Architect Bazhenov: nthuav qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej. Architecture ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th

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Architect Bazhenov: nthuav qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej. Architecture ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th
Architect Bazhenov: nthuav qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej. Architecture ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th

Video: Architect Bazhenov: nthuav qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej. Architecture ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th

Video: Architect Bazhenov: nthuav qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej. Architecture ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th
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Ib zaj dab neeg hais txog kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub nroog Moscow yuav ua tsis tiav yam tsis tau hais txog lub npe ntawm tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj Lavxias teb sab Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov.

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Zoo gothic - qhov no yog cov qauv ntawm feem ntau ntawm Bazhenov txoj sia nyob tsim. Tsaritsyno complex tau tsim nyob rau hauv no yam. Feem ntau ntawm cov tsev thiab cov tsev raug kev txom nyem los ntawm ib ntus, txawm li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm kho dua tshiab tau ua thaum lub xyoo dhau los ntawm Soviet lub zog thiab tom qab-Soviet era tau pab kho lawv feem ntau.

Qhov chaw thiab hnub yug ntawm Vasily Bazhenov tsis paub. Nws yug los Lub Peb Hlis 1, 1737 lossis 1738, tuag Lub Yim Hli 2, 1799. Tus kws kes duab vajtse zoo tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Russia yog los ntawm tsev neeg ntawm pawg ntseeg me me. Raws li qee qhov chaw, nws tau yug los hauv Moscow, raws li lwm tus - hauv Maloyaroslavets, thiab tsiv mus rau Moscow thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb hlis. Nyob rau hauv 1753, Vasily tau los ua ib tug neeg ua haujlwm rau Dmitry Ukhtomsky. Nws tau txais nws thawj zaj lus qhia hauv architecture thiab kev tsim kho los ntawm nws. Lub neej yav tom ntej tus kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov tsis ua tiav kev kawm tag nrho, vim qhov teeb meem nyiaj txiag nyuaj ntawm tsev neeg yuam nws tawm ntawm nws txoj kev kawm thiab mus ua haujlwm. Nyob rau hauv 1755 nws pib kawm nyob rau hauv Moscow University. Thawj biography ntawm Bazhenov,Kiev Metropolitan Yevgeny Bolkhovitinov, tau sau tias Vasily kuj tau kawm ntawm Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. Qhov tseeb no tau lees paub los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tom ntej. Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv txoj kev no tus txiv plig tau sim tsa lub koob meej ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv subordinate rau nws.

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Qhia txuj ci

Xyoo 1758, Vasily Bazhenov, ntawm 16 tus tub ntxhais kawm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev pom zoo ntawm Ivan Shuvalov, raug xa mus rau St. Petersburg mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab uas tsim tshiab. Cov tub ntxhais kawm txawj ntse Vasily Bazhenov dhau nws qhov kev xeem thawj zaug zoo heev thiab ua thawj qhov chaw hauv kev ntsuas kev kawm. Tus thawj kws kes duab vajtse ntawm Lavxias teb sab Admir alty, Chevakinsky, tau los ua tus cob qhia tus kheej ntawm ib tug tub hluas uas tau cog lus tseg, muaj peev xwm thiab txawj ntse.

Peb xyoos tom qab, Vasily Bazhenov thiab Anton Losenko tau los ua thawj cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Academy of Arts tau txais nyiaj pab kawm.

Kev cob qhia ntxiv hauv cov khoom siv tes ua tau tshwm sim hauv Paris hauv kev cob qhia ntawm Charles de Vailly. Tom qab ntawd, tus kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov tau los ua tus tshaj tawm ntawm Fabkis neoclassicism nyob rau hauv Russia thiab, ua raws li cov tswv yim ntawm De Vailly, tsim lub stylistic canon ntawm neoclassical Moscow.

Nws rov qab mus rau Russia thaum lub Tsib Hlis 1765 nrog kev tshuaj xyuas zoo ntawm nws qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo thiab kev coj ncaj ncees. Txawm li cas los xij, kev coj noj coj ua tshiab ntawm Academy tau ua rau nws txoj haujlwm nruj thiab tau thov ib daim ntawv tshiab ntawm thesis. Tus kws kos duab hluas Lavxias tau pom los ntawm Catherine II thiab nws tus tub Pavel. Tus txais los ntawm lub zwm txwv tau txib Bazhenov los tsim thiab tsim lub tsev loj ntawm Kamenny Island, thiab xyoo 1766 Grigory. Orlov tau tso siab rau nws nrog kev tsim kho ntawm Arsenal. Ntawm no, cov dej num ntawm Vasily Ivanovich nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg xaus. Architect Bazhenov tsiv mus rau Moscow, qhov chaw uas nws nyob thiab ua hauj lwm mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm nws lub neej.

