Gustav Meyrink: biography, creativity, zaj duab xis adaptations ntawm tej hauj lwm

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ib tus kws sau ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws thaum tig ntawm XIX-XX centuries - Gustav Meyrink. Expressionist thiab tus neeg txhais lus, uas tau txais kev lees paub thoob ntiaj teb ua tsaug rau qhov tshiab "The Golem". Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau hu nws yog ib qho ntawm thawj tus muag khoom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Tus kws sau ntawv zoo yav tom ntej tau yug hauv Vienna xyoo 1868. Nws txiv, Minister Carl von Hemmingen, tsis tau sib yuav rau actress Maria Meyer, yog li Gustav yug tsis raug cai. Los ntawm txoj kev, Meyer yog nws lub npe tiag, nws tau muab lub npe Meyrink tom qab.

Cov neeg sau keeb kwm sau tseg ib qho nthuav dav: tus kws sau ntawv qhia tau yug thaum Lub Ib Hlis 19 nyob rau tib hnub raws li tus kws sau keeb kwm Asmeskas nto moo, Asmeskas Edgar Allan Poe. Lawv tau ua lub luag haujlwm zoo sib xws hauv lawv lub tebchaws cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm.

Gustav Meyrink siv nws thaum yau nrog nws niam. Ua ib tug actress, nws feem ntau mus ncig xyuas, yog li nws thaum yau tau siv sijhawm mus ncig tas li. Kuv yuav tsum tau kawm ntau lub nroog - Hamburg, Munich, Prague. Meyrink cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg tias kev sib raug zoo nrog leej niam yog txias. Yog li ntawd, raws li ntau tus neeg sau ntawv thuam, dab ntxwg nyoog poj niam cov duab tau nrov heev hauv nws txoj haujlwm.

Prague lub sijhawm

Xyoo 1883 Meyrink tuaj rau Prague. Ntawm no nws kawm tiav los ntawm Trade Academy thiab tau txais txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug banker. Hauv lub nroog no, Gustav Meyrink tau siv sijhawm ob xyoo lawm, rov piav qhia nws hauv nws cov haujlwm. Prague tsis yog tsuas yog keeb kwm yav dhau los rau nws xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib lub cim tseem ceeb hauv ntau cov dab neeg, piv txwv li, Lub Golem, Walpurgis Hmo Ntuj, West Window Angel.

Ntawm no, ib qho ntawm cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv tus kws sau ntawv lub neej tau tshwm sim, cov kws sau keeb kwm sau tseg. Cov ntsiab lus hais txog nws tuaj yeem pom hauv zaj dab neeg "Tus Pilot", luam tawm tom qab nws tuag. Xyoo 1892, Meyrink sim tua tus kheej, muaj kev kub ntxhov ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Nws nce mus rau ntawm lub rooj, nqa rab yaj phom thiab tab tom yuav tua, thaum ib tug neeg plam phau ntawv me me hauv qab lub qhov rooj - "Lub neej tom qab kev tuag." Lub sijhawm ntawd, nws tsis kam sim nrog nws lub neej. Feem ntau, mystical coincidences ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv nws lub neej thiab hauv nws txoj haujlwm.

Meyrink tau xav txog kev kawm Theosophy, Kabbalistics, mystical kev qhia ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj, thiab xyaum yoga. Cov tom kawg tau pab nws daws tsis tau tsuas yog ntawm sab ntsuj plig xwb, tab sis kuj nrog cov teeb meem ntawm lub cev. Tus kws sau ntawv raug mob nraub qaum tas nws lub neej.

Banking

Nyob rau xyoo 1889, Gustav Meyrink tau txais nyiaj txiag ncaj ncees. Ua ke nrog nws tus khub Christian Morgenstern, nws tau tsim lub txhab nyiaj Mayer thiab Morgenstern. Thaum xub thawj, tej yam tau nce toj, tab sis tus kws sau ntawv tsis ua haujlwm hnyav hauv tuam txhab nyiaj, them nyiaj ntau rau lub neej ntawm kev sib raug zoo dandy.

