Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich: biography, muaj tswv yim cuab yeej cuab tam, koj tus kheej lub neej

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Voloshin Maximilian (xyoo ntawm lub neej - 1877 - 1932) - kws sau paj lug, kws kos duab, kos duab thuam, sau ntawv thuam. Voloshin yog ib tug pseudonym. Nws lub npe tiag tiag yog Kiriyenko-Voloshin.

Childhood, tub ntxhais kawm xyoo

Tus kws sau paj huam yav tom ntej yug hauv Kyiv xyoo 1877, lub Tsib Hlis 16 (28). Nws txiv yawg koob yog Zaporozhye Cossacks. Nyob rau ntawm leej niam, muaj Germans nyob rau hauv tsev neeg, Russified nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Maximilian raug tso tseg tsis muaj txiv thaum muaj hnub nyoog 3 xyoos. Thaum yau thiab cov hluas ntawm yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug dhau nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws niam hauv 1893 tau txais ib thaj av nyob ze Feodosia Koktebel. Ntawm no hauv 1897 Voloshin Maximilian kawm tiav los ntawm gymnasium. Nws nkag mus rau Moscow University (faculty - txoj cai). Maximilian nyob rau hauv nws cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo tau kos rau hauv cov kev ua ub no. Nws tau koom nrog hauv All-Lavxias cov tub ntxhais kawm tawm tsam uas tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1900. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no, nrog rau kev nyiam ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab "kev saib tsis zoo," Maximilian Voloshin raug tshem tawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv.

pib taug kev

rauTxhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo, nws tau mus tsim txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1900. Voloshin tom qab ntawd hu lub sijhawm no "lub sijhawm txiav txim siab" uas txiav txim siab nws lub neej ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntxiv. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, nws xav tias ancient, sab hnub tuaj, Asia, kev sib raug zoo ntawm European kab lis kev cai.

Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog Maximilian txoj kev paub zoo nrog kev ua tiav ntawm kev txawj ntse thiab kev ua yeeb yam ntawm Western Europe los ntawm nws thawj qhov kev mus ncig uas dhau los ua tus kws sau paj huam lub hom phiaj lub neej. Nws tau mus xyuas Ltalis, Fabkis, Tim Nkij teb chaws, Switzerland, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Austria-Hungary xyoo 1899-1900. Maximilian tshwj xeeb yog kos rau Paris. Nws yog nyob rau hauv nws uas nws pom qhov chaw ntawm European, thiab li no lub universal sab ntsuj plig lub neej. Maximilian Alexandrovich, tau rov qab los ntawm Asia vim kev ntshai ntawm kev tsim txom ntxiv, txiav txim siab mus rau sab hnub poob.

Lub neej hauv Paris, mus ntxiv, "tus kws sau paj huam" hauv Koktebel

Voloshin Maximilian (nws daim duab tau nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm no) rov tuaj xyuas Paris hauv lub sijhawm xyoo 1901 txog 1916, nyob ntawm no ntev. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab, tus kws sau paj lug tau taug kev los ntawm "Ancient Mediterranean ntiaj teb". Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau mus xyuas ob lub nroog Lavxias ntawm kev mus ntsib luv luv. Voloshin nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd kuj nyob hauv nws "tus kws sau paj huam lub tsev" hauv Koktebel, uas tau hloov mus rau hauv ib hom kev coj noj coj ua, qhov chaw so thiab chaw nkaum rau cov neeg sau ntawv cov neeg tseem ceeb. G. Shengeli, tus txhais lus thiab kws sau paj huam, hu ua "Cimmerian Athens". Thaum lub sijhawm sib txawv, lub tsev no tau mus xyuas Andrei Bely, Vyacheslav Bryusov, Alexei Tolstoy, Maxim Gorky, Nikolai Gumilyov, Osip Mandelstam, MarinaTsvetaeva, V. Khodasevich, E. Zamyatin, Vs. Ivanov, K. Chukovsky, M. Bulgakov thiab ntau lwm tus kws sau ntawv, kws kos duab, kws kos duab, kws tshawb fawb.