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Kremlin Palace

Ekaterina tau npaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev kho dua tshiab cov vaj tsev uas ploj lawm ntawm Moscow Kremlin. Bazhenov mob siab ua haujlwm. Twb tau nyob rau hauv 1767, nws xa mus rau lub siab tshaj plaws kev txiav txim siab ib tug zoo heev project ntawm lub Grand Kremlin Palace. Orlov tsis ntseeg qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim lub tsev loj, tab sis tus kws kes duab vajtse, hauv nws lub zeem muag ntawm Imperial Residence, tseem nyob ruaj khov thiab thaum kawg ntawm lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1768 ua tiav qhov project. Raws li nws txoj kev npaj, qhov loj tshaj plaws palace complex nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe, tua nyob rau hauv lub neoclassical style, yuav tsum tig tawm. Nws yuav tsum tau hloov lub qub Kremlin tag nrho. Nws tau npaj kom tsis txhob hloov pauv tsuas yog lub tsev teev ntuj, uas tau dhau los ua qhov tsis pom ntawm sab ntawm tus dej, vim tias lawv tau pom los ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub palace yav tom ntej. Raws li txoj kev npaj, tag nrho sab qab teb, uas yog, rau-pua pua-meter phab ntsa los ntawm Konstantinovskaya Ntauwd nyob rau sab hnub tuaj mus rau Borovitskaya nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab txuas ntxiv raws phab ntsa sab hnub poob ntawm Arsenal mus rau sab qaum teb, yuav tsum tau nyob. ib tug tshiab plaub-zaj dab neeg palace. Bazhenov npaj yuav muab tso rau ntawm txoj kab nqes hav ntawm lub toj siab thiab lub Kremlin phab ntsa, uas yuav tsum tau demolished. Tus kws kes duab vajtse tau npaj rau kev tso pob zeb pob zeb kom tiv thaiv lub tsev los ntawm zawv zawg mus rau hauv tus dej. Nws tau npaj los ntxiv dag zog rau ntug dej hiav txwv nrog ib qho embankment thiab tarred cav.

Raws li qhov project, keeb kwm cathedral square tau khaws cia, thiab ib qho tshiab yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Kremlin. Nws yuav tsum tau tso lub hauv paus rau txoj kev tshiab radial, mus ntawm qhov chaw mus rau sab qaum teb, sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj. Los ntawm lub palace muaj kev tawm mus rau Tverskaya Street. Kev siv ntawm qhov project yuav tsum yog qhov pib ntawm kev hloov kho tshiab ntawm tag nrho Moscow. Xyoo 1775, los ntawm kev sib koom tes hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Pyotr Kozhin thiab Nikolai Legrand, txoj kev npaj tau raug pom zoo.

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Tsaritsyno

Lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1775, Bazhenov tau tsim thawj cov qauv ntawm Tsaritsyno, uas tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob rau hnub no. Bazhenov cov tsev yog ib qho kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov tsev nyob hauv Lavxias teb sab neoclassical style. Tom qab ua tiav thiab koom tes nrog Empress, txoj kev npaj no tau pom zoo. Cov khoom tseem ceeb yog ua lub palace, muaj ob lub tsev txuas nrog lub tsev cog khoom. Ib lub tis yog npaj rau Catherine, thiab thib ob - rau nws tus tub thiab txais Pavel. Cov tsoos Lavxias teb sab xim pobzeb nrog ornaments tau npaj ua kho kom zoo nkauj. Catherine tsis pom zoo thiab hais rau qhov kev xaiv yooj yim - liab cib phab ntsa nrog dawb dai kom zoo nkauj thiab daj glazed vuas ntawm lub ru tsev.

Bazhenov pib kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev los ntawm kab hauv ntej ntawm cov tsev me me, rooj vag thiab txuas hniav, dai kom zoo nkauj zoo nkauj, uas tau ploj tom qab. Nyob rau hauv 1776, qhov zoo nkauj Figured Choj hla tus kwj dej thaum kawg ua tiav. Kev ua haujlwm nyuaj vim tsis muaj cov kws ua haujlwm tsim nyog thiab cuam tshuam txog nyiaj txiag.

