Tus yam ntxwv thiab duab ntawm Peter 1 hauv zaj paj huam "Bronze Horseman"

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Bronze Horseman yog kab tias Pushkin txoj haujlwm tsis sib haum xeeb tshaj plaws, permeated nrog sib sib zog nqus cim. Cov kws sau keeb kwm, cov neeg sau ntawv thuam thiab cov neeg nyeem zoo tib yam tau sib cav rau ntau pua xyoo, tawg hmuv, tsim thiab rhuav tshem cov kev xav txog qhov tseeb, tus kws sau paj huam xav hais. Daim duab ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv zaj paj huam "Bronze Horseman" ua rau muaj kev sib cav tshwj xeeb.

Contrasting Peter 1 rau Nicholas 1

Txoj haujlwm tau sau thaum lub sijhawm kav Nicholas 1, uas Pushkin muaj kev thov loj txog kev tswj hwm lub xeev: kev tawm tsam ntawm Decembrist uprising, tsim ib tug tub ceev xwm zais cia, qhia tag nrho censorship. Yog li ntawd, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb pom qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm tus zoo hloov kho Peter 1 rau cov kev tawm tsam Nicholas 1. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Pushkin txoj haujlwm saib cov piv txwv ntawm Bronze Horseman thiab Phau Qub. Ib qho dej nyab hauv St. Petersburg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev puas tsuaj rau xyoo 1824, ua rau tus sau xav txog kev nyab xeeb thoob ntiaj teb, yog li ntawd, hauv kev ua haujlwm. Daim duab "Bronze Horseman" ntawm Peter 1 yog txuam nrog ntau tus neeg xav nrog tus duab ntawm Vajtswv (deity), muaj peev xwm tsim thiab rhuav tshem.

YGrad Petrov

Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias qhov chaw nyob tsis muaj npe. Cia peb nug peb tus kheej cov lus nug: "Nyob rau hauv lub nroog twg qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Pushkin paj huam mob siab rau dej nyab xyoo 1824 tshwm sim?" Cov lus nug zoo li tso cai rau ib lo lus teb: tau kawg, nws yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, vim hais tias cov duab ntawm Peter lub Great nyob rau hauv Pushkin lub kos duab yog invariably txuam nrog lub nroog no. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li koj tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim, cov lus teb no tsis yog qhov laj thawj: Petersburg tsis tau hu ua Petersburg hauv ib kab ntawm paj huam! Hauv kev taw qhia, cov lus piav qhia yog siv: "Peter's creation" thiab "lub nroog ntawm Petrov", nyob rau hauv thawj feem lub npe Petrograd tshwm sim ib zaug ("Tshaj lub darkened Petrograd … ") thiab ib zaug - Petropolis ("Thiab Petropolis ntog zoo li. Triton …”).

Nws hloov tawm tias muaj ib lub nroog, tab sis nws tsis yog St. Petersburg tiag, tab sis qee lub nroog mythical ntawm Peter. Txawm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus no, cov kws tshawb fawb tau mythologized cov duab ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Bronze Horseman". Yog hais tias peb xav txog tag nrho cov ntawv ntawm cov paj huam tag nrho, Petersburg yog hais nyob rau hauv nws peb zaug: ib zaug - nyob rau hauv lub sub title ("Petersburg zaj dab neeg") thiab ob zaug - nyob rau hauv tus sau phau ntawv prose. Hauv lwm lo lus, nyob rau hauv txoj kev no Pushkin ua rau peb nkag siab: txawm hais tias "qhov xwm txheej tau piav qhia hauv zaj dab neeg no yog los ntawm qhov tseeb," lub nroog uas cov paj huam nthuav tawm tsis yog Petersburg. Ntau precisely, tsis heev Petersburg - nws yog, nyob rau hauv ib tug nkag siab, peb txawv lub zos, txhua ntawmuas muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog ib qho ntawm cov cim hauv kev ua haujlwm.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg sawv daws