Voloshin yog tus sau ntawv thuam

Voloshin Maximilian tau ua nws thawj zaug ua tus sau ntawv thuam hauv xyoo 1899. Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv journal "Lavxias teb sab xav" nws cov kev txheeb xyuas me me tshwm sim yam tsis muaj npe. Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1900, tib phau ntawv xov xwm luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm loj hu ua "In Defense of Hauptmann." Nws tau kos npe "Max. Voloshin". Kab lus no yog ib qho ntawm thawj manifestos ntawm modernist aesthetics nyob rau hauv Russia. Txij thaum ntawd los, lwm cov ntawv tau tshwm sim. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, Voloshin sau 36 ntawm lawv - hais txog Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, 35 - hais txog Fabkis thiab Lavxias teb sab ua yeeb yam, 28 - hais txog Fabkis cov ntaub ntawv, raws li zoo raws li 49 tsab xov xwm hais txog cov xwm txheej ntawm Fabkis txoj kev ua neej. Lawv pom zoo thiab tshaj tawm cov qauv kev kos duab ntawm modernism. Voloshin qhia txog cov xwm txheej tshiab hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm peb lub teb chaws (ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub npe hu ua junior symbolists) rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm niaj hnub European kab lis kev cai.

Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich, uas nws biography nyiam peb, kuj yog ib tug neeg sau ntawv, kws pab tswv yim, ua lag ua luam, intercessor thiab kws txawj ntawm Grif, Scorpio publishing tsev thiab cov Sabashnikov cov kwv tij. Nws tus kheej hu nws lub hom phiaj kev kawm Buddhism, khawv koob, Catholicism, theosophy, occultism, Freemasonry. Maximilian pom txhua yam no hauv nws txoj haujlwm los ntawm kev kos duab prism. Nyob rau hauv particular, nws txaus siab rau "pathos ntawm kev xav" thiab "paub paj huam ntawm lub tswv yim", yog li cov khoomNws cov paj huam zoo li cov paj huam, thiab nws cov paj huam zoo li cov ntawv (qhov no tau sau tseg los ntawm I. Ehrenburg, uas tau mob siab rau ib tsab ntawv rau nws hauv phau ntawv "Portraits of Modern Poets" luam tawm xyoo 1923).

nqe thib ib

Thaum xub thawj, Voloshin Maximilian Aleksandrovich, kws sau paj huam, tsis tau sau ntau zaj paj huam. Yuav luag tag nrho lawv tau muab tso rau hauv ib phau ntawv uas tshwm sim hauv 1910 ("Poems. 1900-1910"). V. Bryusov pom txhais tes ntawm "jeweler", "tus tswv" tiag tiag hauv nws. Voloshin suav hais tias nws cov kws qhia ntawv yog virtuoso poetic plastics J. M. Heredia, Gauthier, thiab lwm yam "Parnassian" kws sau paj lug los ntawm Fabkis. Lawv tej hauj lwm tau tawm tsam Verlaine's "suab paj nruag" tiam. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Voloshin txoj haujlwm no tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau nws thawj zaug sau, nrog rau qhov thib ob, uas tau sau los ntawm Maximilian thaum ntxov 1920s thiab tsis tau luam tawm. Nws hu ua "Selva oscura". Nws suav nrog cov paj huam tsim los ntawm 1910 thiab 1914. Lawv feem ntau tom qab ntawd nkag mus rau hauv phau ntawv xaiv, luam tawm xyoo 1916 ("Iverny").

Verhaarn Orientation

Ib tus tuaj yeem tham ntev txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam xws li Voloshin Maximilian Aleksandrovich. Cov biography uas tau sau tseg hauv tsab xov xwm no tsuas muaj cov ntsiab lus tseeb txog nws. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias txij thaum pib ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, E. Verharn tau dhau los ua ib qho kev qhia meej meej rau tus kws sau paj huam. Bryusov cov kev txhais lus ntawm nws nyob rau hauv 1907 tsab xov xwm "Emil Verharn thiab Valery Bryusov" tau raug thuam los ntawm Maximilian. Voloshinnws tus kheej txhais Verhaarn "los ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib txawv" thiab "nyob rau hauv txawv eras." Nws tau sau tseg nws tus cwj pwm rau nws hauv nws phau ntawv 1919 "Verhaarn. Fate. Creativity. Translations".

