Marble pej thuam: keeb kwm ntawm cov duab puab, cov sculptors loj tshaj plaws, ntiaj teb masterpieces, duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Dawb marble yog cov khoom siv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev ua haujlwm sculptural depicting tib neeg. Nws yog mos heev uas nws qiv nws tus kheej zoo rau lub cutter, tab sis tib lub sij hawm nws yog ntom txaus kom cia carving cov ntsiab lus zoo tshaj plaws thiab zoo kawg nkaus txais kev sib tsoo. Tus pej thuam marble zoo tshaj plaws qhia lub siab lub ntsws, sensuality thiab anatomical perfection ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Cov sculptors ntawm ancient tim Nkij teb chaws yog thawj coj cov duab puab mus rau xws li ib tug theem, thaum nws pib zoo li hais tias ib tug tuag pob zeb pib los rau hauv lub neej, tau txais cov qauv zoo nkauj. Txij thaum ntawd los, cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm lwm lub sijhawm tau tshawb nrhiav los txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov duab puab marble txhawm rau qhia lawv cov tswv yim zoo li vividly thiab figuratively li sai tau, los qhia cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo thiab qhov tob ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav.

Vim li cas marble?

Txij li thaum ub, cov neeg Iyiv tau siv ntau hom pob zeb rau kev tsim cov ntaub ntawv sculptural, xws li dub obsidian thiab bas alt, ntsuab-xim av diorite, ntshav porphyry, mos calcite.alabaster, limestone. Txij li thaum ancient sij hawm, cov pej thuam tau tsim los ntawm tooj liab thiab alloys. Yog li vim li cas nws thiaj li marble muaj nuj nqis los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam, thiab vim li cas cov khoom siv no zoo li yuav luag ciaj sia?

Zoo li alabaster, uas nyias daim hlau xaim lub teeb zoo, marble yog tsim los ntawm calcite thiab tseem khaws qee lub teeb xa mus. Qee qhov velvety kev ntxhib los mos tsis tsim cov ntsiab lus sib txawv thiab cov duab ntxoov ntxoo tob tob uas muaj nyob hauv cov hlau, thiab ua rau muaj qhov muag muag ntawm lub teeb thiab ntxoov ntxoo. Sculptural marble has a dense structure and the lightest tone, which, together with smooth polishing of the material, reflects light well, unlike colored stones. Tag nrho cov kev ua tau zoo no ua rau muaj kev xav ntawm cov nqaij nyob hauv marble sculptures kom ntau dua li cov tsim los ntawm lwm cov khoom siv.

Sculptural marble muaj qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm impurities, uas cuam tshuam tsis tsuas yog cov xim dawb xwb, tab sis kuj yog qhov sib xws ntawm pob zeb. Nws yog cov khoom siv yas uas yooj yim rau kev ua, tab sis ntom thiab tawv txaus kom tsis txhob tawg thiab tawg, tso cai rau koj los ua cov ntsiab lus me tshaj plaws. Yog vim li cas marble tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyiam los ntawm sculptors.

Antiquity

Cov duab puab Greek thaum ub tau mus txog qhov kawg ntawm xyoo pua 5 BC. Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, cov txheej txheem yooj yim, cov txheej txheem, kev suav lej tsim nyog rau kev yug ntawm cov mlom tsim. Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm cov proportions tau tsim uas txhais tau tias qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm tib neeg lub cev thiab tau dhau los ua classic canon rautxhua tiam neeg ntawm cov neeg ua yeeb yam. Nyob rau hauv ib lub xyoo pua, cov craftsmanship ntawm Greek sculpture tau mus txog zoo tag nrho. Txawm li cas los xij, cov mlom ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd feem ntau yog ua los ntawm tooj liab thiab ntoo nrog kub thiab ivory trim. Marble cov mlom tsuas yog dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm pediments, friezes thiab sab nrauv phab ntsa ntawm cov tuam tsev, feem ntau yog cov duab nyem, bas-reliefs thiab siab nyem, uas yog, ib nrab rau hauv lub dav hlau tom qab.

Pib txij li xyoo pua 4 BC, sculptural tej hauj lwm ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws yog cim los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb plasticity ntawm poses, hloov ntawm sensuality, ua yeeb yam thiab splicing, rau lub embodiment ntawm cov masters pib nyiam marble. Ex alting kev zoo nkauj ntawm tib neeg txoj kev xav thiab lub cev, cov sculptors zoo kawg nkaus tsim "nyob" marble mlom. Nyob rau hauv cov tsev khaws puav pheej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, tib neeg los txog niaj hnub no qhuas qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntaub ntawv carved thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam xws li Scopas, Praxiteles, Lysippus, cov sculptors tsis tshua paub thiab cov npe keeb kwm tsis tau khaws cia. Classical tej hauj lwm rau ntau centuries ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug kev kawm txuj, uas, mus txog rau lub sij hawm ntawm niaj hnub kos duab, tau ua raws li los ntawm tag nrho cov tiam ntawm sculptors.

