Gothic castles ntawm Europe. Gothic architecture

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Gothic architectural style pib nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th nyob rau sab qaum teb Fabkis. Kev siv zog ntawm Abbot Suteria tau pab txhawb rau qhov no. Cov style no tau mus txog nws txoj kev vam meej tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, kis mus rau thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Spain thiab Czech koom pheej, Austria thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees, nrog rau Great Britain.

Koj tuaj yeem ntsib Gothic hauv architecture ntawm Ltalis. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov style no tau nkag mus rau hauv lub tebchaws no me ntsis tom qab, tau dhau los ua qhov hloov pauv muaj zog. Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 14th thoob ntiaj teb gothic swept tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe. Hauv cov teb chaws nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws no, qhov style no tshwm sim ntau tom qab thiab kav mus txog rau xyoo pua 16th. Gothic muab lub ntiaj teb no tsis tsuas yog peculiar cov ntaub ntawv. Cov style no tau tsim ib qho kev nkag siab tshiab ntawm cov khoom ntim ntim thiab lub koom haum ntawm qhov chaw.

theem ntawm kev txhim kho Gothic

Muaj qee lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov zoo nkauj architectural style. Yog li, gothic yog qhov txawv:

- ntxov (12th c.);

- hnub zoo ntawm style (13th c.);

- flaming (14th-15th c.);- thoob ntiaj teb.

Nyob tom qabarchitectural kev daws teeb meem ntawm lub tsev pib siv cov ntsiab lus ntawm no txawv txawv style. Lo lus "Neo-Gothic" yog siv rau cov qauv zoo li no.

Architectural nta

Lub Gothic style yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg, cov txheej txheem nyuaj ntawm kev txhawb nqa, lub vault ribbed, thiab lancet arch. Cov qauv tsim no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim cov qauv nrog cov vaults loj (vim muaj cov stiffeners) thiab nrog cov phab ntsa ntawm cov tuab me me (vim them rov qab cov khoom thauj ntawm lawv los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov pob tw). Cov architects txo qhov loj ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho kom ntau li ntau tau. Qhov no tau ua tiav los ntawm kev qhia txog lub moj khaum. Yog li ntawd, cov phab ntsa tsis ua haujlwm raws li cov khoom thauj khoom.

Qhov txawv ntawm

Cov qauv ntawm cov qauv vaj tsev uas muaj nyob rau ntawm ib theem keeb kwm tau hloov pauv qee lub sijhawm. Yog li Romanesque style maj mam pib hloov mus rau hauv Gothic.

Nws lub ntsiab nta yog dab tsi? Muaj xya lub cim ntawm Gothic style:

1. Fashionable thiab predominant xim yog xiav, liab thiab daj.

2. Xub kab ua ib lub koov ntawm ob qhov sib tshuam arcs.

3. Cov duab plaub ntawm lub tsev nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lancet arches tig mus rau hauv ncej.

4. Ntxuam vault, ua los ntawm kev txhawb nqa. Hloov chaw, qee zaum muaj lub qab nthab coffered. Cov tsev nyob hauv cov tsev zoo li no ntev thiab nqaim. Los yog dav, nrog kev txhawb nqa nruab rau hauv qhov chaw. Lub qab nthab hauv cov chav no yuav tsum siab.

5. Lancet, ncej, openwork, pob zeb, elongated arches, thiabkuj yog lub cev pob txha ntawm tag nrho cov ncej.

6. Multicolored stained iav qhov rais. Lawv cov duab tuaj yeem yog puag ncig lossis elongated upwards. 7. Paneled Oak qhov rooj thiab ribbed arched doorways.

Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm daim duab no kuj muaj cov duab puab. Mythical creatures thiab gloomy cov duab feem ntau dai kom zoo nkauj phab ntsa ntawm monasteries, tuam tsev thiab cathedrals.

Ntau lub tsev medieval hauv Tebchaws Europe tau ua hauv Gothic style. Nov yog qhov piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ntau yam txuj ci, xws li:

- architecture;

- sculpture;

- monumental painting;- arts and crafts.

