2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Lermontov tej hauj lwm, sau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo nws siv nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cadet, tsis tshua paub rau ntau yam ntawm cov neeg nyeem. Nws yog kev cai tsis sib tham lossis tseem nco ntsoov cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm no, yog li tsis txhob ua rau lub cim xeeb ci ntsa iab ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv. Lub caij no, nws yog thaum ntawd cov paj huam nrov Junker ntawm Lermontov tau sau! "Tsev Kho Mob", "Peterhof Nyiaj so koobtsheej" thiab "Ulansha" tsis tuaj yeem hu ua piv txwv ntawm cov qauv siab txawm tias muaj kev ncab, tab sis tsis muaj txoj hauv kev los muab lawv tawm ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam txoj haujlwm - cov tub rog "pranks" cuam tshuam nws txoj hmoo ntau. xyoo tom qab.
Ntxhais hluas
Kev kawm ntawm St. Petersburg University, tsiv mus rau Moscow University, ces rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg - cov pob khaus ua rau cov hluas tsis txhawj xeeb. Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm ob lub nroog tau xaus rau Lermontov nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov tub rog tub rog, qhov uas nws raug yuam kom nkag mus rau xyoo 1832. Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov xwm txheej, kev ntseeg ntawm St. Petersburg cov txheeb ze - thiab tam sim no M. Yu. Lermontov nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cadet. Lub sij hawm romantic ntawm lub neej yog tso tseg.
Txoj kev kawm junkers tau nplua nuj heev, ntxiv rau cov tub rog xyaum tsis ua haujlwm rau cov tub ntxhais hluas nyiam kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj nyiaj nyob hauv txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws - thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas tau siv tag nrho lawv lub sijhawm dawb los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv hauv menyuam yaus thiab kev lom zem.. Niaj hnub no, xws li kev pampering yuav hu ua kev ntxhov siab, nyob rau hauv cov xyoo cov hluas psyche tau dim tsawg tshaj li peb, thiab Junker raug hu ua tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li debauchery.
Xyoo Poob Txoj Cai
Ib tug tub hluas uas sau nws thawj zaj paj huam "Angel" thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17 yuav tsum tsis nco qab txog cov duab romantic rau ib pliag thiab ua zoo li txhua tus. Lermontov, txawm hais tias nws tsis muaj zog, nws muaj zog heev hauv nws txhais tes - nws khoov hlau ramrods, khi lawv mus rau hauv ib lub pob, jokingly. Lub zog no, muaj peev xwm yooj yim sau cov lus piav qhia, cov txuj ci ntawm tus kws kos duab tau pab Lermontov kom paub txog ntawm cov junkers txaus ntshai rau nws tus kheej. Tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws cov kwv tij nyob rau hauv lub barracks tsis xav tau nws romantic tsis muaj tseeb - cov comrades thov ib tug ntau yam ntawm paj huam: lus hais lus phem, tsis meej pem, tsis npog los ntawm kev txaj muag. Lawv xav tau Junker paj huam. Lub Lermontov Encyclopedia tau rov ua dua nyob rau xyoo ntawd nrog cov paj huam xwb. Cov lus hais saum toj no "Ulansha", "Peterhof Nyiaj so koobtsheej", "Tsev Kho Mob" yog tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis ib tug duab liab qab sawv cev ntawm lub neej tiag tiag ntawm junkers. Pushkin, hwm los ntawm Lermontov, kuj tau sau cov paj huam ncaj ncees, tab sis cov neeg sib raug zoo, thaum Lermontov cov paj huam yog lus tsis zoo. Tau ob xyoos nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, tus kws sau paj lug tsis tau tsim ib yam dab tsi zoo - nyob rau hauv nws lub neej luv luv nws yog ib tug ruthlessly poob lub sij hawm.