Keeb kwm ntawm tus kws sau ntawv tau hais ntau zaus, vim li no, nws txawm tawm tsam nrog ib tus tub ceev xwm. Xyoo 1892, nws tau sib yuav, yuav luag tam sim ntawd tsis txaus siab nrog kev sib yuav, tab sis sib nrauj tsuas yog xyoo 1905 vim muaj kev cai lij choj qeeb thiab kev pheej hmoo ntawm nws tus poj niam.

Qhov tseeb tias kev lag luam hauv tuam txhab lag luam tab tom txhim kho tsis zoo, nws tau tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1902, thaum Meyrink raug foob vim kev siv sab ntsuj plig thiab kev ua khawv koob hauv kev lag luam nyiaj txiag. Nws tau siv sijhawm li 3 lub hlis hauv tsev lojcuj. Cov lus iab liam no tau lees paub tias yog kev hais lus phem, tab sis qhov xwm txheej no tseem muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo rau nws txoj haujlwm nyiaj txiag.

Thaum pib ntawm txoj kev sau ntawv

Meyrink pib nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim hauv xyoo 1903 nrog cov dab neeg luv luv. Lawv twb tau qhia txog kev txaus siab hauv mysticism. Lub sijhawm no, Gustav nquag koom tes nrog Prague neo-romantics. Thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav, nws thawj phau ntawv, Tub Rog Kub thiab Lwm Cov Dab Neeg, tau luam tawm, thiab tom qab me ntsis, ib phau ntawm cov dab neeg luv luv, Orchid. Cov dab neeg txawv txawv.

Xyoo 1905 nws tau sib yuav zaum ob - nrog Philomina Bernt. Lawv mus ncig, pib tshaj tawm cov ntawv xov xwm satirical. Xyoo 1908, qhov thib peb sau cov dab neeg luv luv, Wax Figures, tau luam tawm. Nws tsis tuaj yeem pub tsev neeg nrog kev sau ntawv, yog li Meyrink pib txhais lus. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv nws tswj los txhais 5 phau ntawv ntawm Charles Dickens. Meyrink tau koom nrog kev txhais lus mus txog thaum kawg ntawm nws lub neej, suav nrog kev saib xyuas zoo rau kev ua phem.ntawv.

Roman "Lub Golem"

Nyob rau xyoo 1915, tus sau phau ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws, Lub Golem, tau luam tawm. Meyrink tam sim ntawd tau txais koob meej nyob sab Europe. Txoj hauj lwm no yog ua raws li cov lus dab neeg ntawm ib tug neeg Yudais rabbi uas tsim ib tug av nplaum dab thiab coj nws mus rau txoj sia nrog kev pab los ntawm Kabbalistic ntawv.

Kev nqis tes ua tshwm sim hauv Prague. Tus neeg piav qhia, uas nws lub npe tseem tsis paub, qee zaum pom lub kaus mom ntawm Athanasius Pernath. Tom qab ntawd, tus hero pib muaj kev npau suav coj txawv txawv, zoo li nws yog tib yam Pernath. Nws tab tom nrhiav nrhiav tus tswv ntawm lub headgear. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws kawm paub tias qhov no yog lub pob zeb txiav thiab kho dua tshiab uas tau nyob ntau xyoo dhau los hauv Prague, hauv cov neeg Yudais ghetto.

Cov ntawv tshiab yog qhov ua tau zoo thoob ntiaj teb, tawm hauv cov ntaub ntawv sau txog 100,000 daim ntawv thaum lub sijhawm. Lub koob npe nrov ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam txawm tias Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb tau tawg rau lub sijhawm ntawd, thiab qhov tseeb tias cov haujlwm uas tsis qhuas txog riam phom tsis ua tiav hauv Austria-Hungary lub sijhawm ntawd.

Los ntawm German mus rau Lavxias "Golem" tau txhais los ntawm tus kws txhais lus Soviet nto moo David Vygodsky hauv 20-30s.

