Leejtwg thuam - lawv yog leej twg? Lavxias teb sab critics

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev thuam kev sau ntawv yog ib thaj chaw ntawm kev muaj tswv yim uas nyob rau ntawm kev kos duab (uas yog, ntawv tseeb) thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm nws (lus thuam). Leej twg yog cov kws tshaj lij hauv nws? Cov neeg thuam yog cov neeg uas ntsuas thiab txhais cov haujlwm los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm kev niaj hnub (xws li lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev xav ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev noj qab haus huv), nrog rau lawv cov kev xav ntawm tus kheej, lees paub thiab txheeb xyuas cov ntsiab lus muaj tswv yim ntawm ntau yam kev sau ntawv, muaj kev ua haujlwm. cuam tshuam rau cov txheej txheem sau ntawv, thiab cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev tsim ntawm qee yam kev nco qab. Lawv ua raws li keeb kwm thiab kev xav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev xav.

Kev thuam kev sau ntawv feem ntau muaj kev nom kev tswv, cov ntsiab lus, cov neeg sau xov xwm, cuam tshuam nrog kev sau xov xwm. Nws txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov kev tshawb fawb muaj feem xyuam tau pom: kev tshawb fawb txog nom tswv, keeb kwm, kev thuam cov ntawv nyeem, kev hais lus, phau ntawv sau cia.

Russian thuam

Tus neeg thuam Belinsky tau sau tias txhua lub sijhawm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm peb lub tebchaws muaj kev nco qab txog nws tus kheej, uas tau hais tawm hauv kev thuam.

Nws nyuaj rau tsis pom zoo nrog cov lus no. Lavxias thuam - ib yam liib tug tshwj xeeb thiab striking phenomenon, zoo li classical Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv (xws li thuam Belinsky, piv txwv li) tau taw qhia ntau zaus tias nws, ua hluavtaws hauv cov xwm txheej, ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev ua neej nyob hauv peb lub tebchaws. Cia peb nco qab cov kws sau ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws uas tau mob siab rau lawv tus kheej rau kev kawm txog cov haujlwm ntawm classics. Cov neeg thuam Lavxias yog D. I. Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov, A. V. Druzhinin, UA Grigoriev, V. G. Belinsky thiab ntau lwm tus, uas nws cov ntawv muaj tsis tsuas yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsom xam ntawm tej hauj lwm, tab sis kuj lawv artistic nta, tswv yim, duab. Lawv nrhiav pom qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tom qab daim duab kos duab, thiab tsis yog tsuas yog ntes lawv xwb, tab sis qee zaum muab lawv cov kev daws teeb meem.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev thuam

Cov lus sau los ntawm cov neeg thuam Lavxias tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau kev coj ncaj ncees thiab sab ntsuj plig lub neej ntawm tib neeg. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas lawv tau ntev tau suav nrog hauv cov ntaub ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv hauv peb lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov ntawv nyeem rau ntau xyoo lawm, cov tub ntxhais kawm feem ntau tau paub txog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev taw qhia radical. Critics ntawm qhov kev taw qhia - D. I. Pisarev, N. A. Dobrolyubov, N. G. Chernyshevsky, V. G. Belinsky thiab lwm tus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv no feem ntau pom tau tias yog ib qho ntawm cov lus hais uas cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau zoo siab "dau" lawv cov ntawv sau.

Stereotypes of perception

Txoj hauv kev no rau kev kawm ntawm cov classics tsim stereotypes hauv kev nkag siab ntawm kev kos duab, ua rau poob qis thiab ua kom yooj yim rau tag nrho cov duab ntawm kev loj hlobCov ntaub ntawv Lavxias teb sab, feem ntau yog qhov txawv ntawm kev sib cav zoo nkauj thiab kev xav.

Tsuas yog tsis ntev los no, ua tsaug rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb tob, lub zeem muag ntawm Lavxias kev thuam thiab cov ntawv nyeem tau dhau los ua ntau yam thiab ntau dua. Cov ntawv los ntawm N. N. Strakhova, UA Grigorieva, N. I. Nadezhdina, I. V. Kireevsky, P. A. Vyazemsky, K. N. Batyushkova, N. M. Karamzin (saib daim duab ntawm Nikolai Mikhailovich, ua los ntawm tus kws kos duab Tropinin, hauv qab no) thiab lwm tus kws sau ntawv zoo ntawm peb lub tebchaws.

Txoj kev sau ntawv thuam

Literature is the art of lo lus, uas yog embodied ob leeg nyob rau hauv ib tug ua hauj lwm ntawm kos duab thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug literary-critical hais lus. Yog li ntawd, ib tug neeg thuam Lavxias teb sab, zoo li lwm yam, yog ib txwm me ntsis ntawm ob tus neeg tshaj tawm thiab tus kws kos duab. Tsab ntawv, sau nrog cov txuj ci, yuav tsum muaj kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm ntau yam kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev xav ntawm tus sau nrog kev soj ntsuam tob thiab maj mam ntawm cov ntawv nyeem nws tus kheej. Txoj kev kawm ntawm ib tsab xov xwm tseem ceeb yog siv tsawg heev yog tias nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb tau pom tias yog hom dogma. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tus nyeem ntawv kom txawj ntse thiab lub siab xav paub txhua yam hais los ntawm tus sau no, los txiav txim siab txog qib ntawm cov pov thawj ntawm cov lus sib cav uas tau muab los ntawm nws, xav txog lub tswv yim ntawm kev xav. Kev thuam ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis yog qhov tsis meej.