Cov npe "Peter's creation" thiab "lub nroog ntawm Petrov" sib raug rau Peter, tus hero ntawm ib feem ntawm zaj paj huam no, thiab Pushkin piav txog Peter raws li ib yam ntawm Vajtswv. Peb tab tom tham txog tus pej thuam depicting nws, uas yog, lub ntiaj teb incarnation ntawm no deity. Rau Pushkin, cov tsos ntawm lub monument yog ncaj qha ua txhaum ntawm cov lus txib "tsis txhob ua ib tug mlom rau koj tus kheej." Qhov tseeb, qhov no yog qhov tseeb uas piav qhia txog tus cwj pwm tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tus kws sau paj huam rau lub monument: txawm tias tag nrho nws cov kev ua tau zoo, nws yog qhov txaus ntshai, thiab nws nyuaj rau kev lees paub cov lus hais txog tus mlom zoo siab ua kev qhuas.

Cov lus pom zoo yog tias Pushkin tsis meej pem txog Peter 1 uas yog ib tus neeg sawv cev. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yog tus zoo: tus hloov kho, tus tub rog, "tus tsim" ntawm St. Petersburg, tus tsim ntawm lub nkoj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws yog ib tus thawj coj loj heev, lub sijhawm ua tus thawj coj thiab tus neeg saib xyuas. Nyob rau hauv cov paj huam "Bronze Horseman" Pushkin kuj txhais cov duab ntawm Peter nyob rau hauv ob txoj kev, tsa nws mus rau lub qeb ntawm Vajtswv thiab demiurge nyob rau tib lub sij hawm.

Nab twg yog Pushkin ntawm

Cov kws kho mob nyiam kev tsis sib haum xeeb yog lo lus nug ntawm leej twg Pushkin sympathized nrog: tus uas muaj hwj chim loj deified Peter los yog "tus txiv neej me" Eugene, personifying ib tug yooj yim lub zos nyob rau hauv lub zos, nyob ntawm seb leej twg. Nyob rau hauv lub poetic masterpiece "Bronze Horseman" cov lus piav qhia ntawm Peter 1 - lub revived monument - echoes cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub xeev. Thiab Eugene yog ib tug pej xeem nruab nrab, ib tug cog nyob rau hauv lub loj lub xeev tshuab. Ib tug philosophical contradiction tshwm sim: yog nws tso cai rau lub xeev nyob rau hauv nwskev txav mus los, kev ntshaw rau kev loj hlob los txi lub neej thiab txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam rau kev ua tiav kev ua tau zoo, qee lub hom phiaj siab? Los yog txhua tus neeg yog tus kheej, thiab nws tus kheej lub siab nyiam yuav tsum raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, txawm tias ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws?

Pushkin tsis tau hais tawm nws qhov kev xav tsis meej tsis hais lus lossis nqe lus. Nws Peter 1 muaj peev xwm tsim thiab rhuav tshem. Nws Eugene muaj peev xwm ua tau ob qho tib si passionately hlub (tus poj ntsuam Parasha tus ntxhais), thiab yaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg coob coob, nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj ntawm lub nroog, ua ib tug tsis muaj nqi ntawm grey pawg. Thiab, thaum kawg, tuag. Ntau tus kws tshaj lij Pushkin ntseeg hais tias qhov tseeb yog qhov chaw hauv nruab nrab: lub xeev tsis muaj nyob tsis muaj ib tus neeg, tab sis nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem ua raws li kev nyiam ntawm txhua tus. Tej zaum qhov no yog qhov sau paj huam tshiab txog.

Peter 1

Daim duab ntawm Peter haunts culturologists. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, dogmas tsis tau tso cai rau tus zoo hloov kho los sawv cev raws li ib yam ntawm cov deity, vim hais tias kev ntseeg raug tsim txom. Rau txhua leej txhua tus, nws yog ib tug "hais lus tooj dag pej thuam" nyob rau hauv lub mob kev xav ntawm tus hero ntawm zaj dab neeg, Eugene. Yog, nws yog lub cim, tab sis kev soj ntsuam tob ntawm cov cim tseem yog qhov kev sib cav ntawm cov pundits. Muab piv cov duab ntawm Peter 1 nyob rau hauv zaj paj huam "Bronze Horseman" nrog biblical dab neeg yog fraught.

