Kraplak liab: piav qhia, daim ntawv thov thiab duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kraplak - los ntawm German krapplack (kraplak, kraplak varnish) - cov xim yog xim liab, tab sis tsaus dua li carmine. Zoo li cov xim uas tau hais los saum toj no, nrog rau cov cormorant thiab ntshav, nws yog xim liab organic thiab tau siv txij li thaum ub Egypt.

Xim liab tsaus (thiab qee zaum lub teeb) kraplak hu ua kumach hauv Russia. Qhov no yog xim ntawm cov ntshav, xim ntawm tus chij ntawm thawj lub teb chaws ntawm lub Soviets - lub USSR.

Kom txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, kraplak tsuas yog tsim los ntawm cov hauv paus hniav ntawm cov nroj tsuag ntawm tsev neeg madder (madder dyed, R. tinctorum thiab lwm hom), ua tiav los ntawm ntau txoj kev thiab dav siv kom tau txais cov xim pleev xim, pigments rau fabrics, ntaub pua plag, thiab lwm yam. pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv tshuaj. Nyob ntawm txoj kev ntawm kev ua cov khoom siv cog, cov xim tau txais nyob rau hauv ci ntxoov liab, kaj liab, thiab tsis tshua siv: txiv kab ntxwv, canary daj thiab lwm yam xim.

Craps los ntawm cov khoom siv raw khoom tau hloov los ntawm cov khoom siv hluavtaws tom qab muaj peev xwm ua kom cov organic dyes. Qhov no ua rau cov txheej txheem pheej yig dua thiab yooj yim dua.tau, tab sis tseem tau txais cov xim pigments yog ib qho nyuaj thiab kim ntau lawm.

Natural liab dye los ntawm cov nroj tsuag

Cov xim ci tshaj plaws uas siv los ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam txhua lub sijhawm tau los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj: ntshav - los ntawm qwj, carmine - los ntawm cochineal worms, cinnabar - los ntawm cov pob zeb liab liab, indigo thiab kraplak - los ntawm cov nroj tsuag, thiab lwm yam. kev tsim cov xim yog qhov nyuaj heev, tsuas yog grams ntawm cov xim xim tau los ntawm ob peb kilograms ntawm raw cov ntaub ntawv. Nws kuj yog ib qho nyuaj kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv raw peb tab tom txiav txim siab, liab kraplak tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj nuj nqis.

Natural organic red dyes tseem siv hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab kev lag luam khoom noj, txawm tias lawv tus nqi siab, vim tias, tsis zoo li cov khoom siv hluavtaws, lawv muaj peev xwm tiv taus lub teeb thiab tsis zoo. Lawv tseem siv ib txwm siv, piv txwv li, hauv cov ntaub pua plag hauv cov teb chaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj. Dyed nrog tej yam ntuj tso dyes, nrog rau speckled liab, ntaub pua plag yog heev muaj nuj nqis raws li lawv khaws lawv brightness thiab nplua nuj tones rau centuries.

xim liab rau roj pleev xim thiab dej xim

Nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub Nyoog, liab kraplak yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev ua yeeb yam thaum ua haujlwm ntawm frescoes. Nws tau siv los ua haujlwm ntawm cov roj thiab tempera paintings ntawm phab ntsa, sails thiab plafonds ntawm cathedrals, feem ntau yog ib qho ntxoov ntxoo ntxiv ntawm liab nrog carmine thiab ntshav. Nws muab cov neeg ua yeeb yam muaj peev xwm nthuav dav cov xim liab ntawm cov palette.

Tom qab ntawd kraplak yog ib qhoob peb ci liab pigments. Nws tau nquag siv overlaying cinnabar kom tshem tawm dullness ntawm cov xim no, txhim khu xim thiab muab qhov tob thiab sonority rau xim liab los ntawm glaze.

Ntxiv rau, kraplak ntxiv dag zog rau saum npoo ntawm daim duab. Nws tau siv los kos npe rau cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov neeg muaj koob muaj npe, draperies, xws li hauv daim duab ntawm Philip IV Velasquez.

El Greco feem ntau siv kraplak, siv nws dua cov xim sib zog, piv txwv li, tau ua tiav hauv daim duab "Yexus tsav cov tub lag luam tawm ntawm lub tuam tsev."

Vermeer tawm ntawm lawv ob sab plhu thiab daim di ncauj, piv txwv li, hauv lub npe nrov "Girl with a Pearl Earring". Nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm kraplak thiab xim dub, nws tau ua cov duab kos thiab cov duab kos duab, pleev xim rau thaj chaw tsaus ntawm daim tawv nqaij.

Kev tshaj lij tempera, roj thiab cov khoom siv xim dej tseem suav nrog Kraplak liab hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, nrog rau carmine.

Tau txais ntuj kraplak

Cov nroj tsuag haum rau kev pleev xim tsuas yog peb ntawm ntau tshaj 50 hom ntawm tsev neeg madder. Lawv yog cov subshrubs los yog me me shrubs nrog paniculate los yog racemose inflorescences.

