Poet Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin: biography, tej hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws thiab nthuav tseeb

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin yog ib tus kws sau paj huam Lavxias nto moo uas nws cov paj huam tau nrov heev nyob rau xyoo ua ntej kev hloov pauv thiab hnub ntawm USSR. Nws tau ua neej nyob ntev, feem ntau nws mob siab rau kev sau ntawv muaj tswv yim. Biography ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin tau sau tseg hauv tsab xov xwm no.

Keeb kwm, xyoo kawm ntawv

Nws yug rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis 6, 1848 hauv lub xeev Tver (lub zos Nizovka). Cov cheeb tsam no nyiam heev ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin. Nws lub tebchaws raug hu ua ntau yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm. Lub zos Nizovka tom qab ntawd yuav dhau los ua qhov kev tshoov siab rau tus kws sau paj huam rau ntau xyoo tom ntej. Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin mob siab rau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nws nto moo nqe "Motherland" rau nws.

Cov niam txiv ntawm yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug yog serfs. Spiridon Dmitrievich tau txais lub hauv paus ntawm kev kawm los ntawm nws yawg, Drozhzhin Stepan Stepanovich, uas qhia nws nyeem cov ntawv thiab, ntawm chav kawm, phau ntawv teev.

Xyoo 1858, Spiridon tau raug xa mus kawm rau ib tug kws qhuab qhia hauv zos. Ntawm no, yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug kawm suav thiab sau tau ob xyoos. Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin nco qab cov hnub nrog kev ris txiaj. Lawv tau mob siab rau nws zaj paj huam ntawm 1905 Nyob hauv tsev kawm ntawv ntawmNyob rau hauv no, kev cob qhia ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich tiav - nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no ntawm 1860, yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug mus rau St. Petersburg mus ua hauj lwm.

xav thoob teb chaws, kev kawm tus kheej

Lub 36 xyoo tom ntej ntawm nws lub neej raug cim los ntawm kev mob hnyav mus ncig thoob tebchaws. Spiridon Dmitrievich hloov ntau txoj haujlwm. Nws yog ib tug tub qhe tavern, pab barman, tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv khw muag ntawv thiab haus luam yeeb, muag khoom, tus neeg xa xov, tus neeg ua haujlwm, tus neeg ua haujlwm, tus neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tuam txhab Samolet steamship, tau tso siab rau kev xa ntoo rau kev tsheb ciav hlau. Txoj hmoo cuam rau yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug rau Tver thiab Moscow, Kharkov thiab Yaroslavl, Tashkent thiab Kyiv.

Lub xyoo pib ntawm kev mus ncig, Petersburg (1860-1871), yog lub sijhawm cim tsis yog los ntawm ib nrab- tshaib plab beggarly hav zoov, tab sis kuj los ntawm Drozhzhin txoj kev kawm tus kheej. Thawj plaub xyoos siv nyob rau hauv lub peev, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub "Caucasus" tavern raws li ib tug poj niam txiv neej. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin mob siab rau, txawm hais tias haphazardly, nyeem cov ntawv nyeem, feem ntau tsis zoo: cov ntawv xov xwm xws li "Reading for Soldiers" thiab "Mirsky Messenger", cov dab neeg nrov, thiab lwm yam. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab qee lub sijhawm, Spiridon Dmitrievich tau ntsib nrog. cov haujlwm ntawm I. S. Nikitina, A. V. Koltsov and N. A. Nekrasov. Nws txaus siab nyeem Iskra magazine. Spiridon Dmitrievich pib mus xyuas Public Library nyob rau hauv 1866.

Kub tsev qiv ntawv thiab thawj zaj paj huam

Ntawm nws lub tswv yim thiab zoo nkaujKev taw qhia thiab kev nyiam ua yeeb yam tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm Drozhzhin kev paub nrog cov tub ntxhais kawm lub peev thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ntau haiv neeg kev ywj pheej cov hluas. Txuag khaub ncaws thiab zaub mov, Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin sau nws lub tsev qiv ntawv. Nws suav nrog cov haujlwm tsim los ntawm nws cov kws sau ntawv nyiam: M. Yu. Lermontov thiab A. S. Pushkin, Nikitin thiab Koltsov, P.-Zh. Beranger thiab G. Heine, G. I. Uspensky thiab L. N. Tolstoy, N. P. Ogarev thiab F. Schiller thiab lwm tus Drozhzhin kuj nyiam cov ntaub ntawv "tso cai". Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 17 xyoo nws sau nws thawj paj huam. Txij thaum ntawd los, Spiridon Drozhzhin tsis tso tseg sau paj huam. Thawj qhov nkag hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe tau tshwm sim rau lub Tsib Hlis 10, 1867. Nws coj nws mus txog qhov kawg ntawm nws lub neej.

