Cov yam ntxwv thiab theem ntawm kev txhim kho ntawm Georgian style hauv architecture

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Georgian style hauv architecture yog hu ua lub tsev thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj los ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th mus rau peb caug xyoo pua. Lub sijhawm no coincides nrog lub sijhawm hu ua Georgian tom qab cov npe ntawm thawj plaub tus huab tais British ntawm Hanover, leej twg los ntawm kuv mus rau IV tau hu ua Georges. Lawv txoj kev kav kav ntev txij lub Yim Hli 1714 txog rau Lub Rau Hli 1830.

Hauv Tebchaws Meskas, lo lus "Georgian lub tsev" feem ntau yog siv los piav txog txhua lub tsev ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tsis hais style. English architecture feem ntau txwv rau cov tsev uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub sijhawm. Lub Georgian kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States txij thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau raug reborn li neo-colonial architecture. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov style rov tshwm sim hauv tebchaws Askiv raws li lub npe Neo-Georgian.

Lub sijhawm hloov pauv thaum ntxov

Kev ncig mus ncig ntev ntawm Tebchaws Europe tau tshwm sim rau cov neeg muaj nyiaj Askiv nyob rau lub sijhawm no, vim tias Italian kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai tau tswj hwm cov kab lis kev cai British tau ntev.hom. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Askiv Baroque txuas ntxiv mus thoob plaws xyoo 1720, maj mam muab txoj hauv kev rau cov kab ntau ntxiv ntawm Georgian architecture.

Ib qho ntawm thawj tus tsim qauv ntawm lub sijhawm hloov pauv yog tus kws kos duab nto moo British James Gibbs. Nws cov vaj tse Baroque thaum ntxov tau xav txog nws lub sijhawm nyob rau thaum ntxov 18th-xyoo pua Rome, tab sis tom qab 1720 nws pib lean markedly mus rau nruab nrab cov ntaub ntawv classical. Cov kws tsim vaj tsev loj uas kuj tau pab txhawb rau kev txhim kho ntawm Georgian architecture yog Colin Campbell, 3rd Earl ntawm Burlington Richard Boyle thiab nws cov protégé William Kent; Henry Flitcroft thiab Venetian Giacomo Leoni, uas tau siv feem ntau ntawm nws txoj haujlwm hauv tebchaws Askiv. Lwm cov kws tsim qauv Gregorian thaum ntxov muaj xws li James Payne, Robert Taylor thiab John Wood.

Cov lus qhia uas ua rau muaj kev vam meej ntawm Georgian style hauv architecture thiab dhau los ua nws cov khoom tsim muaj rau ntau pawg. Cov no kuj yog configurations zoo ib yam li lub sij hawm ntawm lub lig Renaissance nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm Andrea Palladio nrog classical cov ntaub ntawv thiab proportions. Tsis tas li ntawd cov ntsiab lus ntawm gothic thiab txawm tias Suav chinoiserie style (qhov sib npaug ntawm European rococo), uas tau nqa mus los ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb hais lus Askiv.

Los ntawm nruab nrab-1760s, qhov ntau ntawm neoclassicism nthuav dav thiab dhau los ua qhov nyiam tshaj plaws. Pib nyob ib ncig ntawm 1750, Georgian architecture tau ntxiv los ntawm neoclassical architecture oriented rau ancient Greek designs. Tab sis raws li tus qauv loj hlob nyob rau hauv muaj koob meej tom qab 1800, nws sawv tawm nyob rau hauvywj siab style. Cov qauv ua piv txwv hauv lub npe "Greek saj" yog cov qauv ntawm William Wilkins thiab Robert Smirke.

Ntawm tus kws kos duab Askiv nto moo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd - Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Tanz Jr., Henry Holland. John Nash yog ib tus kws tsim vaj tsev zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Gregorian era, lub npe hu ua Regency style, sib xws rau kev kav ntawm George IV. Nash yog lub luag haujlwm rau tsim cov nroog London loj.

Cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Asmeskas kev ua lag luam colonial hauv Georgian era yog Dartmouth College, Harvard University, College of William thiab Mary.

