Khoom siv hluav taws xob. Cov lauj kaub tais diav. Lub ntsiab nuances ntawm lauj kaub tais diav

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Cov lauj kaub tais diav yog tsim los ua cov khoom siv tes ua khoom siv los ua cov thawv rau pluas noj lossis cov hlab ntsha uas khaws cia ntau thiab cov ntaub ntawv ua kua. Niaj hnub no nws yog ib qho kev ua los ntawm molding ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb tsim potter lub log, tom qab uas glaze yog siv rau qhuav cov khoom, ua raws li los ntawm lub obligatory firing ntawm av nplaum. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, cov khoom yog tsim los siv nyob rau hauv txhua qhov chaw: cov khoom siv hauv tsev, kev tsim kho, kho kom zoo nkauj, hniav nyiaj hniav kub, khoom plig. Cov khoom no yog hu ua pottery ceramics, lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv txhua lub ces kaum ntawm peb ntiaj chaw.

Muaj peb qhov kev tsim khoom tseem ceeb hauv tshuab hluav taws xob:

• tsim lub tsev cib;
• ua cov tais diav lossis pob zeb;
• ua kom zoo dua cov khoom faience lossis porcelain.

Raws li cov thev naus laus zis ntau lawm, tag nrho cov chav ua mov cizoo ib yam li ib leeg, tab sis muaj ntau tus nuances uas cuam tshuam rau qhov kawg tshwm sim. Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb yog cov qib ntawm av nplaum uas underlie cov khoom.

History

Raws li tau hais ua ntej, lub lauj kaub tais diav yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua khoom siv los ua cov nkoj rau khaws cov khoom thiab khoom noj. Sij hawm dhau mus, nws tau txhim kho, txhawb nqa thiab tshwm sim rau peb niaj hnub no tsis yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas peb cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob deb tau pom nws. Kev tshawb pom kev siv tshuab tau pib tsim cov khoom tshiab ntawm kev hnav khaub ncaws, uas ua rau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom xws li refractory bricks, stoneware, ru tsev vuas, vuas, cov kav dej, vaj tsev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab ntau yam khoom.

Vim qhov tseeb tias tib neeg pib ua kom tiav thiab kho cov khoom siv av nplaum ib txwm, cov tais diav tau txav los ntawm qeb ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua mus rau qeb ntawm kev kos duab. Ua av nplaum tau nrov nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm txij li thaum noob neej tau paub txog cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no - av nplaum thiab nws cov khoom.

Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum muaj ntau qhov kev hais txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws ua lauj kaub thiab nws cov khoom. Cov nkoj qub tshaj plaws ua los ntawm cov av nplaum, txawm tias nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm prehistoric, tau tawm ntawm tib neeg txhais tes thiab, raws li, yog cov duab tsis zoo. Ib me ntsis tom qab, muaj cov khoom puag ncig thiab oval, pom tseeb ua siv lub lauj kaub lub log. Keeb kwm tseem tsis tau khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv hais txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub voj voog no, tab sis nws tau hais txij thaum ancient sij hawm.

Nws paub tias hauv Asia thawj zaugPorcelain cov khoom tau tshwm sim ob txhiab xyoo dhau los. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias kev lag luam tais diav hauv Suav teb tau txhim kho sai dua li lwm lub ntiaj teb.

Txhua lub teb chaws muaj nws cov kev coj noj coj ua uas cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom siv tes ua no, uas tau hloov mus ua kev kos duab. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws African thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum lub lauj kaub tau ua los ntawm tes, av nplaum tau qhuav nyob rau hauv lub hnub, thiab cov khoom raug rho tawm nrog ib nras ntawm straw thiab hluav taws.

Raws li rau Tebchaws Europe, lub lauj kaub tais diav tau poob mus txog rau xyoo pua yim. Tsuas yog Spanish Moors tau muab nws thawb, ib puag ncig tib lub sijhawm muaj cov khoom uas tau npog nrog glaze.

