Pob painting: hom, qauv, motifs, cov tswv yim

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev kos duab kos duab hauv tebchaws Russia yog tus tuav ntawm thawj kab ke ntawm kev muaj tswv yim ntawm cov neeg hauv lub tebchaws thiab ib feem ntawm nws cov txuj ci thiab khoom siv tes ua. Nws txuas cov tiam dhau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters nrog cov tam sim no. Thawj qhov pib los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm qee qhov chaw ua liaj ua teb, cov duab kos duab zoo nkauj tau loj hlob mus rau tag nrho cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm tib neeg, dhau los ua cov khoom siv tsis yog rau hauv tsev, tab sis kuj rau kev lag luam txawv teb chaws.

Tsuas yog cov kws ua txuj ci ib leeg thiab lawv tsev neeg tso tseg tsis ua cov khoom siv tes ua no, txoj haujlwm tau npog tag nrho cov zos thiab thaj chaw, thiab ua tsaug rau lawv cov hom duab no tau txais lawv lub npe.

Nyob ntawm painting

Yuav ua li cas hom duab pej xeem tuaj yeem lub npe nyob nruab nrab? Yuav luag txhua tus yuav nco txog Khokhloma. Tau kawg, nws yog ci dua li lwm tus, thiab nws muaj ntau dua, uas yog vim li cas nws nkag mus rau hauv lub cim xeeb ruaj khov.

Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai yog nto moo rau nws cov nplua nuj. Yog li ntawd, ib tug yuav tsum paub thiab hlub cov khoom plig ntawm lub teb chaws treasury.

Khokhloma painting

Sijhawm dhau mus, thiab cov khoom siv dag zog pej xeem raws li nws kuj tseem txhim kho. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no, lawv tau ntev tau nce mus rau qib ntawm kev kos duab tiag tiag. Khokhlomasawv tawm thiab raug suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws hauv pej xeem rau qhov laj thawj zoo, vim tias qhov quirkiness ntawm nws cov weaves paub thiab hlub thoob plaws ntiaj teb ntiaj teb.

Lub hauv paus pib ntawm Khokhloma kev lag luam

Khokhloma yog los ntawm Veliky Novgorod. Muaj ib tug nyias muaj nyias zaj dab neeg txog qhov no. Allegedly, nyob rau hauv lub Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam, xws li ib tug craftsman nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm tus dej, tag nrho nws cov tais diav zoo li yuav pleev xim rau nrog kub - cov qauv ci rau nws li. Cov pej xeem craftsman sai sai nto moo thoob plaws hauv nws cheeb tsam, thiab tsis ntev lub tsar nws tus kheej paub txog nws. Tus thawj tswj hwm tau ntxhov siab heev los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tus tswv zoo kawg no tsis ua haujlwm ntawm nws lub tsev hais plaub. Ces nws txib nws cov tub qhe mus rau tom hav zoov mus nrhiav ib tug kws ua txuj ci. Lawv nrhiav nws, nrhiav, tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi. Thiab qhov uas yog tus tswv miraculously pom nyob rau hauv ua ntej tias huab tais cov henchmen tab tom nrhiav rau nws, thiab ploj mus nyob rau hauv ib tug tsis paub kev taw qhia ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho cov. Tab sis ua ntej yuav ploj mus, nws tau tswj hwm qhia nws cov txuj ci rau cov neeg txawj ntse hauv cheeb tsam.

Tab sis yog tias koj ntseeg kev tshawb fawb, nws hloov tawm tias hauv thaj av Volga qhov kev txawj tshwj xeeb no tuaj nrog cov neeg txawj ntse uas tau khiav tawm ntawm lub xeev kev tsim txom. Ntawm cov fugitives muaj ntau tus kws kos duab thiab cov neeg pleev kob icon ntawm cov txuj ci tsis tshua muaj. Yog li ntawd, rau lawv cov pej xeem style, cov kws txawj ntawm lub Volga cheeb tsam yuav tsum ua tsaug rau lawv. Thiab tag nrho cov kev zoo nkauj no tau muag feem ntau hauv ib lub zos hu ua Khokhloma. Li no nws yog kev cai hu cov khoom zoo nkauj Khokhloma.

