2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Francisco Goya nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyuaj. Ib tug kws kos duab zoo nkauj thiab kos duab, nws tau los ua lus dab neeg ntawm nws lub sijhawm. Tau ua lub neej ntev thiab nthuav dav, nws tau tswj hwm nws lub sijhawm nyuaj tshaj plaws hauv kev kos duab. Nws series ntawm etchings yog ib qho kev xav txog kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov lus Mev qub, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov rog thiab thawj Spanish kiv puag ncig.
Francisco Goya
Francisco José de Goya y Lucientes yug hauv Spain xyoo 1746 rau tsev neeg txom nyem. Nws tau siv nws thaum yau hauv lub tebchaws. Tau tsiv mus rau lub nroog Zaragoza xyoo 1760, Francisco tau kawm rau ib tus kws kos duab hauv zos. Cov tub ntxhais hluas cua daj cua dub thiab lub siab ci ntsa iab yuam tus tub hluas tawm hauv nroog mus rau Madrid.
Nyob hauv lub nroog Spain, cov tub ntxhais hluas kws kos duab sim ob zaug nkag mus rau Art Academy ntawm San Fernando, tab sis, hmoov tsis, ua tsis tiav hauv ob qho xwm txheej. Tom qab ntawd nws txiav txim siab mus ncig ua si rau Ltalis. Txhua lub sijhawm no, Goya mob siab rau pleev xim thiab xa lawv mus rau Madrid, uas thaum kawg tau txi txiv. Nws pom. Thaum 31, nws rov qab mus rau Zaragoza, qhov chaw nws pib ua haujlwm zoo nkauj. Nws pleev ximcov ntseeg, ntau nws cov frescos qhuas, uas txhawb kom tus tub hluas rov qab mus rau lub peev.
Francisco tau kawm rau lub tsev hais plaub tus neeg pleev kob Francisco Bayeu, yuav nws tus viv ncaus thiab raug kho rau hauv tsev hais plaub. Thaum Bayeu tuag, Goya tau los ua tus tswv tag nrho ntawm nws lub rooj cob qhia.
Tom qab nws dhau los ua tus kws kos duab hauv tsev hais plaub, nws txoj haujlwm tau tawm mus. Nws pleev xim portraits ua ntej ntawm cov nom tswv nto moo, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe, uas ua rau nws yog ib tus kws kos duab nto moo tshaj plaws Italian.
Nyob rau xyoo 1799, thaum muaj hnub nyoog 53 xyoos, Francisco Goya mus txog qhov kawg ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, nws tau txais qib ntawm thawj tus kws kos duab hauv tsev hais plaub ntawm King Charles IV. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tau pib ua ntau yam ntawm nws cov etchings nto moo, uas tau txuas nrog kev nom kev tswv ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd thiab nrog lub neej ntawm lub teb chaws cov pejxeem.
Xyoo 1824, lub zog hauv lub tebchaws hloov pauv, thiab huab tais tshiab Ferdinand tsis nyiam tus kws kos duab. Goya raug yuam tawm mus rau Fabkis, qhov chaw nws tuag thaum muaj hnub nyoog 82.
18th-19th caug xyoo Spain
Tus kws kos duab tau siv nws lub neej tag nrho hauv nws haiv neeg Spain, nws tau pleev xim rau nws cov neeg siab thiab kos duab txog nws lub neej. Thaum nws lub neej ntev, Goya tau pom cov xwm txheej txaus ntshai ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Tus kws ua yeeb yam nyob rau lub sijhawm Spanish Inquisition, thaum lub tsev teev ntuj muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev hauv lub xeev thiab, vim li ntawd, cuam tshuam kev sib raug zoo heev. Lub Inquisition tau raug tshem tawm tsuas yog 10 xyoo tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus kws kos duab, rau 6 xyoo pua ntawm nws lub neej, nws tua ntau txhiab tus neeg dawb huv.
Lub sijhawmThaum lub sij hawm Napoleonic Wars, Spain tau poob rau hauv cov ntshav. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm Spain cuam tshuam rau nws txoj kev lag luam, lub teb chaws tau tshaib plab, tab sis txuas ntxiv kev tawm tsam. Rau rau xyoo, cov neeg Mev tau tawm tsam tawm tsam Napoleonic invaders thiab thaum kawg lawv tseem yeej, txawm tias tus nqi ntawm ntau lab lub neej.
Kev tawm tsam pej xeem uas tawg tom qab ntawd yuav ua rau muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua ntev. Tag nrho cov xwm txheej phem no yuav tshwm sim hauv cov kos duab thiab kos duab ntawm tus kws kos duab.