Voloshin Maximilian Alexandrovich - Lavxias teb sab kws sau paj lug uas sau paj huam txog kev ua tsov ua rog. Xws li nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1916 sau "Anno mundi ardentis", lawv zoo heev nrog Verkhanov cov paj huam. Lawv tau ua tiav cov duab thiab cov tswv yim ntawm poetic rhetoric, uas tau dhau los ua tus cwj pwm ruaj khov ntawm tag nrho cov paj huam ntawm Maximilian thaum lub sij hawm hloov pauv, kev ua tsov ua rog thiab xyoo tom ntej. Qee cov paj huam uas sau nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1919 phau ntawv Deaf and Dumb Demons, lwm qhov tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Berlin xyoo 1923 nyob rau hauv lub npe Poems about Terror. Txawm li cas los xij, feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm no tseem nyob hauv phau ntawv.

kev thab plaub

Xyoo 1923, kev tsim txom ntawm Voloshin los ntawm lub xeev tau pib. Nws lub npe tsis nco qab lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub USSR, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm 1928 mus 1961, tsis muaj ib tug ib tug kab ntawm no kws sau paj lug tshwm nyob rau hauv luam. Thaum Ehrenburg xyoo 1961 hais txog Voloshin hauv nws cov ntawv sau tseg, qhov no tam sim ntawd ua rau muaj kev cem los ntawm A. Dymshits, uas tau taw qhia tias Maximilian yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws decadents thiab hnov tsis zoo rau lub kiv puag ncig.

Rov qab mus rau Crimea, sim nkag mus rau hauv luam

Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1917, Voloshin rov qab mus rau Crimea. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv keeb kwm ntawm xyoo 1925, nws tau sau tias nws yuav tsis tso nws tseg, yuav tsis tsiv mus nyob qhov twg, thiab yuav tsis dim ntawm ib yam dab tsi. Yav dhau los, nws tau hais tias nwsua rau tsis muaj kev sib cav sib ceg, tab sis tsuas yog nyob hauv Russia thiab muaj dab tsi tshwm sim hauv nws; thiab kuj tau sau tias nws yuav tsum nyob hauv Russia mus txog thaum kawg. Voloshin lub tsev, nyob rau hauv Koktebel, tseem tos txais thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog. Ntawm no ob tus tub ceev xwm dawb thiab cov thawj coj liab pom qhov chaw nkaum thiab nkaum ntawm kev tsim txom. Maximilian tau sau txog qhov no hauv nws zaj paj huam xyoo 1926 "Tus Kws Sau Ntawv Lub Tsev". Tus "Red Leader" yog Bela Kun. Tom qab Wrangel tau swb lawm, nws tau tswj hwm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Crimea los ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev ntshai. Thaj, raws li ib tug nqi zog rau nkaum Kun nyob rau hauv lub Soviet tsoom fwv, Voloshin tau khaws cia nws lub tsev, thiab kuj muab cov txheeb ze kev nyab xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog nws qhov txiaj ntsig, lossis kev siv zog ntawm V. Veresaev, muaj kev cuam tshuam rau lub sijhawm ntawd, lossis qee qhov hloov siab lees txim thiab thov kom L. Kamenev, tus kws tshaj lij uas muaj hwj chim loj (hauv 1924), pab Maximilian tawg rau hauv luam tawm.

Ob qho kev qhia ntawm Voloshin txoj kev xav

Voloshin sau tias rau nws nqe lus tseem yog tib txoj hauv kev los qhia kev xav. Thiab lawv rushed nws nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev. Thawj yog historiosophical (txoj hmoo ntawm Russia, tej hauj lwm uas nws feem ntau coj ib tug conditionally kev cai dab qhuas xim). Qhov thib ob yog anti-keeb kwm. Ntawm no peb tuaj yeem nco txog lub voj voog "Txoj Kev Cain", uas qhia txog cov tswv yim ntawm kev ua tsis ncaj ncees thoob ntiaj teb. Tus kws sau paj huam tau sau tias hauv cov haujlwm no nws tsim yuav luag tag nrho nws cov tswv yim kev sib raug zoo, uas feem ntau tsis zoo. Tag nrho cov suab nrov ntawm lub voj voog no yuav tsum raug sau tseg.