Xyoo 1777, Bazhenov rhuav tshem lub tsev qub ntoo ntawm cov qub tswv ntawm cov vaj tse thiab pib tsim lub tsev loj. Nws raug tsa losrau yim xyoo. Rau ob lub tsev loj, lwm qhov tau ntxiv - lub hauv paus, rau cov menyuam yaus ntawm Pavel. Tus tswv xeev Jacob Bruce, uas tau tshuaj xyuas Tsaritsyno hauv xyoo 1784, tau xav tsis thoob los ntawm qhov tsis muaj lub tsev tseem ceeb. Tab sis txawm li cas los xij nws tau xa Catherine ib daim ntawv qhia zoo siab.

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Kev txiav txim siab ua haujlwm ntawm Tsaritsyn project

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1785, Catherine poob nthav tau mus xyuas Tsaritsyno thiab tsis txaus siab rau kev ua haujlwm qeeb. Tus Empress ntsuas lub palace tsis tsim nyog rau kev nyob: chav tsaus nti, qab nthab qis, nqaim ntaiv. Xyoo no, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Catherine thiab Paul deteriorated irreversibly. Tus Empress tau hais txog cov teeb meem ntawm kev ua tiav rau lub zwm txwv. Thiab ob lub palaces tau dhau los ua qhov tshwm sim tsis raug cai. Catherine tau hais kom rhuav tshem cov tsev thiab kev tsim kho lub tsev loj tshiab. Bazhenov thiab Kazakov raug yuam kom tsim cov haujlwm tshiab. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov nthuav tawm nws qhov project thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1785, tab sis nws tsis lees paub, thiab Vasily Ivanovich raug rho tawm haujlwm. Ekaterina xaiv Kazakov qhov project. Lub Bazhenov Palace tau rhuav tshem thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1786. Muaj kev xav tias Catherine tsis lees txais Bazhenov qhov project vim yog Masonic cim thiab Gothic style. Qhov no tsis tuaj yeem muaj tseeb, txij li Kazakov khaws cia thiab rov hais dua Gothic thiab Masonic cov cim hauv nws cov haujlwm.

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Kitchen building

Nyob rau hauv Tsaritsyno, lwm lub tsev ntawm Bazhenov tau khaws cia - lub tsev ua noj, lossis Lub Tsev Noj Mov. Lub tsev square nrog lub kaum sab xis yog thawj zaug npaj rau chav ua noj, chav khaws khoom thiab cov tub qhe lub quarters. Nkag mus rau nwsua los ntawm sab hauv - kom cov tub qhe thiab ntau yam kev txav hauv tsev tsis tuaj yeem ntes lub qhov muag ntawm cov qhua thiab cov tswv cuab. Nyob rau hauv qab daus ntawm pob zeb dawb, glaciers tau nteg tawm uas zoo kawg nkaus tuav qhov kub. Tag nrho cov façade yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog ntau yam cim: loaves ntawm qhob cij nrog ntsev shakers, garlands ntawm iav, Masonic kav, thiab lwm yam. Tam sim no, lub tsev mov ci yog siv rau concerts thiab lwm yam kev cai txheej xwm. Qee lub sij hawm noj mov muaj nyob ntawd.

Middle Palace

Lub Tsev Opera, lossis Middle Palace ntawm Catherine, nrog ob lub taub hau dav dawb hau ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntsej muag, yog thawj zaug yuav tsum tau siv rau kev txais tos me me, nrog rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev ua yeeb yam thaum lub caij ntuj sov. Rau lub sij hawm ntev heev lub palace tsis tau siv nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev. Txhua yam uas tshuav ntawm nws yog cov phab ntsa. Xyoo 1988, yim xyoo ntawm kev kho dua tshiab tau pib. Cov acoustics zoo heev ntawm lub tsev ua rau nws haum rau concerts. Art exhibitions kuj muaj nyob rau ntawd.

