Fabkis kws sau paj lug Stéphane Mallarmé: biography, creativity, yees duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Stefan Mallarmé yog tus kws sau paj huam thiab kws sau ntawv Fab Kis zoo uas nyob rau xyoo pua 19th. Nws yog lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cim. Koj puas paub dab tsi ntxiv Stéphane Mallarmé nto moo rau? Phau ntawv keeb kwm luv luv uas nthuav tawm hauv tsab xov xwm no yuav tso cai rau koj kom paub ntau ntxiv txog nws.

Keeb kwm, lub sijhawm kawm

Tus kws sau paj huam yav tom ntej yug hauv Paris thaum Lub Peb Hlis 18, 1842. Nws txiv yog Numa Mallarme, uas ua haujlwm hauv Chaw Ua Haujlwm Khoom. Thaum Stefan muaj 5 xyoos, nws poob nws niam, tom qab ntawd nws raug coj mus rau nws niam nws txiv. Stéphane Mallarmé yog ib tug me nyuam txais tos. Nws kawm thawj zaug ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv kev cai dab qhuas nyob hauv Auteuil (hauv 1853), thiab tom qab ntawd, los ntawm 1853, mus kawm Sansa Lycée. Kawm nyob rau tom kawg ua rau mob rau yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug. Nws pib xav tias nws nyob ib leeg muaj zog heev tom qab nws tus viv ncaus uas muaj 13 xyoos Maria tuag rau xyoo 1857. Mallarmé tau txais nws daim bachelor's degree hauv xyoo 1860. Nws txiv xav kom Stefan los ua ib tug nom, tab sis Mallarme tso tseg txoj hauj lwm no. Txawm li ntawd los, nws xav tias nws yuav los ua tus kws sau paj huam.

Ob sab ntawm Mallarme lub neej

Stefan nyob hauv London tau ntau lub hlis xyoo 1862. Ntawm no nws ua tiav nws cov lus Askiv. Rov qab mus rau Fabkis xyoo 1863, nws tau los ua tus kws qhia lus Askiv ntawm Lycée Tournon. Stefan lub neej txij li lub sijhawm ntawd, zoo li nws tau muab faib ua ob ntu. Nws raug yuam kom qhia rau cov nyiaj tau los me me txhawm rau muab rau nws tsev neeg - thawj zaug hauv Tournon, tom qab ntawd hauv Besancon (1866-67), hauv Avignon (txog 1871), Paris (txog 1894). Lwm sab ntawm nws lub neej yog paj huam.

Thawj ua haujlwm, paub nrog cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Parnassian tsev kawm ntawv

Los ntawm lub sijhawm 1862-64. suav nrog thawj cov paj huam hluas ntawm tus sau no. Lawv qhia txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Edgar Allan Poe thiab Charles Baudelaire. Xyoo 1864 Stéphane Mallarmé ntsib Coutll Mendes, Frederic Mistral, M. V. los ntawm Lille-Adan. Nws paub tias nws raug coj mus los ntawm cov paj huam ntawm tus tsim ntawm Parnassian tsev kawm ntawv, Theophile Gauthier, thiab pib sau tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws lub siab.

Tsis ntev, xyoo 1865, nws zaj paj huam tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub npe "Tom qab ntawm Faun". Mallarme tau nthuav tawm txoj haujlwm no rau lub tsev hais plaub ntawm T. de Banville, uas yog ib tus thawj coj ntawm Parnassus lub tsev kawm ntawv. Cov paj huam no yog ib qho sensual thiab refined eclogue. Kev xyiv fab ntawm pagan permeates tag nrho cov hauj lwm.

Parnassian lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim

Tsib Hlis 12, 1866 Mallarmé thawj zaug luam tawm (10 zaj paj huam luam tawm hauv "Modern Parnassus"). Qhov tseeb no txhais tau tias Parnassians lees paub nws. Tom qab ntawd tuaj xyoo ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav tshiab txhais tau tias qhia ib tuspoetic tus kheej (1868-73). Mallarme tau sau ib zaj dab neeg zoo heev nyob rau xyoo 1860s, uas nws hu ua "Igitur, lossis Madness of Elbenon". Txawm li cas los xij, nws tsuas yog luam tawm xyoo 1926. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau teem sijhawm ua haujlwm rau Herodias, ua yeeb yam hauv nqe. Txoj haujlwm no, hmoov tsis, tseem ua tsis tiav. Nws cov khoom tawg tau luam tawm xyoo 1871 hauv qhov teeb meem thib ob ntawm kev sau "Modern Parnassus".

Mallarme - decadent, tshiab ua haujlwm

Nyob rau thaum ntxov 1870s, Mallarme tau cais tawm ntawm Parnassians thiab koom nrog cov decadents. Nyob rau hauv 1872 nws sau "Lub Pam Tuag Toast", mob siab rau kev tuag ntawm T. Gauthier. Txoj hauj lwm no cim Stephen txoj kev hloov mus rau ib qho tshiab poetics. Kev paub nrog A. Rimbaud hais txog 1872, nrog E. Manet - rau 1873, nrog Emile Zola - rau 1874. Stefan Mallarme pib koom tes nrog ib phau ntawv xov xwm hu ua "Artistic thiab Literary Renaissance". Ntawm no, xyoo 1874, Stefan tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm E. Poe zaj paj huam "The Raven". Cov duab kos rau nws tau ua los ntawm E. Manet. Mallarmé kuj tau koom tes nrog Phau Ntawv Xov Xwm ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb Tshiab. Ntawm no nws tau luam tawm ntau cov ntawv thiab sau ntawv. Xyoo 1874, A. Lemerre lub tsev luam tawm tsis kam lees txais Mallarmé's "Tom qab ntawm Faun" rau kev tshaj tawm. Nws tsuas yog luam tawm xyoo 1876. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, tus kws sau paj lug sau ib tug tub hu ua "Lub ntxa ntawm Edgar Allan Poe". Thiab nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no, 1877, ib tug tsev kawm ntawv phau ntawv tshwm sim, tus sau uas yog Mallarme. Nws hu ua "Cov Lus Askiv". Ib phau ntawv qhia txog mythology tau luam tawm xyoo 1880 ("The Ancient Gods"). Nws xav txogyog ib qho kev hloov ntawm D. W. Cox.