KhokhlomaKhokhloma

Lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm Khokhloma painting yog cov hauv qab no:

• nrov tshaj plaws yog kev sib xyaw ntawm cov xim liab thiab kub;
• siv ob lossis peb qhov nplua nuj ntxoov ntxoo;
• Kev kos duab: ib txwm muaj ntau cov ntsiab lus me me hauv Khokhloma qauv;
• kab thiab cov duab ib txwm du, tsis muaj geometry nruj;
• ua haujlwm ib txwm ua los ntawm tes nkaus xwb;
• ci ntsa iab ntawm cov qauv thiab qhov tseeb ntawm cov lus;
• hauv nws daim ntawv classic, Khokhloma painting yog ua tiav ntawm ntoo.

History of the Gorodets kev lag luam

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau sab laug ntawm lub Volga, tsis deb ntawm cov tswv zoo ntawm Khokhloma, muaj Gorodets. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm feem ancient fortified nroog nyob rau hauv Russia thiab qhov chaw yug ntawm ntau haiv neeg crafts. Cov duab, uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, hu ua Gorodets. Tom qab ntawd cov rooj zaum ntawm lub log tig, hu ua hauv qab, nres inlaid thiab pib pleev xim.

Qhov txawv ntawm Gorodets painting

Cov xim tseem ceeb hauv pej xeem Gorodets painting yog cinnabar thiab daj chrome. Ob lub xim no yog siv los tsim cov keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm tag nrho cov mural, thiab ntsuab, xiav, thiab, tsis tshua muaj, xiav thiab liab, rau cov qauv. Dawb thiab dub coj tawm cov ntsiab lus. Hom kev kos duab no muaj feem xyuam rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm Khokhloma painting los ntawm conciseness thiab brightness ntawm cov duab. Tsiaj cov duab, paj thiab hom scenes tau ua nrog dawb strokes, uas tau piav qhia hauv cov xim dub thiab dawb. Daim duab kos duab dai kom zoo nkauj rooj tog, qhov rooj, shutters thiab spinning log.

Cov motifs feem ntau ntawm no yog paj (feem ntau lily pads nrog symmetrical nplooj thiab roses) thiab tsiaj xws li noog thiab nees.

Kev kos duab Gorodetsmuab faib ua:

• paj painting:
• paj painting nrog tsiaj;
• plot painting.

Qhov tseeb, qhov kev faib no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, txij li txawm tias daim duab kos duab tseem suav nrog cov qauv nrog paj.

Keeb kwm ntawm Gzhel khoom siv tes ua

Gzhel painting yog laus dua, nws keeb kwm pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua kaum plaub. Thawj thawj zaug, lub zos ntawm Gzhel thiab pawg ntseeg ntawm tib lub npe tau hais los ntawm Ivan Kalita nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm sab ntsuj plig nyob rau hauv 1339, thiab tom qab ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm, lub zos ntawm Gzhel twb tau hais los ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov grand dukes.. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias lub npe no yog los ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab "zhgel", uas txhais tau hais tias "hlawv av nplaum". Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb, muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm lub npe ntawm lub zos thiab lub lauj kaub tais diav, vim lub npe tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm kos, txhais tau hais tias muaj khoom siv tes ua.

Dab tsi yog Gzhel?

Nov yog hom kev pleev xim rau hauv qab. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias cov khoom pib raug rho tawm haujlwm, tam sim ntawd tom qab nws pleev xim rau, thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd nws tau dipped rau hauv glaze thiab xa mus rau qhov cub kom rov tua hluav taws (vim li cas cov xim hloov xim thiab glaze yuav pob tshab). Kev lig kev cai, Gzhel paintings yog paintings raws li pej xeem motifs: berries, nplooj, bouquets, cereals, paj garlands, twigs. Paj outwardly zoo li lilies, poppies, daisies, peonies, carnations, roses thiab asters, tab sis lawv cov duab yog kiag li arbitrary, qhov tseeb lawv tsuas yog paj ornaments. Kuj tseem muaj lub npe hu ua "Gzhel nets", uas feem ntau siv los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam thaumtsim - cov no yog "antennae", "combs", "droplets" thiab "pearls". Cov tswv ntawm cov cheeb tsam no muaj ntau yam secrets, lawv dag nyob rau hauv cov tswv yim tshwj xeeb ntawm strokes: tag nrho cov strokes txawv thiab tus kheej, lawv txhua tus yuav tsum sib txawv ntawm ib leeg. Lawv muaj qee lub npe, thiab muaj ntau lub npe. Nws tseem yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau siv cov xim dawb thiab xiav kom raug, tswj lawv qhov sib piv.