Cov hauv av hauv av ntawm cov nroj tsuag yog siv kom tau kraplak. Pigment xim yog qhov nyuaj thiab ntev. Ua ntej, cov khoom siv raw yog qhuav hauv pawg me me. Tom qab ob peb hnub, nws tau sau thiab qhuav ntxiv. Tom qab ntawd nws yog ntxuav los ntawm txheej saum toj kawg nkaus, crushed thiab av rau hmoov. Thiab xws li hom madder, zoo li Neeg Esxias, kuj yuav tsum tau fermented li ib xyoos thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawdkho nrog tshuaj ntawm ib tug tej yam muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qee zaum cov ntaub ntawv qhuav qhuav yog steamed nrog dej, ces qhuav, thiab cov hmoov yog precipitated nrog alkali ntawm alum los yog substrates los ntawm tej hom av nplaum. Tin mordant raw cov ntaub ntawv muab cov xim liab fiery, nrog alumina (muaj aluminium compounds) - ci liab thiab liab ntxoov.

Tau txais cov khoom siv hluavtaws

Synthetic kraplak tau npaj thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1868 los ntawm txhuas-calcium lacquer - alizarin.

Hnub no, kraplaki liab, ob lub teeb thiab tsaus, yog cov xim hluavtaws uas xav tau. Lawv tau npaj ntau heev rau lub hauv paus ntawm anthraquinone pigments, uas yog complex, intensely xim tebchaw, cov xim ntawm uas tej zaum yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov tebchaw siv (oxyanthraquinone thiab ntau yam precipitants).

yam ntxwv ntawm cov xim pleev xim

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm kraplaks yog raws li hauv qab no:

• cov no yog cov xim zoo nkauj heev, vim tias lawv yog pob tshab lossis translucent thiab yooj yim muab cov teebmeem glaze txawv txawv;
• daim ntawv thov pasty ntawm kraplak tsis muaj txiaj ntsig vim yog lawv cov pob tshab thiab fluidity;
• muaj lub zog zais siab, piv txwv li, thaum thov sib npaug, lawv tuaj yeem sib tshooj xim ntawm qhov chaw uas lawv tau thov;
• cov cim yog xim qhuav qhuav;
• ntxiv lacquers los yog No. 1 lossis No. 2 condensed roj rau lawv ntxiv txhim kho lawv txoj kev ci ntsa iab.

Vim li cas koj tsis tuaj yeem sib xyaw xim sib txawvsib pab

Cov xim yog cov organic uas muaj cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw. Thaum sib xyaw cov xim, tshuaj lom neeg tshwm sim, xws li hauv lawv cov khoom, qee cov tshuaj nkag mus rau lwm tus. Nrog rau kev hloov hauv cov khoom xyaw, cov xim ntawm cov xim kuj hloov. Yog li hais tias kev ua haujlwm nrog cov xim tsis plam xim (thiab qee zaum cov qauv, vim tias cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov substrate kuj yog cov tshuaj sib xyaw), tsis darken thiab tsis ua dawb tam sim ntawd thaum sib tov xim los yog dhau sij hawm, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum paub. lub compatibility ntawm ib tug neeg xim. Koj tuaj yeem sib tov tsuas yog cov xim zoo nkauj xwb, tom qab ntawd kev ua haujlwm yuav zoo siab rau cov neeg saib rau lub sijhawm ntev nrog qhov tshiab ntawm nws cov xim ci ntsa iab.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm kraplak nrog lwm cov xim

Muaj ntau cov kab kos duab sib xws hauv Is Taws Nem. Txawm li cas los, kraplaks yog heev capricious nyob rau hauv no hais txog. Lawv tsis nyiam sib xyaw nrog lwm cov xim, ua rau cov xim tsis zoo: lwm qhov ntxoov ntxoo tig xim av, grey lossis ci.

Kev sib xyaw kraplak nrog ntxuav dawb tuaj yeem suav tias ua tsis tiav: chrome, manganese lossis txhuas. Kev sib xyaw ntawm nws nrog ultramarine thiab cob alt xim kuj yog qhov tsis xav tau. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob tov nrog cob alt nyob rau hauv ib tug me me piv. Yog li kraplak violet muab lub teeb, xim dawb thaum sib xyaw nrog cob alt.

Kev ua tsis tiav thiab sib xyaw manganese xiav xim nrog speckles: peb tau txais cov xim tsis kaj siab qias neeg. Thaum sib xyaw nrog manganese cadmium, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg nthuav tawm cov xim xiav ntawm manganese xim. Kraplak unpleasantly hloov nws lub suab thaum nwsnrog chromium oxide. Volkonskoit thiab lub ntiaj teb ntsuab sib xyaw nrog cov xim no tuaj yeem ua rau tawg, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum thov tuab.

Yog tias koj sib tov kraplaki nrog ultramarine, ces lub suab ntawm cov xim yuav xim av. Cov xim "Lub Ntiaj Teb" kuj tsis pom zoo kom muab tov nrog lawv. Nws yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis pom zoo kom ntxiv lwm cov xim rau kraplak nyob rau hauv me me proportions.

Nyob zoo ib tsoom niam txiv kwv tij neej tsas sawv daws

Kraplaki yog cov xim nruab nrab-ceev ceev. Tab sis qhov no yog qhov nruab nrab daim duab, vim hais tias nyob ntawm txoj kev tsim khoom, lawv tuaj yeem ua tau nrawm dua.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov kraplak liab yog qhov ruaj khov (nws yog qhov tsaus dua) tsis poob nws qhov ci tau ntev heev, uas nws tau qhuas los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam.

Lub teeb nrawm yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov xim thiab cov xim dej. Thiab "Kraplak liab lub teeb" los ntawm cov txheej ntawm watercolors "Leningrad" raws li scale No. 313 yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau light-resistant xim -(peb hnub qub).