"Literary Tuesdays", koob meej

Malarme pib npaj nws "hnub Tuesdays" txij li xyoo 1880. Lawv tau tshwm sim hauv nws chav tsev, nyob ntawm Rimskaya Street. Saint-Paul Roux, Gustave Kahn, Paul Claudel, Henri de Regnier, André Gide, Paul Valéry thiab Pierre Louis tau koom nrog hauv Literary Tuesdays. Tus kws sau paj huam Fab Kis Stéphane Mallarme tau nto moo nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa zoo heev los ntawm P. Verlaine, uas tau muab nws cov npe hu ua "damned poets" (hauv 1884 Verlaine tau sau ib tsab ntawv ntawm tib lub npe). Tsis tas li ntawd qhov chaw ntawm Mallarmé tau txhawb nqa los ntawm J.-C. Huysmans. Nyob rau hauv nws 1884 tshiab The Other Way ib ncig, tus kws sau ntawv tau saib cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntawm Stéphane cov paj huam thaum ntxov los ntawm Des Essintes, nws tus protagonist.

Mallarme - lub taub hau ntawm cov cim

Los ntawm nruab nrab-80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, Mallarme tau suav hais tias yog tus thawj coj ntawm cov kws sau paj huam decadent, uas xyoo 1886 tau pib hu lawv tus kheej "symbolists". Nws sau npe hu ua "Poems of Stefan Mallarmé" tau tshwm sim hauv 1887, thiab tom ntej - kev txhais cov paj huam tsim los ntawm E. Poe. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nrog rau cov paj huam "tsaus" cov cim, Stefan tsim cov paj huam me me thiab nkag siab rau ntau lub sijhawm. Lawv tsuas yog luam tawm xyoo 1920 ("Poems on moment").

xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej

BXyoo 1894, tus kws sau paj huam rau peb tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv paj huam hauv prose thiab paj huam. Tom qab ntawd nws tawm ntawm qhov kev pabcuam, txiav txim siab ua nws lub neej tag nrho rau paj huam. Mallarme tau teeb tsa los tsim ib phau ntawv zoo meej, thoob ntiaj teb uas yuav muab cov lus piav qhia tshwj xeeb thiab nthuav dav thoob ntiaj teb. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Verlaine, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1896, Stephen tau raug xaiv "prince of poets." Kev tshaj tawm ntawm nws zaj paj huam "Fortune yuav tsis tshem tawm" hnub rov qab mus rau 1897. Txoj haujlwm yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib kab lus ntev, tsis muaj cov cim cim. Nws tau luam tawm nrog tus ntaiv, siv cov font ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv. Cov paj huam tau muab tso rau ntawm ob nplooj ntawv nthuav tawm. Tom qab ntawd, xyoo 1897, Mallarme tau luam tawm cov ntawv xov xwm ("Music thiab Literature", "Poetry Crisis", thiab lwm yam). Lawv lub npe yog "Brands". Nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm no, tus sau tau qhia nws txoj kev xav tias cov ntaub ntawv poob qis, tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los kho nws lub ntsiab lus qub. Mallarme Stefan, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm thiab kev ua haujlwm tseem ceeb, tuag rau lub Cuaj Hlis 9, 1898 hauv Paris. Feem ntau ntawm nws cov ntawv, nrog rau cov ntawv xov xwm, tsuas yog luam tawm tom qab nws tuag.

Lub ntsiab lus thiab nta ntawm Mallarme txoj haujlwm

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias tus kws sau paj huam Stéphane Mallarmé, uas nws daim duab koj yuav pom hauv tsab xov xwm no, tau tshwm sim hauv Fab Kis cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sijhawm xav tau cov ntawv sau paj huam tshiab thiab kev qaug zog ntawm cov qub tau pom tseeb. Nws coj lub zog ntawm lub cim, nyob rau hauv uas tus tshiab artistic xav coj lub theoretically, uastau tawm tswv yim hloov kho cov lus paj huam thiab nthuav txoj hauv kev rau cov ntawv nyeem niaj hnub hauv Fab Kis.

Mallarme radically rov xav txog cov lus nug ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm paj huam. Nws ntseeg tias nws yuav tsum tsis txhob qhia lossis piav qhia. Yuav tsum muaj ib yam dab tsi super-liab hauv nws. Raws li Mallarme, paj huam yog kev sib kis ntawm lub ntsiab lus innermost nrog kev pab los ntawm tib neeg lus. Nws muab qhov tseeb rau peb lub neej. Tus kws sau paj huam yog tus neeg nruab nrab ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm tib neeg thiab cov secrets uas muaj nyob hauv lub qab ntuj khwb. Nws tuaj yeem nqa daim ntaub thaiv uas zais qhov hla dhau los ntawm kev siv cov lus cim. Nws yog tom qab lawv tias lwm qhov tseeb yog twv, uas Stefan Mallarme thiaj li xav qhia rau peb. Nws lub tswv yim ua tim khawv tias nws ua tiav.