Cov lauj kaub tais diav loj hlob nyob ib ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum peb. Qhov kev tawm tsam tshaj plaws tau tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Ltalis, qhov chaw majolica tau tsim - ib hom ceramic uas yog tsim los ntawm cov av nplaum raug rho tawm haujlwm. Florence tau muab lub ntiaj teb no tus tswv ntawm lub lauj kaub tais diav li Luca della Robbia, nws cov duab puab thiab lwm yam haujlwm raug suav hais tias yog kev khav theeb ntawm lub teb chaws hauv peb lub sijhawm.

Siv cov thev naus laus zis ntawm tus sculptor Robbia, Tuscan cov chaw tsim khoom tau ua lwm kauj ruam rau pem hauv ntej - cov khoom lag luam faience. Lawv thawj zaug tau hlawv nrog hluav taws, tom qab ntawd lawv tau npog nrog dawb glaze, nyob rau hauv uas cov duab kos tau ua, tom qab ntawd cov khoom raug rau qhov thib ob firing, muaj zog dua thawj. Los ntawm majolica, lawv pib ua tsis tau tsuas yog architectural decorations, tab sis kuj siv tsev neeg, paj pots, figurines.

Tom qab poob ntawm cov lauj kaub tais diav hauv Ltalis, Fabkis tau hla. Nws nyob ntawm no uas cov av nplaum tau tsim.

Nyob rau hauv Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog av avcov tais diav tau tsim thiab siv los ntawm cov neeg pluag xwb, cov chav kawm sab saud siv pewter, nyiaj, thiab kub. Cov lauj kaub tais diav kuj tau siv dav hauv tsev teev ntuj kho kom zoo nkauj. Ntawm no nws tau siv los tsim jugs. Cov tsev teev ntuj ntawm Novgorod, nrog rau cov tuam tsev ntawm Romanov lub sij hawm, tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov khoom zoo sib xws.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua kaum yim, tag nrho cov chaw tsim khoom tau pib tshwm thoob plaws ntiaj teb uas tau koom nrog cov tais diav.

Ceramic khoom

Qhov sib txawv tseem ceeb ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov ceramics yog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pawg, nrog rau hom glaze uas lawv tau tsim. Muaj ob hom tais diav: ntom thiab ntxeem tau.

Dense - cov no yog cov khoom lag luam uas, thaum raug rho tawm haujlwm vim qhov kub thiab txias, sib koom ua ke rau hauv homogeneous khoom loj. Thaum so, xws li cov khoom zoo li iav. Nws yog translucent thiab tsis nqus cov kua, thiab thaum nws hits hlau, nws muab sparks. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov lauj kaub tais diav tuab yog porcelain.

Porous, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tawg yooj yim, cia cov kua los ntawm. Ntawm cov khoom no yog faience.

Tej zaum yuav muaj cov khoom lag luam uas tsis yog txhua yam, tab sis yog qee yam hloov pauv ntawm ob hom no.

Dense

Cov hauv qab no yog rau qeb ntawm cov tais diav:

• Hard porcelain. Qhov loj yog fused, translucent, nplua-grained, elastic, homogeneous, nyuaj, nws yuav tsis succumb rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib rab riam. Xws li cov plooj (porcelain) muaj kaolin, chalk, quartz thiab feldspar. Nws raug rau kev tua ob zaug: thawj zaug tsis muaj zog rau glaze, ces muaj zog tom qabkev pab.
• Mos plooj (porcelain). Nws tseem hu ua Fab Kis. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog yuav luag pob tshab txhuas glaze. Nws kuj yuav tsum tau muab ob npaug rau, tsuas yog muaj zog heev thaum xub thawj thiab tsis muaj zog thaum kawg.
• Unglazed porcelain, lossis biscuit. Muaj cov plooj (porcelain) ib txwm muaj.
• Pariyan. Los ntawm qhov hnyav, nws nyob ze rau cov plooj (porcelain) mos, muaj xim daj, thiab nyuaj rau yaj.
• Carrara. Dawb, translucent. Nws loj yog tus ntoo khaub lig ntawm cov khoom pob zeb thiab pariyan.
• khoom pob zeb. Lawv muaj ib tug tuab nplua-grained loj. Muaj cov khoom zoo tib yam thiab muag heev, feem ntau yog dawb.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws

qeb no muaj:

• Nyob zoo os. Nws yog ib qho kev sib xyaw ntawm cov av nplaum refractory thiab silica. Nws yog them nrog pob tshab glaze. Qhov loj yog opaque, ringing.
• Ordinary faience, or majolica. Qhov no yog cov xim liab-daj, uas, tom qab tua hluav taws, yog npog nrog opaque tin glaze.
• Cov khoom los ntawm cov av nplaum zoo tib yam thiab hluav taws kub-resistant. Qhov no suav nrog cib, vuas, cov kav dej, thiab lwm yam.
• ci pob zeb loj, lossis, raws li nws tseem hu ua terracotta. Nws muaj pes tsawg leeg yog refined av nplaum thiab av tawg ntawm cov khoom tiav. Nws yog siv los kho cov vases thiab lwm yam khoom.
• Txiv lauj kaub tais diav. Qhov loj yog tsim los ntawm av nplaum, av nplaum marl, thiab kuj los ntawm opaque lead glaze.

khoom siv hluav taws xob

Yuav ua kom cib, plooj (porcelain, faience), koj yuav tsum ua cov haujlwm hauv qab no: ua cov av nplaum, tsim nws, qhuav,hluav taws thiab glaze. Cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov khoom lag luam yog av nplaum. Potters nyiam siv potting av nplaum, uas muaj qhov zoo viscosity thiab nws qhov kub tsis kam yog qhov zoo rau kev tsim cov khoom. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias cov av nplaum nws tus kheej muaj qib siab ntawm plasticity, qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov khoom siv yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua vim qhov tseeb tias thaum lub sij hawm firing nws yog ceev thiab unevenly compressed, uas hloov cov khoom mus rau hauv ib qho txawv txawv. Txhawm rau ua cov khoom lag luam yooj yim, koj kuj xav tau xuab zeb, tshauv, sawdust, rau cov khoom zoo dua, koj xav tau fireclay - hmoov uas tau los ntawm cov khoom crushed.

Rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo tib yam, yav tas los mined av nplaum yuav tsum tau tso tseg rau ib mus rau ob xyoos hauv huab cua lossis hauv dej. Tom qab ntawd, nws yog kneaded nyob rau hauv ntoo thawv, nyob rau hauv factories thiab nroj tsuag no yog ua los ntawm tshwj xeeb cov cav tov. Qhov kev txiav txim no yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau tshem cov av nplaum ntawm cov pob zeb lossis cov khib nyiab. Tom qab cov av nplaum raug tshem tawm ntawm lub thawv, nws yog piled rau hauv heaps, uas yog txiav mus rau hauv nyias slices nrog ib tug riam. Lawv rov muab tso rau hauv lub thawv thiab rov kneaded, tshem tawm ntawm impurities uas yuav nyob twj ywm rau ntawm nws. Qib siab ntawm cov khoom, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tsis muaj xim, xav tau cov khoom uas yuav tsum tau muab ntxuav kom zoo. Txoj cai tseem ceeb ntawm benign av nplaum loj yog nws cov uniformity. Rau lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tu kom zoo, cov av nplaum tau muab faib ua me me, uas yog nchuav nrog dej thiab tom qab ib hnub ntawm "soaking" lawv muab pov rau hauv cov tshuab kneading. Cov hniav ntawm lub tshuab no, thaum lub sij hawm ceev ceev, txiav av nplaum, thiab ib tug kwj ntawm cov dej hla los ntawm lub chamber no nqa tawm me me pieces mus rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb pas dej ua ke, loj sawv daws yuav nyob rau hauv qab. Lub pas dej ua ke yog tsim los rau qib tom ntej ntawm kev tu, ntawm no coarse hais raug tso, tom qab uas lwm lub dav hlau nqa lawv mus rau hauv lub pas dej thib ob. Nyob rau hauv nws, cov av nplaum yog thaum kawg sifted tawm. Cov cuab yeej siv no tsuas yog siv dej sov xwb, vim tias nws cais cov av nplaum zoo dua, thiab cov txheej txheem ntxuav tau nrawm dua vim qhov ntsuas kub zoo.