Siv style

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, kev qhia ntawm kev tshaj lij ntawm kws kos duab ua tsev so tsim nyog tau nce ntxiv, kom txog rau thaum tus kws tshaj lij hauv tebchaws Askiv hu ua tus neeg uas tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov duab kos thiab cov txheej txheem tsim kho. Yog li ntawd, cov vaj tsev nyob ntawm lub sijhawm Georgian yog qhov sib txawv nrog cov tsev ua ntej, uas tau tsim los ntawm cov kws ua haujlwm nrog cov kev paub dhau los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ncaj qha. Txawm li cas los xij, ib feem ntawm cov tsev tom qab tseem tau tsim ua ke los ntawm cov tswv av thiab cov neeg tsim khoom. Thiab cov qauv thiab tsim ntawm Georgian architecture tau nthuav dav los ntawm cov phau ntawv piav qhia nrog cov duab kos thiab kos duab, nrog rau cov khoom siv pheej yig. Ib tus kws sau ntawv muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm cov ntawv luam tawm los ntawm 1723 txog 1755 yog William Halfpenny, uas tau luam tawm cov ntawv luam tawm hauv Asmeskas thiab Tebchaws Askiv.

Tom qab 1750, ib qho lojKev nthuav dav ntawm kev npaj hauv nroog hauv Great Britain, uas nyiam qhov nrov ntawm Georgian style hauv architecture. Cov tswv av tau dhau los ua cov neeg tsim khoom, thiab kab ntawm cov tsev terraced ntawm tib hom tau dhau los ua ib qho kev paub zoo rau ntau qhov chaw. Txawm tias cov pej xeem nplua nuj nyiam nyob hauv cov tsev hauv nroog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias muaj lub vaj square lossis square nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lawv. Cov qauv kev tsim vaj tsev feem ntau yog siab, thiab ntau lub tsev tau tsim tsa thoob plaws ntiaj teb hais lus Askiv nyob rau lub sijhawm no. Qhov twg cov tsev no tau muaj sia nyob ob puas xyoo lossis ntau dua, lawv tseem ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub nroog hauv nroog, piv txwv li, hauv London, Newcastle thaum Tyne, Bristol, Dublin, Edinburgh.

Ntse

Nyob hauv architecture, Georgian style txawv txawv, tab sis yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm nruj symmetry, tshuav nyiaj li cas thiab classical proportions, nyob rau hauv uas tus lej piv ntawm qhov siab mus rau dav siv. Cov ntawv no tau hais txog qhov ntev ntawm facades, qhov rais, qhov rooj thiab tau ua raws li cov vaj tsev qub qub ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws thiab Rome, rov kho dua hauv Renaissance. Sab nrauv ornament ornament feem ntau kuj yog nyob rau hauv classical kev lig kev cai, tab sis tau siv theej restrainedly, thiab qee zaum tsis tuaj. Lwm qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm Georgian architecture yog kev rov ua dua qub. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm zoo tib yam qhov rais thiab nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb, tusyees embroidered masonry, uas hais txog ib tug kev nkag siab ntawm qhov sib npaug thiab symmetry.

Los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18ththiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm Georgian style tau cim nrog cov ntsiab lus architectural uas tau dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev cob qhia ntawm txhua tus kws kos duab, tsim qauv, tsim, kws ntoo, mason thiab plasterer los ntawm Edinburgh (Scotland) mus rau Maryland (Eastern USA).

khoom

Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv pob zeb los yog cib yuav luag siv, feem ntau npog nrog plaster. Cov ru tsev feem ntau yog cov pobzeb av nplaum kom txog rau thaum 1st Baron Penryn, Richard Pennant, nthuav dav kev lag luam slate hauv Wales los ntawm 1760s, tom qab ntawd slate vov tsev tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua.

Hauv Asmeskas thiab lwm thaj chaw, ntoo yog qhov ntau tshaj plaws, vim nws zoo li tus nqi pheej yig tshaj thiab kim tshaj piv rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv. Txawm tias cov kab tau ua los ntawm cov cav ua tiav ntawm cov tshuab dhos loj. Pob zeb thiab cib tau siv rau hauv cov nroog loj lossis qhov chaw uas lawv tuaj yeem tau hauv zos.

tsev nyob

Sab nrauv ntawm lub teb chaws cov tsev nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv tau ua tiav los ntawm kev hloov kho ntawm kev coj ua vaj tsev ntawm Palladio (tom qab Renaissance). Cov vaj tse feem ntau tau muab tso rau hauv cov toj roob hauv pes zoo nkauj. Cov tsev loj loj feem ntau yog dav thiab zoo li squat me ntsis thiab saib zoo dua los ntawm qhov deb. Hauv cov tsev loj loj, qhov siab tshaj plaws hauv nruab nrab sawv tawm nrog cov tsev qis qis.