Tus dawb huv dhau qhov kev thuam
Txawm hais tias nyob deb ntawm kev coj ncaj ncees ntawm cov junkers, qee lub sijhawm ntawm Lermontov phau ntawv keeb kwm qhia tias cov neeg tseem ceeb nyob hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas no. Poet tus pog, E. A. Arsenyeva, uas hlub nws Michel, tsis tuaj yeem tso nws nyob ib leeg. Tom qab xauj ib chav tsev nyob ze ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, nws tau tsa ib tug tub qhe nyob rau hauv nws, uas nws lub luag hauj lwm muaj xws li waking up nws tshee thiab mob heev tswv txhua txhua tag kis sawv ntxov ob peb feeb ua ntej lub tsev kawm ntawv sawv, yog li ntawd lub unbearable drumming yuav tsis muaj kev phem rau nws lub siab lub ntsws, pub nws nrog txhua yam tais diav. Cov phooj ywg uas txaus siab rau Lermontov's tsis txaj muag Junker paj huam paub txog lawv pog txoj kev hlub rau tus kws sau paj huam, tab sis qhov kev sib nyiam no yeej tsis yog qhov kev thuam ntawm lawv. Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg, cov tub ntxhais hluas junkers pom kev sib raug zoo ntawm lawv tus tub xeeb ntxwv thiab pog yuav luag ua lub thaj neeb. Cov kws sau paj huam ib txwm ua, nco ntsoov tias lawv tseem tso cai rau lawv tus kheej los ua kev dag ntxias ntawm Lermontov niam txiv, tsis txhob ua rau lawv pog.
Kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev ntsuas ntawm cov neeg kawm
Cov neeg nyob hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv Junker, uas los ntawm thiab loj mus rau hauv keeb kwm vim qhov tseeb tias lawv tau kawm nrog Lermontov, tom qab ntawd muab cov kev ntsuas sib txawv ntawm tus kws sau paj huam txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm, qhia nws txawv raws li ib tug neeg. Thiab qhov no kuj yog ib txoj hauv kev uas Lermontov tau sau rau xyoo ntawd. Nws qhib luag luag txhua leej txhua tus, cov npe ntawm qee tus tau txuas mus ib txhis nrog nws cov paj huam thiab paj huam ntawm Junker xyoo. Ntawm lawv yog Tizenhausen, uas qhov chaw nyob ntawm ib zaj paj huam nto moo tau mob siab rau, Shakhovsky, Polivanov, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Baryatinsky … Ib zaj paj huam tag nrho yog mob siab rau tom kawg!Yuav ua li cas nws yuav zam txim rau Lermontov lub "Tsev Kho Mob", nyob rau hauv uas lub hereditary tub huabtais nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cadet tau lees paub los ntawm cov kab hauv qab no: "Thiab peb tus huab tais, txhawb los ntawm cov cawu cub, nce siab; nias lub latch - nkag nrog cua sov, txhais tes ntawm nws … tuav. Cov lus piav qhia ntxiv txog kev taug txuj kev nyuaj ntawm tus tub huabtais yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg. Raws li zaj dab neeg, Baryatinsky, npau suav ntawm ib tug intimate lub rooj sib tham nrog ib tug hluas nkauj qhev, nyob rau hauv qhov tsaus ntuj tsis meej pem nrog ib tug laus poj niam thiab tawm tsam nws nrog tag nrho cov mob siab rau ntawm nws hluas impatience. Nws tsis zoo li lub koob meej, uas Lermontov's Junker paj huam tau muab rau tus tub huabtais, tuaj yeem yug hauv nws tus plig kom muaj kev nco txog kev sib koom ua ke.
Tsev neeg paub txog ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cadet
Qhov chaw thaum pib ntawm 1834 (Lermontov cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm hais tias nws yog lub caij ntuj no) lub tsev kawm ntawv txiav txim siab luam tawm phau ntawv sau tes "School Dawn". Nws tawm mus rau hnub Wednesday. Txhua lub lim tiam, txhua tus tuaj yeem sau txhua yam lawv xav tau thiab muab lawv cov ntawv sau rau hauv ib lub tub rau khoom rau ntawm ib lub rooj hauv tsev so. Hnub Wednesday yav tsaus ntuj, cov ntawv sau no tau muab khi ua ke thiab nyeem nrov nrov tam sim ntawd. Qhov nrov tshaj plaws sau ntawm "School Dawn" yog, ntawm chav kawm, Lermontov. Junker paj huam los ntawm Mikhail Yuryevich tsis tuaj yeem luam tawm hauv cov ntawv xov xwm tiag tiag, tab sis los ntawm cov nplooj ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv txhua lub lim tiam lawv tau paub zoo rau txhua tus tub ntxhais kawm uas kawm nrog Lermontov. Lwm tus tsis tu ncua rau cov ntawv xov xwm tsis muaj lwm yam tshaj li Nikolai Martynov, tus neeg raug foom phem ntawm tus kws sau paj huam.