Qhov feem ntawm cov khoom yog txiav txim siab rau txhua hom khoom sib cais. Kev sib xyaw ntawm cov nyiaj kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev: qhuav, riam los yog nrog cov dav hlau dej. Thaum no homogeneous loj tau txais, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm pliaj npuas tseem nyob rau hauv nws. Qhov teeb meem no raug tshem tawm nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb lossis nrog kev pab ntawm ko taw, uas yooj yim tram cov av nplaum kom txog thaum tau txais qhov xav tau sib xws.

Hauv kev nkag siab nqaim, ceramics yog tib yam av nplaum, tab sis raug rho tawm haujlwm. Raws li, thaum lawv hais tias "ceramics", lawv txhais tau hais tias cov khoom tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo (feem ntau av nplaum), nrog rau lawv cov khoom sib xyaw nrog ntau yam khoom ntxiv, uas yog tsim los ntawm kev kub siab thiab txias tom qab.

Cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tsis tau, tom qab ntawd cov khoom hloov mus rau hauv ceramic. Raws li qhov kub thiab txias, fusion ntawm cov khoom me me tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov chaw uas lawv nyob sib ze.

Hauv kev tsim cov plooj (porcelain), thev naus laus zis tau hloov pauv tseem ceeb. nwstshwm sim vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, qhov xav tau kub thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov khoom. Txhua qhov khoom siv nws muaj nws qhov kev faib ua feem, nrog rau qee qhov ntsuas kub:

• rau cov khoom av nplaum - 1000-1200 degrees Celsius;
• rau cov khoom siv ceramic - 1100-1300;
• rau cov khoom plooj (porcelain) - 1200-1400.

Lub thev naus laus zis ntawm cov khoom ci ci yog ua los ntawm ntau txoj hauv kev. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem tua hluav taws yog ib-paus xyoo, tsis hloov pauv. Nyob ntawm qhov kub thiab lub sijhawm ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov khoom sib txawv tau txais. Yog li ntawd, qhov kub siab tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv qhov cub ntau lawm tsis hloov mus txog thaum cov khoom tiav tag nrho cov khoom tiav.

Ntxiv mus, cov tsos ntawm cov khoom tiav kuj nyob ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov cua hauv qhov cub. Koj tuaj yeem ua rau ib lossis lwm qib ntawm huab cua oxidation. Nrog kev pab los ntawm cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb, nws tseem ua tau kom ua tiav cov potter cov av nplaum yuav hloov xim ntawm xim av mus rau ntsuab.

Glaze daim ntawv thov

Ib txhia lauj kaub tais diav tsis glazed kiag li. Cov no muaj xws li cib, vuas, terracotta, lauj kaub. Lub thiaj li hu ua glazing yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tiv thaiv av nplaum khoom los ntawm cov dej noo ntau dhau. Cov txiaj ntsig tib yam tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm nrog mis nyuj roasting - ib txoj kev ua cov khoom zoo nkauj thiab waterproof.

Tsis yog cov av nplaum kim tshaj plaws yog glazed nyoos tib lub sijhawm thaum lawv raug rho tawm haujlwm. Qhov no hu ua antling. Lub ntsiab ntawm qhov kev ua no yog qhov ntawdThaum tua hluav taws, ntsev yog muab pov rau hauv qhov cub, uas hloov mus rau hauv vapor thiab settles ntawm cov khoom. Qhov twg nws tsaws, ib qho chaw me me hu ua ants forms.