Pushkin's Peter 1 yog tus mlom tooj liab lossis tus vajtswv? Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov Soviet editions ntawm Pushkin cov paj huam rau kab "Tus mlom ntawm ib tug bronze nees" muaj cov nram qab no cov lus los ntawm cov classic ntawm Pushkin kev tshawb fawb S. M. Bondi: "Lub mlom nyob rau hauv Pushkin cov lus txhais tau tias" pej thuam ". Meanwhile, Pushkin scholars pom. tias thaum lo lus"Idol" yog siv los ntawm Pushkin nyob rau hauv ib tug literal, tsis figurative sense, nws yuav luag ib txwm txhais tau tias ib tug pej thuam ntawm ib tug vajtswv. Qhov xwm txheej no tuaj yeem taug qab nyob rau hauv ntau nqe lus: "Tus kws sau paj huam thiab cov neeg coob coob", "Rau cov nom tswv", "Vesuvius qhib … " thiab lwm yam. Txawm tias Emperor Nicholas 1, tus kheej tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntawv sau, pom qhov xwm txheej no thiab tau sau ntau cov lus hais hauv cov npoo. Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14, 1833, Pushkin tau nkag mus rau hauv nws qhov chaw teev cia, qhov uas nws quaj quaj tias tus huab tais tau rov qab cov paj huam nrog cov lus hais: "Lo lus "idol" tsis dhau los ntawm qhov siab tshaj censorship."

Bible Motives

Lub suab nrov ntawm cov duab ntawm Peter thiab Bronze Horseman nrog cov duab hauv vaj lug kub yog nyob rau saum huab cua. Qhov no yog taw qhia los ntawm kev hwm Pushkin kws tshawb fawb Brodotskaya, Arkhangelsky, Tarkhov, Shcheglov thiab lwm tus. Tus kws sau paj lug, hu tus neeg caij tsheb ua tus mlom thiab tus mlom, ncaj qha mus rau cov phab ej hauv phau Vajlugkub. Nws tau raug pom tias Pushkin tsis tu ncua nrog cov duab ntawm Peter lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug muaj zog quab yuam nyob ze rau Vajtswv thiab lub ntsiab.

Tsis yog cov duab ntawm Peter 1 hauv zaj paj huam "Bronze Horseman" tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cov cim hauv phau Vajlugkub. Eugene kuj yog ib qho piv txwv ncaj qha ntawm lwm tus Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum - Txoj Haujlwm. Nws cov lus npau taws uas hais rau tus "neeg tsim lub ntiaj teb no" (bronze horseman) hais txog Yauj qhov kev yws tawm tsam Vajtswv, thiab kev ua phem rau tus neeg caij tsheb uas muaj kev txhawb siab zoo li lub ntsej muag ntawm "Vajtswv hauv cua daj cua dub" hauv Phau Ntawv Txoj Haujlwm.

Tab sis yog Petus yog Vajtswv Phau Qub, thiab Falcone tus mlom yog ib tug pej thuam pagan hloov nws, ces dej nyab ntawm 1824 yog dej nyab hauv phau Vajlugkub. Yam tsawg kawg, cov lus xaus zoo li no tau ua los ntawm ntau tusspecialists.

Punishment for sin

Muaj lwm tus yam ntxwv ntawm Peter. Bronze Horseman yuav tsis ua haujlwm zoo yog tias nws tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tau yooj yim. Cov kws tshawb fawb pom tias tus nees nees ua rau sab ntawm lub zog tsis muaj zog ntawm qhov xwm txheej raws li lub zog rau txim rau Eugene rau kev txhaum. Nws tus kheej txaus ntshai. Nws yog ib puag ncig los ntawm kev tsaus ntuj, nws nkaum qhov loj thiab, raws li lub logic ntawm Pushkin cov lus piav qhia, lub zog phem uas tau tsa Russia ntawm nws ob txhais ceg.

Daim duab ntawm Bronze Horseman nyob rau hauv zaj paj huam txhais cov duab ntawm nws keeb kwm kev ua, lub ntsiab ntawm uas yog kev nruj kev tsiv, inexorability, inhumanity ntawm unprecedented proportions nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm realizing nws grandiose npaj los ntawm kev txom nyem thiab kev txi. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Bronze Horseman hais tias yog vim li cas rau qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws lub ntiaj teb no lus dag, irreconcilable enmity ntawm pob zeb thiab dej, uas yog npaj txhij txog qhia nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm kev taw qhia tom qab lub utopian daim duab ntawm lub majestic, zoo nkauj, fertile lub nroog, conjugated. nrog Russia.