Lub ru tsev tsis muaj cov khoom dai, tshwj tsis yog lub balustrade thiab sab saud ntawm lub pediment, feem ntau qis, tab sis nyob rau hauvdomes tau tsim nyob rau hauv ntau lub tsev zoo nkauj thiab kim. Cov kab, nrog rau cov pilasters, feem ntau xaus nrog neo-Greek gable thiab tau suav tias yog cov ntsiab lus nrov ntawm ob qho tib si sab nrauv thiab sab nrauv décor nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Georgian-style private tsev. Lub stucco geometric lossis floral ornament tsis muaj tib neeg cov duab. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv cov tsev luxurious, cov duab puab tau siv zoo li cov mlom ntawm Renaissance lig. Ob leeg nyob hauv tsev thiab lwm lub tsev, cov qhov rais tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho kev sib dhos thiab loj. Lawv tsis yooj yim qhib, thiab los ntawm 1670s tshwj xeeb casement windows tau tsim thiab ua ntau heev.

Churches

Cov tsev teev ntuj Askiv Askiv tau tsim los ua kom pom qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab mloog tau zoo thaum cov lus qhuab qhia, yog li lub ntsiab (feem ntau tsuas yog ib qho) nave nrog sab aisles tau luv thiab dav dua li hauv pawg ntseeg ua ntej. Nyob rau hauv lub suburbs ntawm England, tus yam ntxwv sab nraud ntawm lub tuam tsev feem ntau khaws cov kev paub zoo ntawm ib lub tsev Gothic nrog ib tug pej thuam, ib tug tswb pej thuam los yog ib tug spire, loj qhov rais nyob rau hauv lub nave, tag nrho cov sab hnub poob pediment, qhov twg muaj ib tug los yog ib tug spire. ntau lub qhov rooj, tab sis tseem muaj ib tug classical ornament. Qhov twg muaj cov nyiaj txaus, ib lub portico classical nrog txhua kab xaus rau hauv pediment tau txuas los ntawm sab hnub poob facade. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus thiab kev teeb tsa no kuj tau rov ua dua nyob rau hauv cov tebchaws Askiv. Cov pawg ntseeg tsis sib haum xeeb hauv tebchaws Askiv tau saib zoo dua - lawv feem ntau tsis txhim tsa cov pej thuam lossistswb pej thuam.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib lub tuam tsev Georgian yog St. Martin lub Koom Txoos nyob rau London (1720), uas James Gibbs tsa ib tug pej thuam nrog ib tug loj spire hla lub classical facade. Qhov kev teeb tsa no tau pib ua rau pej xeem xav tsis thoob, tab sis thaum kawg tau txais kev lees paub thiab dav luam tawm ob qho tib si hauv tebchaws Askiv thiab hauv tebchaws. Ib qho piv txwv zoo sib xws yog lub Koom Txoos St. Andrew hauv Chennai, India.

Lub sijhawm kawg

Georgian neoclassicism tseem nrov txawm tias tom qab xyoo 1840. Nyob rau hauv kev sib tw ntawm cov architectural styles ntawm thaum ntxov Victorian era, nws tawm tsam lub neo-Gothic. Nyob rau hauv Canada, Tory colonists tau txais Georgian architecture ua ib qho ntawm lawv txoj kev ntseeg siab rau Great Britain, yog li cov style tau tuav lub teb chaws mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab-19th caug xyoo. Tam sim ntawd tom qab Tebchaws Meskas tau txais kev ywj pheej, tsoomfwv cov qauv tau nthuav dav thoob plaws lub tebchaws, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm Regency era. Georgian architecture tau pom ntau qhov kev txhawb siab, xws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th thiab 1950s. Thiab qee tus kws tsim vaj tsev tseem ceeb hauv Asmeskas thiab UK tab tom ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia rau cov tsev nyob niaj hnub no.