Goya's "Kev puas tsuaj ntawm Tsov Rog" etchings yog permeated nrog kev sib ntxub rau kev ua tsov ua rog thiab kev hlub tshua rau nws cov neeg raug tsim txom.
Kev sib tw - yog dab tsi?
Etching yog hlau engraving. Hauv kev tsim cov engravings, siv lub phaj hlau, uas yog coated nrog acid-resistant kua roj vanish. Tom qab ntawd, ib daim duab yog "scrambled" ntawm lub phaj no nrog cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb. Tom qab ntawd txhua yam yog muab tso rau hauv cov kua qaub (hauv kev txhais lus, "etching" yog txhais tias "dej muaj zog"), uas tshem tawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw dawb ntawm cov kua roj vanish. Tom qab ntawd, tom qab cov kua qaub, qhov seem ntawm cov kua roj vanish raug tshem tawm, thiab xim yog siv rau lub phaj ntxuav. Cov txheej txheem no tau pib siv rau xyoo pua 16th.
Ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam nto moo tau ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem no: Ivan Shishkin, Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Salvador Dali thiab F. Goya.
Ib kab ntawm etchings los ntawm Goya yuav txaus siab rau qhov chaw hauv ntiaj teb kos duab. Cov etchings no tau tsim los hloov lub neej.
Caprichos
Francisco Goya tsim cov etchings "Caprichos", uas hauv lus Mev txhais tau tias "Whims". Cov no yog 80 cov duab zoo heev ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev ntseeg. EtchingsGoya's "Caprichos" thuam thiab tib lub sijhawm ua rau koj xav txog txhua hnub.
Cov tub ntxhais hluas uas tau sib yuav yooj yim heev thiab tom qab ntawd cia siab tias yuav yooj yim hauv tsev neeg lub neej, hauv etching "Lawv hais tau thiab ncav cuag thawj tus neeg uas lawv ntsib." Cov me nyuam yaus uas tau ua phem rau lawv niam lawv txiv, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm lawv ua capricious thiab unbearable - "Niam tus tub." Vices thiab debauchery ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam - etching "Ib tug yog tsim nyog rau lwm tus." Lub zej zog neeg khav theeb uas "Tsis muaj leej twg paub leej twg", txhua tus sim zoo li tsis yog leej twg tiag tiag. Tus kws kos duab ua rau kev lom zem ntawm mysticism nyob rau hauv cov duab "Ntiaj teb rau cov hniav" thiab qaug dej qaug cawv nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg "Nws lub tsev yog hlawv." Ob peb daim duab qhia txog cov neeg uas muaj nees luav hais txog kev ruam ntawm kev coj noj coj ua.
Tab sis qhov nto moo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv "Caprichos" series los ntawm Francisco Goya yog "Lub Pw Tsaug Zog Ntawm Qhov Uas Tsim Cov Dab". Nws yog "Pleev" uas thawj tus kws kos duab xav hu rau qhov koob no.
Thaum lub siab tsaug zog, kev npau suav hauv kev npau suav tsaug zog yuav yug los rau dab, tab sis thaum ua ke nrog lub siab, kev npau suav dhau los ua leej niam ntawm kev kos duab thiab tag nrho nws cov kev tsim zoo kawg nkaus.
Goya's series ntawm etchings "Caprichos" tau ua tiav xyoo 1799. Nws ua siab tawv heev thiab ua rau vajntxwv tsis txaus siab. Nws yog qhov "tsis yooj yim" qhov tseeb txog lub neej, pawg ntseeg thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm lub sijhawm. Tsis xav tias tus kws kos duab tau them nyiaj rau cov poj niam Spanish uas nrhiavsai sai yuav ib tug vauv nplua nuj, ces coj ib tug dissolution lub neej.
Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "kev tshawb nrhiav dawb huv", lossis qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm nws lub hwj chim, Goya kuj mob siab rau ntau cov ntawv sau.
Tab sis ntau nws ua rau kev lom zem ntau tshaj plaws ntawm tib neeg kev ua phem: kev ntshaw, kev tub nkeeg, kev phem kev qias, kev dag ntxias, kev dag ntxias.
Tavromachia
Zoo li txhua tus neeg Mev, Goya nyiam kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv nws lub neej. Nws fascinated thiab zoo siab rau nws. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias tus kws kos duab tau mob siab rau 33 qhov me me rau nws. Twb tau nyob rau hauv neeg laus, Goya tsim etchings "Tauromachia" (los ntawm lus Mev li "Sib ntaus sib tua bulls"), uas depicts siab tawv Moors nyob rau hauv lub arena nrog tsausmuag tsiaj.