Thawj qhov kev vam meej tau muab Meyrink nrog qhov muaj koob meej ntawm cov ntawv tshiab tom ntej, tab sis lawv tsis tau tso tawm rau hauv qhov kev nthuav dav loj. "Lub ntsej muag ntsuab" tau tso tawm hauv 40 txhiab luam.

Success in movies

Tom qab tso tawm qhov tshiab "The Golem", kev hloov pauv ntawm Meyrink cov phau ntawv tau nrov. Thawj qhov hloov lub ntsiab lus no mus rau qhov screen loj yog tus thawj coj ua yeeb yaj kiab German PaulWegener nyob rau hauv 1915. Nws yog tsim nyog sau cia tias tsuas yog cov lus dab neeg qub txuas nrog lawv nrog Meyrink qhov tshiab. Txawm hais tias nws yog qhov ua tau tias nws yog phau ntawv no uas tau tshoov siab rau tus kws yees duab. Lub luag haujlwm ntawm Golem tau ua si los ntawm Wegener nws tus kheej. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, nws tsim tag nrho trilogy txog tus txiv neej av nplaum. Nyob rau hauv 1917, lub painting "Lub Golem thiab tus Dancer", thiab nyob rau hauv 1920 "Lub Golem: Yuav ua li cas nws los rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no". Hmoov tsis zoo, thawj zaj duab xis tseem suav tias yog ploj lawm. Tsuas yog li 4 feeb ntawm ib teev ntawm lub sijhawm tshuaj ntsuam muaj sia nyob. Tab sis ua tsaug rau Wegener, Golem tau dhau los ua lub cim cinematic uas tau lees paub.

Kev hloov pauv ntawm Meyrink phau ntawv tsis tso tseg. Xyoo 1936, zaj duab xis "Golem" tau tso tawm hauv Czechoslovakia. Meyrink qhuas tus thawj coj Julien Duvivier. Xyoo 1967, cov ntawv tshiab tau ua yeeb yaj kiab yuav luag los ntawm Fab Kis tus thawj coj Jean Kershborn. Xyoo 1979, Polish xinesmas Piotr Shulkin tig mus rau tib lub ntsiab lus.

"Lub ntsej muag ntsuab" thiab "Walpurgis Hmo"

Nyob rau ntawm qhov kev vam meej, ntau yam haujlwm ntxiv los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv xws li Gustav Meyrink tab tom tawm: "Lub ntsej muag ntsuab" thiab "Walpurgis Hmo". Hauv qhov thib peb tshiab ntawm Austrian impressionist, qhov kev txiav txim rov tshwm sim hauv Prague, thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib. "Walpurgis Hmo" yog sau rau hauv daim ntawv grotesque, nws dua muaj ntau mysticism, esotericism. Tus sau yog ironic txog Austrian burgers thiab cov tub ceev xwm.

Hauv nruab nrab ntawm zaj dab neeg yog ob khub ntawm cov cim. Tus kws kho mob imperial nrog nws tus poj niam, tus niam ntiav uas tau poob rau hauv kev txom nyem, thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas hu nkauj Ottakar,hlub nrog tus ntxhais xeeb ntxwv ntawm Countess Zahradka, uas nws tus tub tsis raug cai nws tus kheej yog.

Qhov kev nqis tes ua tseem ceeb yuav tshwm sim rau Walpurgis Hmo ntuj, thaum, raws li cov lus dab neeg, cov kev cai ib txwm tsis ua haujlwm, lub qhov rooj ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb thiab lwm lub ntiaj teb qhib me ntsis. Nrog kev pab los ntawm qhov piv txwv no, Gustav Meyrink, uas nws phau ntawv keeb kwm muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1, sim piav qhia txhua qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev hloov pauv yav tom ntej.

Qhov kawg yog qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua ntshav, zoo li yog nqis los ntawm cov ntaub npog ntawm Hussite tsov rog. Tom qab ntawd, cov kws tshawb fawb tau suav tias "Walpurgis Hmo" yog ib hom kev ceeb toom. Qhov tseeb yog tias ib xyoos tom qab ntawd, kev tawm tsam haiv neeg tau tshwm sim hauv Prague, uas tau raug txwv los ntawm cov tub rog imperial.