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Pashkov Tsev

Vasily Bazhenov yog tus kws tsim qauv tsim ib lub ntiaj teb nto moo cim ntawm Moscow. Qhov no yog lub tsev Pashkov ua nyob rau hauv 1785-1786. Lub tsev paub tau feem ntau pom muaj nyob rau hauv paintings, prints, postcards, postage stamps, thawv ntawm chocolates, thiab lwm yam. Tom qab raug tshem tawm ntawm txoj haujlwm Tsaritsyno, Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov pib coj tus kheej xaj los ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj Muscovites. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau ntawm Vagankovsky Hill, nws ua ib tug zoo kawg nkaus palace ntawm dawb pob zeb rau tus thawj coj-lieutenant ntawm lub Semyonovsky regiment thiab nws tus poj niam. Lub façade ntawm lub tsev zoo li nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Starovagankovsky Lane, thiab mus rau lub Kremlinnws sab nraub qaum tig. Nws yog assumed tias nyob rau hauv no txoj kev tus kws kes duab vajtse ua qauv qhia rau tus Empress nws resentment rau Tsaritsyno.

Tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus tswv tsis muaj menyuam Pashkov, lub tsev tau txais qub txeeg qub teg los ntawm ib tug txheeb ze nyob deb, uas muaj kev zoo siab tau yuav ib tug nkauj nyab nplua nuj, tus ntxhais ntawm cov miner kub, muaj peev xwm ua kom lub tsev kom zoo. Tom qab ntawd, Pashkovs muag lub tsev rau lub txhab nyiaj.

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Kev txhawb siab ntawm Lavxias style hauv architecture

Ib tug raws ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv neoclassical Lavxias teb sab architectural tsev kawm ntawv, graphic artist, architectural theorist thiab xib fwb Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov thiab nws cov npoj yaig thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm Matvey Kazakov thiab Ivan Starov tsim lub teb chaws Lavxias teb sab architectural lus, cuam tshuam los ntawm Peter I. Thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, Lavxias teb sab kev npaj hauv nroog teeb tsa lub suab nrov txawv teb chaws architects - Quarenghi, Rinaldi, Cameron thiab lwm tus.

Txoj hmoo tu siab ntawm tus kws txawj ntse

Qhov tshwm sim thaum ntxov ntawm tus kws kos duab lub peev xwm coj Bazhenov mus rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov nplua nuj, muaj hwj chim loj thiab cov neeg ua nom ua tswv. Inexperience nyob rau hauv kev lag luam thiab diplomacy ua rau muaj xwm txheej nyob rau hauv tus kheej thiab kev spheres ntawm Vasily Ivanovich lub neej. Ob ntawm nws cov haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tsev tau raug tso tseg vim kev nom kev tswv lossis nyiaj txiag. Nws ua tsis tiav nws txoj haujlwm rau kev tsim kho ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace. Lub Imperial Palace nyob rau hauv Tsaritsyno, uas yog los ua lub hauv paus ntawm tag nrho cov Tsaritsyno complex, raug rhuav tshem los ntawm Catherine II. Lwm qhov project, lub tsev ntawm Moscow State University, ua ib tug pretext rau ib tug ntse tsis sib haum xeeb nrog tus qub benefactor ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse, Prokofy Demidov, thiab coj Bazhenov kom tiav.kev lag luam. Ua ntej nws tuag, Vasily Ivanovich tau txhawj xeeb tshaj plaws txog txoj hmoo ntawm nws cov menyuam, vim nws ntshai tias lawv yuav tsis raug rub mus rau hauv kev tsim kho, uas nws suav tias yog kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev ntxeev siab.

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Bazhenov's legacy

Bazhenov cov keeb kwm tseem tsis tau nkag siab. Muaj kev tsis ntseeg txog kev sau ntawv ntawm qee yam khoom siv los ntawm nws. Nyob rau hauv particular, seb tus kws kes duab vajtse Bazhenov ua lub Pashkov lub tsev? Muaj kev xav tias qhov no yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm, uas nws tau kawm ntau xyoo ntawm kev qhia hauv Academy of Arts. Tom qab kev tuag ntawm Catherine, Paul kuv tau tsa Vasily Ivanovich vice-president ntawm lub Academy. Ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau koom nrog kev kawm txog nws cov cuab yeej cuab tam, tshwj xeeb, Igor Grabar, Shvidkovsky D. O. Ua tsaug rau lawv, ntau, txawm tias tsis yog tag nrho, tau dhau los ua kom pom tseeb. Nyob rau hauv Cov Lus Cim ntawm Sights ntawm Moscow, Karamzin piv Bazhenov cov haujlwm nrog Plato's Republic thiab Thomas More's utopia. Tej zaum yog vim li cas lawv thiaj tsis raug siv.

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