Hnub Nyoog Kawg

Nws yog qhov txaus ntshai sai npaum li cas nrog kev tshwm sim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, kev ua tiav ntawm cov txuj ci qub thiab kev tshawb fawb tau raug xa mus rau oblivion. Cov txuj ci siab ntawm sculptors raug txo mus rau qib ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua niaj hnub ntawm inept carvers. Raws li thaum ntxov thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, es crude thiab primitive pej thuam, tsis tag carved thiab cais los ntawmlub hauv paus tseem tshuav ib feem ntawm lub pob zeb thaiv, uas tau muab tso rau hauv phab ntsa ntawm lub tuam tsev. Cov duab dawb-sawv tsuas yog tshwm sim los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, tab sis nrog lub ntsej muag tsis meej pem hauv kev txwv tsis pub muaj qhov zoo li qub, zoo li cov mlom qub qub, lawv tsuas yog qhov sib ntxiv ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Nude xwm thiab xav txog ntawm sensuality ua unacceptable, classical qauv ntawm kev zoo nkauj thiab proportions yog tsis nco qab lawm. Hauv kev tsim cov mlom marble, kev saib xyuas ntau dua yog tsom rau ntawm cov khaub ncaws folds, thiab tsis yog ntawm lub ntsej muag, uas tau muab cov lus qhia khov ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas.

Renaissance

Kev sim ua kom rov kho qhov kev paub ploj thiab kev txawj ntawm cov duab puab, los tsim cov txheej txheem theoretical, pib thaum kawg ntawm XII xyoo pua hauv Ltalis. Nrog rau thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XIII ntawm Apennine Peninsula, Florence tau los ua qhov chaw rau kev txhim kho kev ua yeeb yam thiab kev coj noj coj ua, qhov twg txhua tus neeg txawj ntse thiab txawj ntse craftsmen rushed. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, thawj lub tsev kawm ntawv loj ntawm cov duab puab qhib hauv Pisa, qhov chaw uas cov kws ua yeeb yam kawm thiab rov tshawb pom cov cai ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev qub qub thiab duab puab, thiab lub nroog hloov mus rau qhov chaw ntawm cov kab lis kev cai qub. Kev tsim duab pej thuam tau dhau los ua kev qhuab qhia hauv nws tus kheej txoj cai, tsis yog qhov me me ntxiv rau architecture.

Lub xyoo pua 15th yog lub sijhawm tag nrho ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv kev kos duab. Artists revive thiab coj raws li tus qauv cov cai ntawm proportions thiab canons ntawm kev zoo nkauj lees paub nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv lub bronze thiab marble pej thuam, sculptors rov siv zog los xav txog tib neeg txoj kev xav nrog noble thiab sublime, qhia lub subtle nuances ntawm tus cwj pwm txawv, rov tsim lub illusion ntawm kev txav, thiab kom yooj yim rau lub poses ntawm cov duab. Cov kev zoo no qhia qhov txawv ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Ghiberti, Giorgio Vasari, Andrea Verrocchio thiab tus tswv loj tshaj Donatello.

High Renaissance

Theem luv ntawm Renaissance hu ua High Renaissance, nws npog thawj peb caug xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Lub sijhawm luv luv no tau dhau los ua qhov tawg ntawm cov neeg muaj tswv yim zoo uas tau tso cov kev tsim tawm uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig thiab cuam tshuam rau kev tsim cov qauv ntxiv hauv kev kos duab.

Italian duab puab nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj hlob mus txog nws qhov siab tshaj plaws, thiab nws qhov siab tshaj plaws yog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws kos duab zoo tshaj plaws thiab tus kws kos duab txhua lub sijhawm - Michelangelo. Tus pej thuam marble, uas tau tawm los ntawm txhais tes ntawm tus kws txawj ntse no, sib txuas cov kev sib txuam siab ntawm cov khoom siv, kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom, cov khoom zoo meej ntawm tib neeg lub cev, qhov tob thiab sublimity ntawm kev xav. Nws tej hauj lwm nthuav tawm ib qho kev ntxhov siab, lub zog zais, lub zog ntawm sab ntsuj plig, lawv tag nrho ntawm kev muaj koob meej loj thiab xwm txheej. Ntawm cov sculptural tej hauj lwm ntawm tus tswv, "Mauxes", muaj pes tsawg leeg "Lamentation ntawm Tswv Yexus" ("Pieta") thiab ib tug marble pej thuam ntawm David yog suav hais tias yog ib tug zoo kawg nkaus ua tiav ntawm tib neeg ntse. Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm kos duab, tom qab Michelangelo, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem rov ua dab tsi zoo li no. Lub hwj chim, tsis pub dawb thiab tsis tshua muaj neeg nyiam vim yog lub peev xwm loj ntawm tus kws kos duab thiab dhau mus txog ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm ntau, cov thwjtim thiab cov neeg coj li.