Cov etchings tsis yog kev lag luam ua tiav, tab sis yeej tau dhau los ua lwm qhov kev lees paub ntawm tus kws kos duab.
Kev puas tsuaj ntawm Tsov Rog
Cov khoom hnyav tshaj plaws ntawm etchings, suav nrog 82 daim, yog thawj lub npe los ntawm tus kws kos duab "Kev tuag ntawm kev ua tsov rog ntawm Spain nrog Bonaparte thiab lwm yam kev nthuav qhia capricos". Goya mob siab rau kev txhawj xeeb thiab mob siab rau nws cov neeg. Tsis muaj zog thiab qaug zog tom qab tsov rog nrog Napoleon, Spain raug kev txom nyem, tab sis tsis tso tseg. Nws tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia tias cov neeg Mev yuav tsum tau nyiaj li cas thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm txaus ntshai no.
Goya tsim etchings uas nws sim piav qhia txog qhov tob ntawm kev txom nyem hauv nws lub tebchaws. Lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1789, kev lim hiam siab phem, kev ua tsov ua rog thiab ob lub kiv puag ncig ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th poob rau nws xyoo pua.
A series ntawm etchings "Kev puas tsuaj ntawm Tsov Rog" los ntawm Francisco Goya yuav yog qhov kev xav ntawm qhov mob uas tus kws kos duab tau ntsib thaum lub sijhawm noxyoo. Ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm cov neeg tau piav qhia los ntawm nws, kev ntshai thiab kev ntshai, kev mob thiab kev poob siab raug nyeem.
Kev lim hiam ntawm kev tawm tsam nrov yuav tshwm sim hauv daim duab "Kev tua cov neeg ntxeev siab rau hmo ntuj 3rd". Tag nrho cov koob yog txuas nrog kev tawm tsam heroic ntawm cov neeg ntawm Spain rau lawv txoj kev ywj pheej. Goya depicts ib tug tub rog uas sim rape ib tug ntxhais thiab raug stabbed nyob rau hauv lub nraub qaum los ntawm ib tug poj niam laus, nyob rau hauv lub engraving "Lawv tsis xav". Nws rub ntau lub cev tuag qw "Kuv pom nws!". Nws txoj hauj lwm yog qhov txaus ntshai thiab tsis nco qab qhov npau suav phem uas txhua tus neeg Mev tau dhau los thaum lub xyoo txaus ntshai.
Kev kos "qhov tseeb yog qhov tuag" xaus cov kab ntawm etchings. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm daim duab yog ib tug hluas nkauj liab qab, personifying Spain, thiab cov txiv neej thov Vajtswv saum nws. Ib qho lus xaus heev.
Goya's etchings yog qhia, hom neeg depicted impress nrog lawv lub siab xav. Dynamic plots excite lub tswv yim. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib zaj dab neeg, ib zaj dab neeg, tus kws kos duab nthuav tawm lub tsev hais plaub tseeb, cov nom tswv, cov txiv plig thiab tag nrho cov kev phem hauv zej zog uas nws saib xyuas txhua hnub ntawm tib neeg.
Dab tsi
Lwm series ntawm engravings ntawm 22 nplooj ntawv. Cov no yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov lus piv txwv thiab cov paj lug. Goya's etchings depicted creepy, gloomy thiab ntshai. Cov engravings tau tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm 1816-1820, thaum tus kws kos duab yuav luag lag ntseg. Lub sij hawm no, nws nyob ib leeg, thiab ntau thiab ntau zaus nws tej hauj lwm tau overshadowed los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xyoo dhau los. Ib tug neeg pom kev npau taws hauv tej hauj lwm no, thiab ib tug neeg pom kev npau suav phem ntawm tus neeg lag ntseg kho siab.
Qhov noib tug mysterious series ntawm etchings yog qhov kawg nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm ntawm tus zoo artist.
Nco txog Goya
Tau kawg, tus kws txawj ntse thiab txawj ntse zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem tawm hauv lub neej yam tsis muaj kab. Thaum nws ua haujlwm ntev, nws tsim ntau cov duab kos duab, xws li "Uprising", "Giants", "Seller of tais". Tau dhau los ua tus kws kos duab hauv tsev hais plaub, nws pleev xim ntau cov duab ntawm cov neeg nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd.
Nws portrait ua haujlwm - "Cov Tsev Neeg ntawm Duke thiab Duchess ntawm Osuna", "Tsev Neeg ntawm Charles IV", "Nude Maja" - tam sim no tau khaws cia hauv cov tsev khaws puav pheej nto moo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.
xya zaj yeeb yaj kiab tau ua txog Goya, qhov nto moo tshaj plaws yog Goya's Ghosts.