Gothic-style cathedrals lined hauv plawv nroog squares, dominating ib ncig ntawm ob lossis peb-zaj tsev. Qhov kev npaj no tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau Eastern Europe thiab Ltalis.

thawj lub tsev ntawm Gothic style

Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Saint-Denis tau ua raws li txoj haujlwm ntawm Abbot Suger. Nws yog thawj lub tsev tsim nyob rau hauv Gothic style. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj no, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm sab hauv partitions thiab kev txhawb nqa raug tshem tawm. Yog li ntawd, lub tsev tau coj lub ntsej muag zoo nkauj uas tsis tuaj yeem piv nrog Romanesque fortresses.

Lub tsev teev ntuj Gothic, tsim los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij huab tais thiab tus thawj coj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, Suger, nqa qee qhov kev hais lus. Nws muab grandeur rau lub monastery, uas yog lub qhov ntxa thaum ub ntawm Fabkis cov vaj. Raws li kev kawm, lub tuam tsev tsim los ntawm Suger tau los uanruam thiab amazing teeb uas saturates sab hauv nrog kev zoo nkauj. Louis IX, uas tau txiav txim siab nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, tau hais kom lub qhov ntxa ntawm kaum rau Fabkis huab tais raug kho dua tshiab. Tag nrho cov no yog los txhawb kom muaj koob muaj npe muaj koob muaj npe.

St. Stephen's Cathedral

Ntau lub tsev fuabtais Gothic yog lub cim lub tebchaws ntawm lub tebchaws uas lawv tau tsim. Qhov no kuj siv tau rau Catholic Cathedral ntawm St. Stephen, nyob rau hauv Vienna. Nws suav hais tias yog lub cim teb chaws ntawm Austria.

Lub tsev zoo nkauj no, ua tau yuav luag ob centuries, tau tsim nyob rau hauv plawv nroog Austrian. Zoo li ntau Gothic castles ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, nws sawv ntawm lub xwmfab. Txog niaj hnub no, kev pabcuam los saum ntuj tau tuav txhua hnub hauv lub tsev teev ntuj no.

Thawj zaug, lub tsev teev ntuj Catholic no tau hais hauv cov ntawv sau txij li xyoo 1137. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 12th St. Stephen's Cathedral muaj ib qho kev tshaj tawm ntawm Romanesque style. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv 14-16 centuries. lub tsev tau radically rebuilt thiab ua tiav Gothic. Twb yog xyoo 17th lawm. sab hauv ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau hloov me ntsis. Nws tau tshwm sim los ntawm qhov nrov Baroque style.

St. Stephen's Cathedral muaj ob lub yees. Ib tug ntawm lawv, tsis tiav, yog Northern one. Nws qhov siab yog 68 m. Lub pej thuam thib ob yog Sab Qab Teb. Nws nce 136 m saum toj no hauv av thiab muaj lub lawj saib nrog kev pom zoo ntawm tsis yog Vienna nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj yog ib puag ncig. Lub tswb nrov tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog nyob rau ntawm North Tower. Nws qhov hnyav yog 21 tons, thiab nws txoj kab uas hla yog peb meters. Lub tswb nrov nkaus xwbzoo hnub so, tsis pub tshaj 11 zaug hauv ib xyoos.

Chartre Cathedral

Gothic castles tso ib qho kev xav tob hauv lub siab ntawm txhua tus neeg. Lawv qhov siab thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm ntau tus yees thiab taw tes arches ncab mus rau saum ntuj yog striking. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tsev fuabtais hauv Gothic style tau ntev heev. Yog li ntawd, Chartres Cathedral, nyob rau hauv Fabkis, muaj ib tug ntev ntawm 130 m. Los ntawm txhua qhov tshiab vantage point xaiv, lub tsev fuabtais zoo li txawv. Thiab nws yog txhua yam ua tsaug rau tus tsim facade zoo kawg nkaus.

Tsis zoo li cov tsev teev ntuj Romanesque, uas muaj cov qauv yooj yim thiab pom tseeb, thaum saib los ntawm Chartres Cathedral, ib tus tau txais kev xav ntawm qhov tsis muaj phab ntsa. Galleries, arches, yees, qhov rais loj, ntau lub platforms nrog arcades sawv cev rau kev ua si tsis kawg ntawm cov ntawv qhib. Zoo li txhua lub tsev fuabtais Gothic, Chartres Cathedral yog qhov tseeb nyob hauv ib pawg ntawm ntau yam duab puab. Muaj txog kaum txhiab tus mlom hauv lub tuam tsev ib leeg. Cov duab no tsis yog nyob rau hauv portals thiab galleries xwb. Lawv tuaj yeem pom ntawm cornices thiab ru tsev, ntawm kauv staircases thiab drainpipes, ntawm consoles thiab hauv qab vaults ntawm chapels. Hauv lwm lo lus, gothic castles sawv cev rau lub ntiaj teb tsis tau tshawb nrhiav thiab zoo heev rau cov neeg tuaj saib.