Baroque

Nyob rau theem ntawm Lig Renaissance, hu uayam ntxwv, ib tug tshiab style yog tsim - baroque. Nws yog raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kiag li classicism, tab sis cov ntaub ntawv sculptural poob lawv cov qub simplicity ntawm kab, lub siab dawb paug thiab nobility ntawm lub tswv yim. Cov poses ntawm cov cim tau txais kev dag ntau dhau thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm, kev sib txuam sib luag yog qhov nyuaj los ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus, thiab cov kev xav tau tshwm sim yog theatrically exaggerated. Feem ntau cov sculptors, chasing cov nyhuv sab nraud, nrhiav kom pom tsuas yog cov txuj ci ntawm kev tua thiab lawv cov kev xav nplua nuj, uas tau qhia nyob rau hauv kev ua tib zoo kawm ntawm ntau cov ntsiab lus, pretentiousness thiab heaping ntawm cov ntaub ntawv.

Txawm li cas los xij, lub sijhawm no tau cim los ntawm qhov zoo heev, yuav luag cov txheej txheem nyiaj txiag thiab kev txawj hauv kev hnav khaub ncaws marble. Cov sculptors zoo xws li Giovanni Bologna (ib tug tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Michelangelo), Bernini, Algardi masterfully qhia lub tswv yim ntawm kev txav, thiab tsis tsuas yog complex, qee zaum zoo li tsis ruaj khov, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab poses ntawm cov duab, tab sis kuj zoo heev carved, zoo li zawv zawg folds ntawm robes. Lawv tej hauj lwm yog rhiab heev, lawv zoo nkaus li zoo meej thiab cuam tshuam rau qhov tob tshaj plaws ntawm tus neeg saib, ntes nws lub sijhawm ntev.

Nws ntseeg tau tias cov style no kav mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv lwm cov lus qhia thiab. Tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, thaum cov neeg ua yeeb yam rov tsim dua cov theem dhau los ntawm kev kos duab, baroque nta feem ntau pom muaj kev qhia hauv duab puab. Xws li ib qho piv txwv zoo kawg nkaus yog cov mlom marble nrog daim ntaub thaiv los ntawm Italian tus tswv Rafael Monti, uas tsim qhov kev xav tsis zoo ntawm daim ntaub thaiv pob zeb.

Zoo kawg

Thiab thoob plaws lub xyoo pua 19th, tus pej thuam marble tseem nyob rau hauv lub meej mom ntawm nruj classicism. Txij li thaum lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua, sculptors tau nrhiav tshiab cov ntaub ntawv qhia rau lawv lub tswv yim. Txawm li cas los xij, txawm tias muaj kev sib kis sai sai ntawm kev muaj tiag hauv kev pleev xim, thaum cov kws kos duab nrhiav kom pom qhov tseeb ntawm lub neej, cov duab puab tseem nyob hauv kev tuav ntawm kev kawm thiab kev nyiam romantic rau lub sijhawm ntev.

Ntawm nees nkaum xyoo dhau los ntawm lub xyoo pua tau raug cim los ntawm qhov tseeb thiab qhov tseeb hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Fab Kis sculptors Bartholome, Barrias, Carpeau, Dubois, F alter, Delaplanche, Fremier, Mercier, Garde. Tab sis feem ntau yog cov neeg txawj ntse Auguste Rodin, uas tau los ua tus thawj coj ntawm kev kos duab niaj hnub, sawv tawm. Nws cov hauj lwm paub tab, uas feem ntau ua rau muaj kev thuam thiab raug thuam, suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm realism, impressionism, romance thiab symbolism. Cov duab puab "Citizens of Calais", "The Thinker" thiab "His" tau lees paub tias yog lub ntiaj teb masterpieces. Sculpture los ntawm Rodin yog thawj kauj ruam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tiam tom ntej ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thaum kev siv marble tau maj mam txo nyob rau hauv kev txaus siab ntawm lwm yam ntaub ntawv.