Daim ntawv xa mus rau Francisco Goya tau tshaj tawm hauv Spain xyoo 1930.
Nyob rau xyoo 1986, lub hnub qub muaj npe hu ua tus kws kos duab.
Nyob hauv kaw
Nyob hauv nws lub neej, tus kws kos duab Francisco Goya tau nto moo heev, nws tau los ua tus kws kos duab zoo nkauj thiab yog ib tus pej xeem nplua nuj ntawm nws lub tebchaws. Txawm li cas los xij, etchings ntawm Francisco Goya tsis tau txais qhov nrov nrov hauv nws lub sijhawm. Lawv yuav tsis muab luam tawm mus txog 35 xyoo tom qab tus sau tuag.
Tab sis tsis hais ntau npaum li cas tau dhau los, cov ntsiab lus uas tus kws kos duab tsa hauv nws cov ntawv kos yog cuam tshuam rau niaj hnub no. Tib neeg txoj kev phem tsis tau ploj mus, thiab kev ua tsov rog txaus ntshai tsis tau hloov pauv: tib neeg cov ntshav, kev nruj kev tsiv thiab lub cev tuag. Lub sijhawm sib txawv, cov neeg uas tsis quav ntsej tau tawm tsam qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees thiab kev tsis txaus siab ntawm lawv lub sijhawm nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Francisco Goya muaj ntau yam txuj ci uas tso cai rau nws qhia nws qhov tsis quav ntsejrau dab tsi tshwm sim nyob ib ncig ntawm engravings. Tam sim no nws cov etchings tau nthuav tawm ntawm Prado Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab ntawm Palazzo de Liria hauv Madrid.
Pom zoo:
Cov lus zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg zoo: cov ncauj lus, cov lus muaj tswv yim thiab lawv cov kws sau ntawv
Keeb kwm paub ntau lub npe ntawm cov neeg zoo uas nws cov lus thiab kev ua tau dhau los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam. Tau ntau xyoo, nyob rau hauv lub neej nyuaj, peb tig mus rau qhov kev paub dhau los, sim nrhiav kev thaj yeeb los yog cov lus teb rau cov lus nug uas txaus siab nyob ntawd. Cov lus ntawm cov neeg loj yog kub
Qhov zoo tshaj plaws hluav taws xob guitar: ib qho kev nthuav dav ntawm cov qauv nrov, cov tuam ntxhab, cov lus piav qhia thiab cov lus qhia tshwj xeeb
Txheej txheem cej luam ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws guitar manufacturers, pab xaiv ib tug hluav taws xob guitar rau ib tug beginner, uas guitar xaiv, qhov zoo tshaj plaws hluav taws xob guitars, pheej yig tshaj thiab zoo tshaj plaws guitars nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, xaiv cov hlua rau guitars, hluav taws xob guitar rau beginners, guitar solos, kev sib piv ntawm manufacturers - txog tag nrho cov no nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm
Elizabethan baroque hauv architecture ntawm St. Petersburg: piav qhia, nta thiab nta
Elizabethian Baroque yog ib qho kev tsim vaj tsev uas tshwm sim thaum huab tais Elizabeth Petrovna kav. Nws loj hlob nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. Tus kws kes duab vajtse, uas yog tus sawv cev tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov style, yog Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (1700-1771). Hauv kev hwm ntawm nws, Elizabethan baroque feem ntau hu ua "Rastrelli"
Cov lus ntawm Pythagoras: cov ncauj lus tseem ceeb, cov lus muaj npe nrov thiab cov lus hais
Pythagoras - ib qho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Greek thaum ub thiab cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo, tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lej raws li kev tshawb fawb. Nws nrhiav tau ib lub tsev kawm ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm Pythagoreans. Cov lus ntawm Pythagoras tau dhau los ua cov kab lus nrov, lawv xav txog nws lub neej thiab kev xav txog kev xav
Piav qhia ua ntu zus ntawm lub ncauj lus "Yuav ua li cas kos kua txob"
Ntau tus neeg nyiam qhov kev ua yeeb yam zoo li kos duab kos duab. Cov menyuam yaus nyiam qhov no vim lawv tab tom kawm tshawb nrhiav lub ntiaj teb tshiab. Cov neeg laus - rau qhov tseeb tias lawv tuaj yeem so lawv tus ntsuj plig. Tom qab tag nrho, kev kos duab muab kev thaj yeeb ntawm lub siab. Thiab nws tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi nws yuav yog: tseem lub neej lossis toj roob hauv pes, portrait lossis tsuas yog lub ntsiab lus pub dawb. Kab lus no yuav tham txog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws "Yuav ua li cas kos kua txob"