Hauv nws "Kev lees txim", uas Martynov tau sau tom qab txhaj tshuaj tuag, nws sim piav qhiaYog vim li cas tom qab ntawd hauv Pyatigorsk nws tau twv Lermontov rau kev sib tw, vim li cas nws tsis nco. Cov kev tsis txaus siab uas nws tau nyiaj dhau los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tub rog tau tso lawv cov cim ntawm no ib yam nkaus - Martynov tsis tuaj yeem hnov qab tus kws sau paj huam qub kev thuam ntawm nws tus kheej.
Junker life uncensored
Tej zaum Martynov muaj laj thawj rau Lermontov, tab sis cov neeg uas tau hais los ntawm lub npe ntawm tus kws sau paj huam tej hauj lwm muaj ntau ntau ntawm cov laj thawj no. Lawv cov npe tau muab rau saum toj no, tab sis qee qhov tseeb los ntawm lub neej niaj hnub ntawm cov junkers, tau hais nyob rau hauv paj huam "Ode to the Outhouse", hais txog qhov kev phem ntau dua ntawm kev coj tus cwj pwm ntawm cov neeg los ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv luv luv ua hauj lwm "Rau Tiesenhausen" Lermontov sau tsis muaj teeb meem: "Tsis txhob tsav li languidly nrog koj ob lub qhov muag, puag ncig … tsis txhob twist, tsis txhob tso dag nrog voluptuousness thiab lwm yam … ", ces nyob rau hauv "Ode mus rau lub outhouse.” tus kws sau paj lug qhia ncaj qha rau cov neeg nyeem txog kev nyiam nyiam poj niam txiv neej nyiam poj niam txiv neej. Dab tsi Junker paj huam los ntawm Lermontov lossis paj huam ntawm cov xyoo no ua yam tsis muaj lwm feem ntawm kev tshwm sim tsis txaus ntseeg? Puas yog nws tsuas yog "Junker Prayers" - nws yog lawv uas tau nkag mus rau nyias sau ntawm Lermontov cov haujlwm raug lees paub los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv, sau los ntawm nws hauv ob xyoos (los ntawm 1832 txog 1834) uas tus kws sau paj lug siv hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Nws cov paj huam tsis meej pem yeej tsis tau luam tawm, vim pom tseeb.
Nyob rau lub yeeb koob strife
Yog tias kev npau taws ntawm tus kheej tau loj hlob thiab loj hlob hauv lub siab ntawm qee cov phooj ywg hauv chav kawm, ces cov dab neeg hais ncaj ncees nyob rau hauv qhov pom ntawm cov neeg uas lawv lub npe tsis cuam tshuam txog kev ua haujlwmkws sau paj lug, ua lub koob npe phem rau nws tag nrho thiab ua rau muaj kev ntxub ntxaug hauv lub siab ntawm cov neeg uas yog neeg txawv txawv kiag li rau tus kws sau paj huam. Noble txiv ntawm cov tsev neeg ceev faj saib xyuas kom nyob rau hauv cov pob thiab secular receptions tus kws sau paj lug phem yuav tsis los ze rau lawv cov ntxhais los yog lawv cov poj niam - lub yeeb koob ntawm tus kws sau paj huam hais lus phem uas tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau rau tus sau. ntawm "A Hero of Our Time". Tab sis txawm Pechorin qhov tshwm sim ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm lub peev cov ntawv xov xwm tsis tau tam sim ntawd tshem tawm qhov kev xav tsis zoo nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Russians uas Lermontov's Junker paj huam sowed nyob rau hauv lawv. Paj huam "Kev tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug" sau nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm Pushkin me ntsis hloov lub tswv yim dav dav, tab sis qhov kawg tig mus rau qhov tseeb kev lees paub ntawm Mikhail Yuryevich txoj hauj lwm tsuas yog tom qab tso tawm ntawm "Ib Hero ntawm Peb Lub Sijhawm". Ntau xyoo dhau los, ntau yam xwm txheej tshwm sim ua ntej lub ntiaj teb "tsis nco qab" Lermontov tus tub hluas tsis muaj dab tsi.