Critic's own vision

Cov neeg thuam yog cov neeg uas qhia lawv tus kheej lub zeem muag ntawm tus kws sau txoj haujlwm, muab lawv tus kheej nyeem ntawv ntawm txoj haujlwm. Kab lus feem ntau uarov xav txog cov duab kos duab, lossis nws yuav yog kev thuam ntawm phau ntawv. Qee qhov kev kwv yees thiab kev txiav txim siab hauv kev sau ntawv muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem ua qhov kev tshawb pom tiag tiag rau tus nyeem ntawv, tab sis qee yam yuav zoo li tsis sib haum xeeb lossis ua yuam kev rau peb. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav yog qhov sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv ntawm kev pom txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus neeg sau ntawv lossis ib qho haujlwm. Cov ntawv thuam ib txwm muab cov ntaub ntawv nplua nuj rau peb xav txog.

Tus nplua nuj ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv thuam

Peb tuaj yeem, piv txwv li, saib kev ua haujlwm ntawm Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin los ntawm qhov muag ntawm V. V. Rozanova, UA Grigorieva, V. G. Belinsky thiab I. V. Kireevsky, kom paub txog yuav ua li cas Gogol lub contemporaries pom nws paj huam "Tuag Souls" nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev (critics V. G. Belinsky, S. P. Shevyrev, KS. Aksakov), yuav ua li cas nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th cov heroes ntawm "Woe los ntawm lub siab" Griboyedov. Nws yog qhov nthuav heev los sib piv qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov tshiab "Oblomov" los ntawm Goncharov nrog txoj kev uas nws tau txhais los ntawm DS. Merezhkovsky thiab D. I. Pisarev. Daim duab tom kawg yog qhia hauv qab no.

Txoj kev mob siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm L. N. Tolstoy

Piv txwv li, kev thuam kev sau ntawv zoo heev tau mob siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm L. N. Tolstoy. Lub peev xwm los qhia "kev coj dawb huv ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees", "dialectics ntawm tus ntsuj plig" ntawm tus phab ej ntawm kev ua haujlwm raws li tus yam ntxwv ntawm Lev Nikolayevich lub peev xwm yog ib qho ntawm thawj zaug qhia thiab xaiv N. G. Chernyshevsky hauv nws cov ntawv. Hais txog tej hauj lwm ntawm N. N. Strakhov mob siab rau "Kev Tsov Rog thiab Kev Thaj Yeeb" tuaj yeem lees paub tseeb: muaj ob pebmuaj tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv thuam uas yuav muab tso rau ib sab ntawm nws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm qhov tob ntawm nkag mus rau hauv tus sau lub hom phiaj, lub subtlety thiab qhov tseeb ntawm kev soj ntsuam.

Russian thuam nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib cav sib ceg thiab kev tshawb nrhiav nyuaj ntawm Lavxias kev thuam yog nws lub siab xav thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th kom "rov qab" Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai rau Pushkin, rau nws qhov yooj yim thiab kev sib haum xeeb. V. V. Rozanov, tshaj tawm qhov xav tau ntawm qhov no, tau sau tias lub siab ntawm Alexander Sergeevich tiv thaiv ib tug neeg los ntawm txhua yam ruam, nws cov nom tswv - los ntawm txhua yam lus phem.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1920s, kev coj noj coj ua tshiab tshwm sim. Cov tub ntxhais hluas lub xeev, tom qab kawg ntawm kev tsov kev rog, thaum kawg tau txais lub sijhawm los koom nrog kev coj noj coj ua. Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub tsev kawm ntawv nom tswv tswj kev sau ntawv thuam. Nws cov neeg sawv cev tseem ceeb yog Shklovsky, Tynyanov thiab Eikhenbaum. Formalists, tsis lees paub lub luag haujlwm ib txwm muaj uas kev thuam tau ua - kev coj noj coj ua, kev coj ncaj ncees, kev coj ua - tau hais rau lub tswv yim ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tib neeg. Hauv qhov no lawv tau tawm tsam txoj kev xav ntawm Marxism thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Yog li ntawd, kev thuam raug cai maj mam los xaus. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, socialist realism dominated. Kev thuam dhau los ua cov cuab yeej rau txim rau hauv lub xeev txhais tes. Nws tau tswj hwm thiab qhia ncaj qha los ntawm tog. Cov lus thuam thiab kab ntawv tau tshwm sim hauv txhua phau ntawv xov xwm thiab ntawv xov xwm.

Hnub no, tau kawg, qhov xwm txheej tau hloov pauv tas li.