Thawj tshaj tawm

Los ntawm 1870, Drozhzhin thawj zaug sim tshaj tawm nws cov haujlwm hnub rov qab. Nws xa 5 qhov zoo tshaj plaws, hauv nws lub tswv yim, paj huam mus rau "Illustrated Gazette", tab sis lawv raug tsis lees paub. Nyob rau hauv 1873, qhov ntev-awaited sau ntawv debut ntawm tus kws sau paj lug coj qhov chaw. Nws yog thaum ntawd Drozhzhin zaj paj huam "Suab hais txog kev tu siab ntawm ib tug phooj ywg zoo" tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub magazine "Literacy". Txij thaum ntawd los, Spiridon Dmitrievich pib nquag tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv ntau phau ntawv xov xwm ("Lavxias teb sab we alth", "Tsev Neeg Hmo Ntuj", "Delo", "Slovo", thiab lwm yam), raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam cov ntaub ntawv ("Young Russia", "Lark). ", " Me nyuam nyeem ntawv", "Childhood", thiab lwm yam).

koob meej, homecom

Fame Drozhzhinraws li ib tug kws sau paj lug nyob rau hauv lig 1870s - 1880s. loj hlob sai. Los ntawm. Surikov pom kev txaus siab rau cov tub ntxhais hluas uas qhia nws tus kheej. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm lawv cov ntawv xov xwm rov qab mus rau 1879.

Hauv St. Petersburg hauv 1889 thawj sau ntawm S. D. Drozhzhin ("Cov paj huam ntawm 1866-1888 nrog tus sau sau txog nws lub neej"). Hauv xyoo 1894 thiab 1907, phau ntawv no tau luam tawm dua, txhua zaus rov ua dua. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau paj huam tseem nyob hauv kev txom nyem. Thaum ntxov 1886, Drozhzhin thaum kawg rov qab mus rau nws lub zos Nizovka. Ntawm no nws mob siab rau nws tus kheej nkaus rau cov ntaub ntawv, nrog rau kev ua liaj ua teb. L. N. Tolstoy txhawb qhov kev txiav txim siab los ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin. Lub teb chaws, raws li nws ntseeg, tuaj yeem txhawb nqa tus kws sau paj huam rau kev ua tiav tshiab.

Ntsib nrog Leo Tolstoy thiab R. M. Rilke

Drozhzhin ntsib Lev Nikolaevich ob zaug, hauv 1892 thiab 1897. Rau cov kws sau paj lug hauv lub zos, tub ceev xwm tsim ib qho kev saib xyuas uas tsis tau hais, uas tsis tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev tsim. Tus kws sau paj huam Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin maj mam dhau los ua neeg nyiam. Nws biography tau cim los ntawm ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1900: R. M. Rilke, tus zoo Austrian kws sau paj lug, tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Nizovka. Nws txhais 4 zaj paj huam los ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich rau hauv German.

phau ntawv tshiab, txhim kho nyiaj txiag

Ib zaug ntxiv hauv thawj kaum xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov phau ntawv hauv qab no los ntawm Drozhzhin tau luam tawm: xyoo 1904 - "Cov Paj Huam Tshiab", xyoo 1906 - "Lub Xyoo ntawm Cov Neeg Ua Lag Luam", xyoo 1907 - "Cov Nkauj Zoo Siab. ", nyob rau hauv 1909 - "New Russian Songs thiab Bayan. Lub voj voog ntawm "Cov neeg sau ntawv los ntawm cov neeg" thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1903 tau tuav ib hmonyob rau hauv Moscow, mob siab rau rau peb caug xyoo ntawm Drozhzhin lub tswv yim kev ua si. Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tau txais nyiaj laus (180 rubles ib xyoos, rau lub neej).

Xyoo 1904, Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin tau sau nws zaj paj huam nto moo "Motherland". Tus sau ib txwm muaj kev xav tshwj xeeb rau thaj av uas nws yug los. Ntau yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tau mob siab rau qhov no.

Nyob rau xyoo 1905, Drozhzhin tau los ua ib tug tswv cuab ntawm Lub Koom Haum ntawm Cov Neeg nyiam sau ntawv Lavxias koom nrog hauv Moscow University. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1910, lub Kaum Ob Hlis 29, nws tau txais nqi zog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences. Nws qhov loj me yog 500 rubles. Nws tau nthuav tawm rau Drozhzhin rau kev sau ntawm 1907-09. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 19, 1915, lwm phau ntawv los ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich, "Songs of the Old Plowman" (tshaj tawm xyoo 1913), tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm Academy of Sciences. Drozhzhin tau txais kev qhuas qhuas "Pushkin" tshuaj xyuas.

Kev rau txim ntawm kev ua tsov rog imperialist thiab kev txhawb nqa rau Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj

Nyob hauv lub zos, Spiridon Dmitrievich tau ua raws li cov xwm txheej tseem ceeb hauv lub neej hauv zej zog. Nws tau los ua ib tug ntawm ob peb tus neeg sau ntawv Lavxias uas categorically rau txim rau kev ua tsov rog imperialist. Nyob rau hauv 1916, Drozhzhin zaj paj huam "down nrog tsov rog!" tshwm. Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin hu nws cov xwm txheej ntshav hauv xyoo 1914 "ib qho khoom plig ntawm kev ua phem tsis zoo" hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe.