History ntawm Zhostovka painting

Txoj peb hom kev kos duab pej xeem saum toj no tsis tas. Zhostovo nuv ntses yog tib lub hnub nyoog li Gorodets thiab tseem muaj hnub rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua puas xyoo. Tom qab ntawd qee lub zos nyob ze Moscow, xws li Khlebnikov, Ostashkov thiab, qhov tseeb, Zhostov, tau txais kev cob qhia uas cov neeg ua haujlwm tsim thiab pleev xim rau lacquerware, cov khoom uas yog papier-mâché.

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom no tau poob qis, thiab kev nuv ntses poob rau hauv kev poob qis. Los ntawm 1928, lub loj artel "Metalpodnos" koom ua ke tag nrho cov me artels nyob rau hauv nws lub ru tsev. Lub zos Zhostovo tau los ua nws qhov chaw.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Zhostovo painting

Nws lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb yog lub paj paj, feem ntau muab tso rau ntawm keeb kwm liab lossis dub. Qee zaum, tab sis tsawg dua, lwm cov xim siv los ua keeb kwm yav dhau. Los ntawm kev lig kev cai, nyob rau hauv no dai kom zoo nkauj painting, tag nrho cov neeg compositions yog ua improvisationally. Qhov xwm thiab qauv tsis yog siv los ntawm tus kws kos duab, nws tsuas yog tsom rau kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab nws txoj kev xav, uas yog vim li cas koj yuav tsis ntsib ob lub tais zoo ib yam. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ob peb homcompositions uas tau tsim keeb kwm. Feem ntau cov paj yog pom nyob rau hauv pob tawb los yog nyob rau hauv bouquets ntawm ob peb paj. Lawv kuj tuaj yeem nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm lub tais, feem ntau lawv tau ua tiav hauv cov duab pej xeem nrog cov noog, berries thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo.

Ua ntej theem ntawm kev pleev xim, lub tais yog sanded, primed, thiab ces varnished. Qhov no yog ua nyob rau hauv ob peb theem. Masters siv turpentine roj pleev xim, uas yog siv nrog squirrel txhuam, uas yog yus muaj los ntawm softness. Kev pleev xim rau hauv ob peb txheej, tom qab txhua qhov yuav tsum tau tos kom qhuav ntev.

Txhua theem ntawm kev kos duab tsim muaj lawv tus kheej lub npe. Thawj yog "underpainting". Qhov no yog thaum tus tswv siv ib tug dav txhuam thiab kos ib tug sketch ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov xim tseem ceeb kuj tau txiav txim siab nyob rau theem no. Cov rooj tsis siv, txhua yam ua tiav ntawm koj lub hauv caug. Qhov thib ob theem yog lub thiaj li hu ua "shade" - tag nrho cov ntxoov ntxoo yog qhov tseem ceeb. Tom qab ntawd, nrog kev pab ntawm dawb ntawm nplooj thiab paj, ntim tau hais txog - qhov no yog hu ua "flare". Tom ntej no, "daim duab" thiab kev lom zem "cog noob" yog nqa tawm. Nyob rau theem no, petals, veins, stamens thiab pistils yog kos nyob rau hauv nyias kab. Txhua yam xaus nrog "kev khi" - sau tawm cov qauv tshuaj ntsuab ntawm nplooj thiab paj.

Thaum daim duab tiav lawm, lub tais yog them nrog roj kua roj vanish hauv ob peb txheej, qhuav thiab polished. Thaum kawg, cov hmoov av tau muab coj los ua, thiab daim iav ci tuaj rau lawv nrog ob txhais tes. Lub tais npaj txhij.

Painting toys

Folk art suav nrog lwm daim ntawv qub ntawm khoom siv tes ua - khoom ua si.

Keeb kwm ntawm hom kev kos duab pej xeem no ntau dua li lwm tus. Qhov no yog daim iav tiag tiag ntawm txoj kev ua neej, kev coj noj coj ua, lub neej ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv. Cov khoom ua si uas muaj txuj ci tseem ceeb muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no tuaj yeem qhia ntau yam txog keeb kwm qub. Ntoo thiab av nplaum yog cov khoom siv tau zoo heev thiab pheej yig, yog vim li cas cov khoom ua si ua los ntawm lawv tau nthuav dav thiab yog thawj zaug los dai kom zoo nkauj.