Tsis yog hais txog lub neej txhua hnub
Lermontov cov kws tshawb fawb tau hais tias zaj paj huam zoo "Hadji Abrek", nrog rau ib qho ntawm "Dab Ntxwg Nyoog", tau sau tsuas yog thaum xyoo kawm ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv cadet. Tus kws sau paj huam cov phooj ywg tau hais tias ntau zaus, tom qab teeb pom kev, Lermontov tau mus rau cov chav kawm nyob deb thiab tau sau ntawv nyob ntawd ntev ntev hauv kev ntsiag to thiab kho siab. Nws zoo nkaus li tias muaj ob qhov sib txawv Lermontovs hauv tsev kawm ntawv: thaum nruab hnub nws yog ib tug tub ntxhais kawm zoo tib yam, tsis txawv ntau ntawm lwm cov kev thab plaub thiab cov neeg tsis ntseeg (yog li nws cov paj huam tsis txaus ntseeg), thiab thaum hmo ntuj nws tig mus rau hauv nws tus kheej - nyias, yooj yim, tag nrho. ntawm romanticism thiab lub siab xav. Nws ntseeg tias Izmail Bey, pib hauvMoscow, tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv xyoo kawm ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv cadet. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev ua haujlwm tau pib ntawm qhov tshiab "Vadim", uas tsis tau ua tiav. Nws yog qhov zoo siab tias Junker paj huam thiab paj huam ntawm Lermontov faded xyoo tom qab tawm tsam cov keeb kwm ntawm tej hauj lwm mob siab rau lub Caucasus nws hlub, nyob deb wanderings thiab wandering, lwm yam respectable topics.
Txoj kev ua pauj dhau xyoo
Tsuas yog ob xyoos ntawm kev kawm ntawv tas mus li, tab sis txog thaum tus kws sau paj huam tuag, cov paj huam ncaj ncees ua raws nws lub pob taws. Raws li twb tau sau tseg lawm, Junker paj huam ntawm Lermontov qhia txog lub neej txaj muag ntawm cov neeg tiag tiag. Thiab ob tug neeg los ntawm cov neeg uas kawm nrog tus kws sau paj lug hauv tsev kawm ntawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws lub neej. Cov no yog Martynov (tsis muaj kev piav qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm no) thiab Baryatinsky (nws kev ntxub ntxaug Lermontov tsuas yog loj hlob ntau xyoo). Caucasus, tus kws sau paj huam, pab txhawb rau qhov no.
Lermontov feem ntau mus xyuas Pyatigorsk, qhov chaw uas nws pog coj nws thaum nws tseem yog menyuam yaus. Nws zoo li cas rau Baryatinsky, uas ob peb xyoos tom qab kawm tiav los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv los ua ib tug thawj coj ntawm lub teb chaws, tus tswv xeev ntawm lub Caucasus thiab nyob ze rau tus huab tais nws tus kheej, kom nkag siab tias qab nws nraub qaum nws subordinates tau ntxhi txog nws tus cwj pwm phem, mus ib txhis hais nyob rau hauv lub npe hu ua "Hospital"? Thiab tom qab ntawd muaj Lermontov los ntawm qee lub sijhawm looming ua ntej kuv ob lub qhov muag. Ntawm chav kawm, Baryatinsky, los ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm nws lub hwj chim, ua phem rau tus kws sau paj lug nce qib raws li nws ua tau. Xws li yog qhov ua rau tuag taus ntawm Junker pranks.