Nws biography yog cim los ntawm kev saws rau lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, uas tus kws sau paj lug 69 xyoo tau ntsib nrog kev xyiv fab. Nws tam sim ntawd pib koom nrog kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog. Drozhzhin yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm pawg thawj tswj hwm volost, nws tau mus ncig thoob tebchaws, nyeem nws cov haujlwm rau cov neeg hauv zos. PoetNyob rau hauv 1919 nws tau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub rooj sib tham ntawm proletarian sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub xeev Tver. Cov paj huam ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin txuas ntxiv mus luam tawm.

Nkauj Ntseeg Vajtswv

Xyoo 1923, nws cov ntawv sau hu ua "Kev Ua Haujlwm thiab Kev Sib Tw" tshwm sim. Nws tau ua cim ob xyoos ntawm tus kws sau paj huam ib zaug - 75th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub hnub yug thiab 50th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim. Nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm cov hnub no, Spiridon Dmitrievich tau raug xaiv los ua tus tswvcuab qhuas ntawm All-Lavxias Union ntawm Poets uas tau ua haujlwm rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Tsis tas li ntawd, chav tsev nyeem ntawv muaj npe tom qab Drozhzhin tshwm sim hauv Tver. Tsib xyoos tom qab, nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm nws 80th hnub yug, Spiridon Dmitrievich tau txais kev zoo siab los ntawm USSR Academy of Sciences. Nws tau kos npe los ntawm A. P. Karpinsky, nws tus thawj tswj hwm.

xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej

Drozhzhin Cuaj hlis 28, 1928 ntsib Maxim Gorky hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm nws lub neej, Spiridon Dmitrievich ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov nram qab no collections: "Suab nkauj" (tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv 1928), "Txoj kev thiab txoj kev" thiab "Cov nkauj ntawm ib tug Peasant" (ob leeg - 1929). "Cov Nkauj ntawm Peasant" tau dhau los ua phau ntawv kawg ntawm tus kws sau paj huam, luam tawm thaum nws lub neej. Drozhzhin kuj tau npaj plaub-ntim "Cov Haujlwm Ua tiav" rau kev tshaj tawm. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, nws coj "Notes on Life and Poetry" rau xyoo 1930.

Tus kws sau paj huam tuag hauv nws haiv neeg Nizovka thaum muaj hnub nyoog 82. Qhov no xaus cov biography ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin. Tam sim no cia peb tham luv luv txog nws cov keeb kwm muaj tswv yim.

Nce thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Drozhzhin txoj kev muaj tswv yim

Tshauv thiab tsev, hauvqhov twg tus kws sau paj lug nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, nyob rau hauv 1938 lawv tau tsiv mus rau lub zos ntawm Zavidovo (Kalinin cheeb tsam). Ntawm no yog lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm tus kws sau paj huam, uas muaj ntau tus neeg qhuas txog nws cov txuj ci tuaj txog niaj hnub no.

Txoj kev muaj tswv yim ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich tau ntev heev, ntau dua 60 xyoo. Nws kuj ua tau zoo heev. Drozhzhin luam tawm 32 phau ntawv sau nyob rau hauv nws lub neej, 20 ntawm uas tau luam tawm ua ntej 1917. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov paj huam ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin yog, ntawm tag nrho cov, artistically tsis sib npaug. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm tus sau phau ntawv no, kev txawj thiab cov txuj ci qub tau pom. Nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm Drozhzhin, lub hwj chim ntawm xws li paj huam xws li Nekrasov, Nikitin thiab Koltsov yog pom. Nyob rau hauv ob peb ntawm nws tej hauj lwm yos rov qab mus rau lub 80-90s, echoes ntawm paj huam ntawm S. Ya. Nadson tau hnov, lub siab dawb paug, spontaneity, lub siab dawb paug thiab simplicity yog lub ntsiab zoo uas cim cov paj huam ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich Drozhzhin. Nws tuaj yeem raug hu ua tus hu nkauj ntawm lub neej neeg ua liaj ua teb. Nov yog qhov nws txhais lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm los ntawm thawj kauj ruam hauv cov ntaub ntawv ("Kuv Muse", 1875).

Ib tug naj npawb ntawm cov kws sau paj lug no nkag mus rau cov lus dab neeg ("Cov nkauj ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm", "Song of a tub rog"). Ntau yam ntawm nws cov paj huam tau teem rau suab paj nruag los ntawm cov neeg sau nkauj xws li V. Ziering, S. Evseev, A. Chernyavsky, N. Potolovsky, F. Lashek thiab lwm tus F. I. Chaliapin tau ua ob zaj nkauj rau cov kws sau paj huam xws li Drozhzhin Spiridon Dmitrievich..

Biography rau menyuam yaus thiab neeg laus,nthuav tawm hauv kab lus no, tsuas yog muab cov tswv yim superficial txog nws txoj haujlwm. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los tig ncaj qha rau cov paj huam kom nkag siab lub ntsiab lus thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov paj huam ntawm Spiridon Dmitrievich.