A. Krasovsky. Ib qho txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim cov duab ntawm ntau lub nroog Soviet tau ua los ntawm I. V. Zholtovsky, V. N. Semenov, N. Dokuchaev, B. Iofan, V. Krinsky. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, architects tau tsim uas muaj lub sij hawm los hloov lub post-Soviet qhov chaw tom qab perestroika. Ntawm lawv, nws tsim nyog hais txog I. Utkin, A. Brodsky, Y. Grigoryan.

Npaj qhov tseeb

Lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Soviet era yog tag nrho ntawm cov khoom nthuav thiab qhov tseeb. Yog li, lub tsev puag ncig ntawm K. Melnikov yog ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws monuments ntawm constructivism nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tus kws kos duab hauv ntiaj teb zoo tshaj Le Corbusier tuaj rau Moscow peb zaug kom tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm cov tswv yim tshiab. Nyob rau hauv lub 30s, qhov loj tshaj plaws project ntawm Soviet architecture yog tsim - lub Palace ntawm Soviets, qhov siab ntawm uas yuav tsum yog hais txog 400 m, 100 pem teb. Txhawm rau ua nws, lub Cathedral ntawm Khetos tus Cawm Seej tau tawg, tab sis txoj kev npaj tsis tau tiav.