Hauv Russia, "Walpurgis Hmo" tau nrov rov qab rau xyoo 20s. Ntau tus kws sau ntawv txawm ntseeg tias Archibald Archibaldovich los ntawm Bulgakov tus tshiab "Tus Xib Hwb thiab Margarita", tus thawj coj ntawm Griboedov lub tsev noj mov, raug sau tawm ntawm Mr. Bzdinke, tus tswv ntawm "Green Frog" tavern ze Meyrink.

Meyrink's novels

Xyoo 1921, Meyrink tau tshaj tawm cov ntawv tshiab Tus Dawb Dominican, uas tsis tau txais kev vam meej nrog cov pej xeem, thiab xyoo 1927 nws tau tso nws txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb kawg, Tus Angel ntawm Sab Hnub Poob Window. Thaum xub thawj, cov neeg thuam tau hnov mob rau nws, kev txhais lus rau Lavxias tsuas yog tshwm sim hauv xyoo 1992 ua tsaug rau Vladimir Kryukov.

Qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov tshiab nthuav tawm ib txhij hauv ob peb txheej semantic. Ua ntej peb yog Vienna xyoo 1920s. Lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm zaj dab neeg yog ib tug neeg ua raws thiab cov xeeb ntxwv ntawm John Dee, uas muaj tiag tiagWelsh tus kws tshawb fawb thiab alchemist ntawm xyoo pua 16th. Cov ntawv sau ntawm ib tug yawm txiv poob rau hauv nws txhais tes. Lawv kev nyeem ntawv yog cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv tus neeg ua yeeb yam tus kheej lub neej. Tag nrho cov no yog lub cim thiab sib cuam tshuam nrog cov ntawv keeb kwm ntawm John Dee nws tus kheej.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Lavxias yog xav hauv qhov tshiab no. Qee cov cim rov qab mus rau Dostoevsky thiab Andrei Bely.

Cov cim ntawm Meyrink style

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Meyrink's style tuaj yeem pom meej hauv nws qhov tshiab tshiab. Hauv nws qhov chaw yog lub cim alchemical ntawm kev sib yuav dawb huv. Muaj ob qhov pib - txiv neej thiab poj niam, uas nrhiav kev sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib qho tag nrho hauv lub cim tseem ceeb. Tag nrho cov no yog reminiscent ntawm Carl Jung cov lus qhia ntawm psychoanalytic txhais ntawm lub cim ntawm alchemists. Txoj haujlwm muaj ntau cov lus qhia txog kev ua yeeb yam, kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev qhia tantric.

Kev tuag ntawm tus kws sau ntawv

Gustav Meyrink, uas nws cov ntawv tseem nrov, tau tas sim neej thaum muaj hnub nyoog 64. Nws txoj kev tuag muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws tus tub Fortunatus. Thaum lub caij ntuj no xyoo 1932, ib tug tub hluas hnub nyoog 24 xyoos raug mob hnyav thaum caij ski thiab raug kaw rau lub rooj zaum muaj log rau lub neej. Tus tub hluas tiv tsis tau nws thiab tua tus kheej. Tib lub hnub nyoog uas nws txiv sim ua, tab sis Meyrink Sr. tau txais kev cawmdim los ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia tsis meej.

Tus kws sau ntawv tau ua tiav nws tus tub txog li 6 lub hlis. Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 4, 1932, nws tuag tam sim ntawd. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv me me Bavarian lub zos ntawm Starnberg. Lawv muab nws faus rau ntawm nws tus tub. Ntawm qhov ntxa ntawm Meyrink muaj ib lub qhov ntxa dawb nrog cov ntawv sau hauv Latin vivo, uas txhais tau tias"nyob"

Meyrink raug txwv nyob rau hauv Russia ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub sijhawm Soviet. Tom qab lub cev qhuav dej ntawm USSR, feem ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau muab txhais ua Lavxias teb sab thiab luam tawm.