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm peb lub xyoos dhau los
Nkauj paj huam thaum ntxovLermontov, sau nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm kev xav creativity, txawv nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si style thiab loj. Lawv amaze nrog ib tug yuav luag tag tsis muaj daim ntawv thiab ib tug abundance ntawm pompous epithets. Qee lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib co paj huam ib tug yuav pom glimpses ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntse, tab sis cov neeg sau ntawv critics ntseeg hais tias tag nrho cov zoo tshaj plaws uas tau tsim los ntawm Lermontov tau sau los ntawm nws los ntawm 1838 txog 1841 - qhov kawg hauv nws lub neej. Tus "Angel" tsim nyob rau hauv 1831 thiab "Kev tuag ntawm ib tug kws sau paj lug" tsim nyob rau hauv 1837 sawv sib nrug me ntsis.
Nyob rau hauv peb lub xyoos dhau los, "Mtsyri" tshwm sim, qhov kawg (yim) tsab ntawm "Dab", "Ib tug Hero ntawm Peb Lub Sijhawm". Lermontov cov txuj ci tau tsim sai heev. Nws yuav sau ntau npaum li cas yav tom ntej yog tias tsis tua ib tug phooj ywg hauv tsev kawm ntawv tub rog?
Pom zoo:
Arab kws sau paj huam txij hnub nyoog nruab nrab mus rau tam sim no. Cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, kev zoo nkauj thiab kev txawj ntse, hu nkauj nyob rau hauv nqe lus ntawm cov kws sau paj huam
Arabic paj huam muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj. Paj huam tsis yog ib daim duab kos duab rau cov neeg Arab thaum ub, tab sis kuj yog ib txoj hauv kev los qhia cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb. Niaj hnub no, tsuas yog qee tus kws sau paj huam Arab, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm rubai quatrains, tej zaum yuav paub rau ntau tus, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv Arabic thiab paj huam muaj keeb kwm nplua nuj thiab ntau haiv neeg
"Tus kws sau paj huam tuag" Lermontov nqe lus "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag". Lermontov muab rau leej twg "Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau paj huam"?
Thaum xyoo 1837, tau kawm txog kev tuag ntawm kev tuag, lub qhov txhab tuag, thiab tom qab ntawd kev tuag ntawm Pushkin, Lermontov tau sau cov kev quaj ntsuag "Tus kws sau paj huam tuag …", nws nws tus kheej twb muaj npe nrov hauv kev sau ntawv. Muaj tswv yim biography Mikhail Yurievich pib thaum ntxov, nws cov paj huam romantic hnub rov qab mus rau 1828-1829
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus kws sau paj huam thiab paj huam hauv cov lus ntawm Lermontov (luv luv)
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus kws sau paj huam thiab paj huam hauv Lermontov cov lus yog ib qho ntawm cov thawj coj. Nws yog feem ntau nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv lub lig tej hauj lwm ntawm tus kws sau paj lug
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus kws sau paj huam thiab paj huam hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lermontov. Lermontov cov paj huam hais txog paj huam
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus kws sau paj huam thiab paj huam hauv Lermontov txoj haujlwm yog ib qho ntawm lub hauv paus. Mikhail Yuryevich mob siab rau ntau yam haujlwm rau nws. Tab sis peb yuav tsum pib nrog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb hauv lub ntiaj teb tus kws sau paj huam - kev kho siab. Nws muaj tus cwj pwm universal. Ntawm qhov tod tes, qhov no yog tus xaiv ntawm Lermontov tus hero, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, nws foom phem. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus kws sau paj huam thiab paj huam qhia txog kev sib tham ntawm tus tsim thiab nws cov neeg nyeem
Tshaj tawm zaj paj huam "Tus kws sau paj huam thiab neeg pej xeem". Analysis ntawm Nekrasov paj huam "Tus kws sau paj lug thiab cov pej xeem"
Kev tsom xam ntawm zaj paj huam "Tus kws sau paj huam thiab neeg pej xeem", zoo li lwm yam hauj lwm ntawm kev kos duab, yuav tsum pib nrog kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm nws cov creation, nrog rau cov teeb meem kev nom kev tswv uas tab tom loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, thiab cov ntaub ntawv biographical ntawm tus sau, yog tias lawv yog ob qho tib si muaj feem xyuam rau txoj haujlwm