Hom thiab nta ntawm tha xim av nplaum cov khoom ua si

Dymkovo nees yuav los rau ntau tus. Tab sis cov laus tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom ua si av nplaum uas tau pom muaj ntau tshaj li kaum tsib centuries. Thaum xub thawj, cov no yog cov noog xuav uas yooj yim tshaj plaws, uas tom qab ntawd hloov mus ua cov haujlwm zoo kawg ntawm kev siv kos duab. Ua ntej, cov av nplaum daim duab tau qhuav. Thaum lub sijhawm txheej txheem no, cov xim pleev xim tau npaj. Lawv tau bred on peroxide kvass, tom qab uas cov xim tiav tseem yuav tsum tau av rau lub qe. Thaum xub thawj lawv coj lub teeb tones, ces txav mus rau qhov tsaus ntuj. Nws cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb kuj nyob ntawm thaj chaw thiab lawv cov tsev kawm ntawv pleev xim. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv yog: Dymkovo, Filimonovo thiab Kargopol cov khoom ua si.

Dymkovo cov khoom ua si

Cov no yog cov khoom ua si tshwj xeeb. Lawv cov nees, menyuam roj hmab thiab roosters ci ntsa iab thiab zoo kawg nkaus uas tsis yooj yim rau hnov qab lawv. Leej twg tsis paub nrog Dymkovo nees? Lawv ib txwm ua tsis yog tsis muaj kev zoo siab thiab kev lom zem hauv daim duab. Cov keeb kwm ntawm lawv cov painting yog ib txwm dawb, txwv tsis pub siv cov xim sib txawv: xiav, ntshav, liab, liab, txiv kab ntxwv.

Filimonov cov khoom ua si

Yawg Filimon tau nto moo heev uas nws lub cim xeeb tseem muaj sia nyob los ntawm cov khoom ua si no. Funny thiab ci elongated cov duab ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb cov poj niam thiab cov tub rog nyiam lub qhov muag, cov tsiaj txaij tsis nyob deb. Yellow keeb kwm yav dhau, nplua nuj xim: liab, xiav thiab ntsuab.

Kargopol cov khoom ua si

Tab sis cov khoom ua si no, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, hnyav: cov xim tsaus nti (xim av thiab marsh) tau muab sib xyaw rau hauv cov xim, uas ua rau lawv zoo li tsaus muag. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv kuj muaj kev lom zem nyob rau hauv depicting scenes ntawm tib neeg lub neej txhua hnub. Niaj hnub no, cov xim ci dua yog siv ntau dua: txiv kab ntxwv, liab, golden.

khoom ua si ntoo

Cov khoom ua si ntoo yog tsim los rau kev kawm. ntaj thiab hneev yog rau dexterity; saum - peb kawm mechanics; ntau yam flutes thiab kav, ntawm ib sab, lom zem, ntawm qhov tod tes, pab ua phooj ywg nrog suab paj nruag. Muaj ntau hom kev kos duab pej xeem nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm lawv.

khoom ua si los ntawm Sergiev Posad

Sergiev Posad yog qhov chaw loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom ua si ntoo. Ntawm no lawv tau ua ib hom khoom siv tes ua, xws li hussars, poj niam thiab cov hauj sam. Cov suab siv tau zoo heev.

Balusters los ntawm Fedoseevo

Fedoseev's "balusters", uas yog, kev lom zem, yog cov khoom ua si nyuaj dua. Lawv ntau daim duab ua ke, piv txwv li, pab pawg nees thiab carousels, tau txawv los ntawm lawv cov yeeb yuj tua thiab cov xim zoo nkauj. Cov xim tom qab feem ntau yog ntsuab thiab daj.

Matryoshkas

Txhua tus paub matryoshka. Nws yog recognizable tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis kujnyob rau hauv yuav luag txhua txhua ces kaum ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov no yog tus yau tshaj ntawm cov khoom ua si pej xeem; matryoshka menyuam roj hmab tsuas yog tshwm sim ib puas xyoo dhau los. Nws ntseeg tau tias lawv tsim los ntawm cov qe pleev xim - Easter qe. Rau kev pleev xim rau cov duab no, cov xim ci thiab ntxim nyiam yog ib txwm coj. Matryoshka symbolizes paub tsis meej thiab dav ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntsuj plig.

Nws muaj kev nyab xeeb hais tias txawm tias koj siv hom duab dab tsi - sijhawm, qhov chaw thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv ib txwm cuam tshuam rau qhov tshwm sim. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog ib qho kev tsim ntawm tus tswv tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov no. Los ntawm Zhostovo cov tais mus rau Filimonov cov khoom ua si - tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog tsim los ua kom cov neeg muaj kev sov so, kev zoo nkauj thiab originality, qualities nqa los ntawm lawv mus txog ib puas xyoo.