Kev lees paub thiab tsis lees paub ua haujlwm

Qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev xav, tus yam ntxwv ntawm Voloshin, feem ntau coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias nws cov kev tsim tau qee zaum pom tau tias yog suab nrov nrov tshaj tawm ("Transubstantiation", "Holy Russia", "Kitezh", "Angel of Times", "Wild Field"), aestheticized speculations ("Cosmos", "Leviathan", "Thanob" and some other works from "The Ways of Cain"), pretentious stylization ("Dmetrius the Emperor", "Protopope Habakkuk", "Saint. Seraphim, "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Monk Epiphanius"). Txawm li cas los xij, nws tuaj yeem hais tias ntau ntawm nws cov paj huam hloov pauv tau lees paub tias muaj peev xwm thiab muaj tseeb poetic pov thawj (piv txwv li, typological portraits ntawm "Bourgeois", "Speculator", "Red Guard", thiab lwm yam., lyrical declarations "Nyob hauv qab ntawm. lub ntiajteb sab hauv” thiab “Kev Npaj”, cov lus qhuab qhia zoo “North East” thiab lwm yam haujlwm).

Kab kos duab thiab kos duab xyaum

Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, nws cov haujlwm raws li kev thuam kos duab tau tso tseg. Txawm li cas los xij, Maximilian muaj peev xwm tshaj tawm 34 kab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab kos duab zoo nkauj, nrog rau 37 kab lus ntawm Fabkis kos duab. Nws thawj txoj hauj lwm monographic, mob siab rau Surikov, khaws nws qhov tseem ceeb. Phau ntawv "Tus Ntsuj Plig ntawm Gothic" tseem tsis tau tiav. Maximilian ua haujlwm rau nws hauv 1912 thiab 1913.

Voloshin coj cov duab kos duab txhawm rau txiav txim siab txog kev tshaj lijzoo nkauj. Raws li nws muab tawm, nws yog ib tug khoom plig artist. Crimean watercolor toj roob hauv pes, ua nrog poetic inscriptions, tau los ua nws ib hom ntawv nyeem. Xyoo 1932 (Lub Yim Hli 11) Maximilian Voloshin tuag hauv Koktebel. Nws cov ntawv keeb kwm luv luv tuaj yeem ntxiv nrog cov ntaub ntawv hais txog nws tus kheej lub neej, nthuav cov lus tseeb uas peb nthuav tawm hauv qab no.

Qhov tseeb ntawm Voloshin tus kheej lub neej

Lub duel ntawm Voloshin thiab Nikolai Gumilyov tau tshwm sim ntawm tus Dej Dub, tib qhov uas Dantes tua ntawm Pushkin. Nws tshwm sim 72 xyoo tom qab thiab kuj vim yog ib tug poj niam. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj hmoo tau cawm ob tus kws sau paj huam, xws li Gumilyov Nikolai Stepanovich thiab Voloshin Maximilian Aleksandrovich. Tus kws sau paj huam, uas nws cov duab tau nthuav tawm hauv qab no, yog Nikolai Gumilyov.

Lawv raug tua vim Liza Dmitrieva. Nws kawm nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm qub Spanish thiab qub Fabkis cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Sorbonne. Gumiev yog thawj tus ntxhais uas tau ntxim nyiam. Nws coj nws mus xyuas Voloshin hauv Koktebel. Nws ntxias tus ntxhais. Nikolai Gumilyov tawm mus vim nws xav tias superfluous. Txawm li cas los xij, zaj dab neeg no txuas ntxiv tom qab qee lub sijhawm thiab nws thiaj li ua rau muaj kev sib tw. Lub tsev hais plaub tau txiav txim rau Gumilyov rau ib lub lim tiam ntawm kev ntes, thiab Voloshin rau ib hnub.

thawj tus poj niam ntawm Maximilian Voloshin - Margarita Sabashnikova. Nrog nws, nws tau mus koom kev qhuab qhia ntawm Sorbonne. Qhov kev sib yuav no, txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev tau tawg - tus ntxhais poob rau hauv kev hlub nrog Vyacheslav Ivanov. Nws tus poj niam muab Sabashnikova nyob ua ke. Txawm li cas los xij, tsev neeg "hom tshiab" tsis zoo li qub. Nws tus poj niam thib ob yogkws kho mob Maria Stepanova (daim duab saum toj no), saib xyuas Maximilian niam laus.