Lwm txoj kev ntawm txheej yog cov khoom yog sprinkled nrog glaze, crushed rau hauv ib tug zoo hmoov. Feem ntau cov no yog cov khoom ntawm cov khoom siv ntxhib: cov lauj kaub, cov kav dej tsis muaj hluav taws xob, thiab lwm yam. Ua ntej txheej, cov khoom yog smeared nrog hmoov nplej thiab raug rho tawm haujlwm.

Lub ntsiab ntawm txoj kev thib peb yog cov khoom yog doused nrog glaze, uas muaj qhov sib xws ntawm qab zib. Ib txoj kev zoo sib xws suav nrog cov khoom lag luam uas xyaum tsis nqus cov kua. Piv txwv li, qee hom porcelain thiab earthenware.

Thiab txoj hauv kev kawg yog cov khoom plooj (porcelain) thiab cov khoom faience tau muab tso rau hauv lub thawv nrog glaze. Txoj kev no yog npaj rau cov khoom lag luam uas raug hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog thiab pib nqus cov kua. Lub glaze yog av mus rau hauv ib tug nplua hmoov, tov nrog dej. Nyob rau hauv cov kua no, zoo li mis nyuj nyob rau hauv sib xws, ib yam khoom yog muab tso rau absorbs no sib tov. Nws muaj peev xwm ua tau ib daim duab rau ntawm qhov glaze.

Art Therapy

Nyob rau hauv lub lem niaj hnub no, sawv daws nrhiav tau lawv tus kheej txoj kev mus so. Ib txoj hauv kev zoo nkauj tshaj plaws thiab txawv txawv yog ua cov tais diav. Muaj ob txoj hauv kev sim koj tus kheej hauv daim duab no. Thawj qhov yog mus yuav ib lub lauj kaub lub log thiab cov khoom tsim nyog los xyaum ntawm koj tus kheej. Lub rooj cob qhia cov tais diav hauv koj lub tsev tsis yog tsuas yog stylish thiab fashionable, tab sis kuj zoo siab heev raukoj, koj tsev neeg thiab cov phooj ywg. Hauv qhov no, koj tuaj yeem hnov zoo li tus kws kos duab dawb, sim cov ntawv sib txawv raws li kev qhia hauv video.

Txoj kev thib ob yog lub tsev kawm ntawv lub lauj kaub tais diav. Hauv chav kawm ntawm cov neeg pib tshiab zoo li koj tus kheej, koj yuav muaj lub sijhawm los sim lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus tsim ntawm tus zoo nkauj, tus kws kos duab thiab duab puab.

Psychologists hais tias lub lauj kaub tais diav yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo los tiv thaiv kev ntxhov siab, ua kom sib npaug thiab ua tib zoo mloog. Kev kho duab kos duab, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, yog ib txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los daws kev nyuaj siab thiab lwm yam kev puas siab puas ntsws. Kev siv lub sij hawm ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob lub log pab txhim kho kev xav, cuam tshuam los ntawm cov teeb meem me me txhua hnub thiab nrhiav kev tawm ntawm lub neej nyuaj. "Kev mob siab rau tag nrho yuav tsis daws koj cov teeb meem, tab sis nws yuav pab koj nrhiav txoj hauv kev los daws lawv," cov kws kho mob hais hauv ib lub suab.

khoom DIY

Nyob hauv txhua lub tsev muaj av nplaum, ceramic los yog porcelain khoom. Raws li cov xwm txheej ntawm ntau lawm, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau surprise ib tug neeg nrog lub Hoobkas ua tableware los yog paj vase.

Cov lauj kaub tais diav yog ib qho kev lom zem thiab zoo siab heev rau tag nrho tsev neeg. Koj tuaj yeem muaj kev lom zem, kawm kev lag luam tshiab, txhim kho kev txawj ntse thiab kev txawj ntse.