Notre Dame Cathedral

Lub Gothic style ntawm medieval castles kuj tau siv nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev loj, kev tsim kho uas pib nyob rau hauv 1163. Lub hauv paus pob zeb ntawm Notre Dame Cathedral tau nteg los ntawm Louis VII thiab Pope Alexander III. Kev tsim kho txuas ntxiv mus dhau ib puas xyoo. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws maj mam dhau los ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov qauv mus rau sab hnub poob. Raws li tus thawj txoj kev npaj, lub cathedralyuav tsum ua kom haum rau tag nrho cov pej xeem ntawm Paris, uas thaum pib ntawm kev tsim kho yog 10,000 tus neeg nyob. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab kev tsim kho lub tuam tsev, lub nroog loj hlob ntau zaus, uas tsis tso cai rau txoj kev npaj ua tiav.

Sab hauv ntawm lub tuam tsev yog lub nceeg vaj tiag tiag ntawm cov ncej zeb ntawm lub thav duab, uas yog sib cuam tshuam los ntawm lancet arches. Sab hauv yog ib tug tiag tiag realm ntawm ntsug kab, qhia upwards, ntawm lub ntuj nws tus kheej. Cov iav xim, muab tso rau hauv lub qhov rais stained-iav, tawg lub hnub ci uas nchuav rau ntawm ntau tus mlom ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov npis sov, menyuam yaus thiab poj niam, txiv neej thiab vaj ntxwv. Tsis muaj phab ntsa hauv lub tuam tsev no kiag li. Hloov chaw, ib lub thav duab tau tsim, muaj cov ncej txuas nrog arches. Qhov kev tsim no yog ntim nrog lub qhov rais lancet, uas zoo ib yam li cov duab loj loj ntawm ntau tus duab. Lub teeb ntawm lub hnub ua rau lub qhov rais muaj ntau xim xim zoo li cov pob zeb loj. Muaj ib qho kev paub tsis meej txog qhov no, uas ua rau tib neeg nyob rau hauv kev ntseeg kev ntseeg siab.

Cologne Cathedral

Kev tsim kho ntawm qhov kev tsim kho zoo nkauj Gothic-style no pib hauv 1248. Lub tsev teev ntuj yog qhov txawv ntawm lub teeb yees ntawm sab hnub poob facade nrog gabled ru tsev, nrog rau kev daws teeb meem zoo nkauj ntawm txhua yam qauv thiab qhov siab txawv ntawm nruab nrab. nav.

Lub tuam tsev no yog lub tuam tsev zoo tshaj plaws thiab muaj npe nrov tshaj plaws hauv peb lub ntiaj teb. Saib ntawm qhov amazing monument ntawm Gothic architecture, uas nyob rau hauv nws qhov siab yog nyob rau hauv peb qhov chaw ntawm tag nrho cov cathedrals nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no,aspire tag nrho cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi tuaj xyuas lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Doge's Palazzo

Lub tsev teev ntuj no yog ib qho piv txwv tiag tiag ntawm Venetian Gothic, uas tau txais tsis yog tus qauv tsim, tab sis kev zoo nkauj ntawm qhov zoo nkauj no. Lub facade ntawm lub tuam tsev yog txawv heev nyob rau hauv nws muaj pes tsawg leeg. Ib kab ntawm cov kab dawb marble puag ncig qis qis ntawm lub tsev fuabtais. Lub tsev monumental visually nias cov kab rau hauv av. Hauv pem teb thib ob yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom qhib loggia. Nws txuas nrog keeled arches thiab ntau cov kab nyias nyias. Cov theem no yog qhov txawv ntawm kev tshav ntuj thiab kev kaj. Ntxiv rau qhov nce qib thib peb, cov phab ntsa liab uas muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov rais. Qhov no ib feem ntawm lub façade yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog dawb geometric ornament. Tag nrho lub palace pleases lub qhov muag nrog sonority ntawm nws cov tshuaj kho kom zoo nkauj. Nws muab qhov zoo nkauj ntawm Byzantium nrog secular cheerfulness.