Pushkin ua ib tug yaj saub

Rov xav txog txoj haujlwm, kev xav los ntawm kev ua phem yuav raug rau txim. Ntawd yog, tooj liab Petus zoo li cov neeg caij nees ntawm Apocalypse, ua kev pauj. Tej zaum Pushkin hinted rau Tsar Nicholas 1 txog qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm kev rau txim, tias "koj tau sow cua, koj yuav sau tau cua daj cua dub."

Historians hu rau Decembrist uprising ib tug harbinger ntawm lub 1917 revolutions. Nicholas 1 ua phem rau kev tsis pom zoo: qee tus Decembrists tau raug dai, ib txhia nyob hauv lawv lub neej raws li cov neeg raug txim hauv Siberia. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txheej txheem kev sib raug zoo uas ua rau muaj kev tawm tsam tsis tau suav nrog cov tub ceev xwm. Ripe kev sib cavcontradictions, ib nrab xyoo tom qab hloov mus rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm tsarism. Nyob rau hauv lub teeb no, Pushkin ua raws li ib tug yaj saub uas kwv yees lub indomitable nrov ntsiab uas dej nyab lub "lub nroog ntawm Petrov", thiab Peter nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv ib tug tooj liab guise tau ua pauj.

Zoo kawg

Paj huam "Bronze Horseman" tsis yooj yim kiag li. Cov duab ntawm Peter yog qhov tsis sib xws heev, zaj dab neeg yog qhov yooj yim thiab meej thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, tab sis cov ntawv sau nrog cov cim qhia meej thiab zais. Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas qhov haujlwm tau raug kaw hnyav heev thiab tsis tau tshaj tawm tam sim ntawd.

Paj huam muaj ob txoj kab tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, txuas nrog txoj hmoo ntawm lub nroog Petra thiab txoj hmoo ntawm Eugene. Nyob rau hauv cov dab neeg thaum ub, muaj ntau yam piav qhia txog yuav ua li cas Vajtswv rhuav tshem lub nroog, thaj av, tib neeg, feem ntau yog kev rau txim rau tus cwj pwm phem. Ntawm no, ib yam nkaus thiab, Pushkin txoj kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tswv yim no tuaj yeem taug qab hauv "Petersburg Tale": Peter, tus neeg tsim lub demiurge, tsim kev tsim kho lub nroog nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm lub xeev zoo. Nyob rau hauv lub transformation ntawm xwm, nyob rau hauv lub xaus ntawm lub Neva dej nyob rau hauv lub pob zeb, muaj ib tug analogy nrog lub transformation ntawm lub xeev, nrog rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub neej txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub sovereign channel.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov piv txwv-qhov xwm txheej ntawm zaj paj huam qhia tias yuav ua li cas thiab vim li cas kev tsim hloov mus rau qhov kev puas tsuaj. Thiab qhov no tau txuas nrog lub ntsiab lus ntawm Bronze Horseman, uas yog piav qhia los ntawm Pushkin, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv lub rov ntawm Evgeny txoj kev pom, ntws mus rau hauv lub scene ntawm nws tsim txom los ntawm revived pej thuam. Lub nroog, tsim tsa rau ntawm thaj av uas tau muab los ntawm qhov xwm txheej, thaum kawg raug dej nyab los ntawm "cov ntsiab lus kov yeej."

Pushkin puas yog tus yaj saub? Yam twgmotives yuam kom nws sau xws li ib tug complex controversial creation? Nws xav qhia dab tsi rau cov nyeem? Ntau tiam neeg ntawm Pushkinists, sau ntawv thuam, historians, thiab philosophers tseem yuav sib cav txog qhov no. Tab sis ib yam dab tsi tseem ceeb - dab tsi tus nyeem ntawv tshwj xeeb yuav tshem tawm ntawm zaj paj huam, tus ntsia hlau heev uas tsis muaj lub xeev tshuab yuav plam.