Tom qab mus saib thawj lub rooj cob qhia cov tais diav, koj tuaj yeem ua lub lauj kaub rau koj tus kheej. Cov kws qhia saib xyuas feem ntau yog ua siab ntev rau cov neeg tuaj tshiab, coj lawv thiab pab txhua yam. Lub lauj kaub tais diav pab daws cov kev ntxhov siab me, cuam tshuam los ntawm lub neej txhua hnub.fuss. Thiab cov khoom uas koj ua rau koj tus kheej yuav yog ib qho laj thawj kom txaus siab rau lwm qhov kev yeej ntawm koj tus kheej. Tsis tas li ntawd, tom qab koj ua haujlwm nyob ib ncig ntawm lub voj voog thiab qhov muag tsis pom koj lub lauj kaub, koj yuav muaj sijhawm los pleev xim rau ntawm koj tus kheej tes. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem qhia tag nrho koj txoj kev xav. Cov khoom zoo li no yuav yog khoom plig zoo rau tus neeg hlub.

Cov tog neeg, hnub yug thiab koom nrog koom nrog rau qhov kev ua ub no txawv txawv yog nrov. Qhov no yog lub sijhawm zoo los sib tham, sib paub zoo dua thiab pom kev muaj tswv yim zoo ntawm koj cov phooj ywg. Tsis tas li ntawd, xws li hnub so yuav nco ntsoov nco txog nws qhov txawv txav, originality, thiab cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws tus kheej ntawm potter lub log yuav yog ib qho khoom plig zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev nco txog hnub zoo. Thiab ib tug neeg, tej zaum, yuav nrhiav tau ib tug txuj ci nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej thiab tiag coj mus rau lub lag luam no thiaj li yuav qhib nws tus kheej lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm pottery yav tom ntej. Cov menyuam yaus tshwj xeeb yuav nyiam qhov haujlwm no. Yog hais tias lawv zoo ntawm sculpting los ntawm plasticine, ces koj yuav tsum tau sim xa lawv mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm pottery. Qhov no yuav pab txhim kho kev txawj ntse ntawm tes, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lub siab ntawm tus menyuam, thiab tseem tso cai rau koj tshawb pom tus menyuam lub peev xwm muaj tswv yim. Ib qho kev nyiam nyiam thiab txaus siab ua rau muaj kev mloog, kev xav thiab kev xav.

Hobby lossis lag luam?

Nyob ntiaj teb no, cov lauj kaub tais diav nrov heev. Lawv nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm cov khoom uas ib txwm nyob rau hauv kev thov thiab cuam tshuam. Txhua lub tsev muaj tais diav, vases, lauj kaub, ntau yam figurines thiab souvenirs. Tau ntau pua xyoo, cov khoom siv tes ua no, loj hlob mus rau hauv kev kos duab, tau nrov thiab xav tau. Thiab yog li ntawdpassion rau pottery yog nce zuj zus mus rau hauv ib lub lag luam tiag. Peb tus kheej lub tshuab hluav taws xob rhiav yog ib lub lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, vim tias cov khoom siv tseem ceeb yog av nplaum - cov khoom siv dawb uas txhais tau tias nyob hauv qab peb txhais taw. Cov khoom zoo nkauj, qub, tsim qauv tuaj yeem nqa tau nyiaj tau los zoo rau cov chaw tsim khoom. Tus tswv ntawm lub lauj kaub tais diav yog ib txoj haujlwm rau tus ntsuj plig. Koj tuaj yeem ua kom ntau haiv neeg thoob ntiaj teb nyob ib puag ncig koj, tau txais kev nyiam tshwj xeeb uas yuav ua rau koj tau txais txiaj ntsig, thiab tseem qhia koj lub peev xwm muaj tswv yim.

Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yog nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Txawm tias nws tau nyob ib ncig ntawm kaum xyoo, nws yuav tsis tawm ntawm style.