Constructivism nyob rau hauv painting. Styles thiab trends nyob rau hauv lub visual arts

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Kev nce qib ntawm cov thev naus laus zis sai sai ntawm qhov pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem dhau los tau ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tshiab hauv kev kos duab thiab, vim li ntawd, ib qho kev sib txawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kab lis kev cai, kev tshawb fawb rau lwm cov qauv thiab cov qauv zoo nkauj. Qhov no tau qhia meej meej tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv avant-gardism - ib qho nyuaj ntawm kev kos duab tshwm sim ntawm thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Ib qho ntawm ntau yam avant-garde tiam sis yog cov qauv ntawm kev tsim kho, uas tau tshwm sim hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet lub xeev xyoo 1920-1930. Nws tseem hu ua "industrial" lossis "building" art.

Txoj kev cuam tshuam thiab kev faib tawm

Constructivism nyob rau hauv painting yog tsis muaj zog heev qhia, cov kev taw qhia yog feem ntau txuam nrog architecture, nyob rau hauv uas yooj yim geometric cov ntaub ntawv thiab huab functionality yog feem ntau cov yam ntxwv siv. Tab sis cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim kho, nthuav dav dav thiab nrawm, kuj muaj kev cuam tshuam loj rau cov duab kos duab, kev tsim qauv,photography, theatre, xinesmas, dance, fashion, fiction and music of the period.

Soviet constructivism muaj qhov cuam tshuam loj rau cov kev muaj tswv yim niaj hnub no ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, thiab tsis yog nyob hauv Bolshevik lub tebchaws xwb. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws lub hwj chim tuaj yeem taug qab nyob rau hauv cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm German Bauhaus tsim tsev kawm ntawv thiab Dutch kos duab txav De Stijl, hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tswv ntawm Tebchaws Europe thiab Latin America.

Kev tshwm sim ntawm lo lus

Lo lus "tsev kos duab" yog thawj zaug siv los ntawm kev hais lus sarcastic los ntawm Kazimir Malevich hauv xyoo 1917 los piav txog kev ua haujlwm ntawm Alexander Rodchenko. Lub sij hawm "constructivism" yog coined los ntawm sculptors Antoine Pevsner thiab Nahum Gabo. Lub tom kawg tau tsim ib qho kev lag luam, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm, thiab rau nws cov geometric abstraction, nws tshuav ib yam dab tsi rau Malevich's Suprematism. Lo lus thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv N. Gabo's "Realistic Manifesto" (1920), ces raws li lub npe ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm Alexei Gan (1922).

Kev yug thiab kev loj hlob ntawm kev txav

Constructivism ntawm ntau tus qauv thiab cov qauv hauv kev kos duab kos duab tau tsim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab futurism, tshwj xeeb, nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub npe hu ua "Counter-reliefs" (ntau yam textured collages los ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv) los ntawm Vladimir Tatlin, nthuav tawm xyoo 1915. Nws yog (zoo li Kazimir Malevich) ib tug ntawm cov pioneers ntawm geometric abstract kos duab, tus tsim ntawm avant-garde Suprematist zog.

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev coj tshiab tau tsim nyob rau hauv MoscowLub koom haum ntawm Artistic Culture (INKhUK) nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm 1920 - 1922, thawj pab pawg neeg ntawm constructivists. Lyubov Popova, Alexander Vesnin, Rodchenko, Varvara Stepanova, Alexei Gan, Boris Arvatov thiab Osip Brik, coj los ntawm thawj tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm pab pawg Vasily Kandinsky, tsim lub theoretical txhais ntawm constructivism raws li ib tug inseparable ua ke ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm industrial culture (kev tsim kho., kev ntxhib los mos thiab cov khoom siv tshwj xeeb ntawm ib qho khoom nrog nws txoj haujlwm spatial).

Cov ntsiab lus thiab nta

Raws li kev tsim kho, kev kos duab yog ib qho kev qhia tshwj xeeb rau kev kos duab ntawm txhua hnub-utilitarian, siv tau cov khoom siv. Daim ntawv qhia laconic ntawm kev ua haujlwm, tsis muaj txhua yam ntawm "kev zoo nkauj" thiab "décorations", yuav tsum ua haujlwm raws li qhov ua tau thiab tsim kom yooj yim siv hauv kev tsim khoom loj (li no lo lus "kev tsim khoom kos duab").

Qhov tsis yog hom phiaj ntawm Kandinsky cov ntaub ntawv kev xav-kev xav lossis Malevich's rational-abstract geometry tau rov xav los ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv thiab hloov mus rau hauv lub neej tiag tiag spatial khoom. Yog li, kev tsim qauv tshiab ntawm cov khaub ncaws ua haujlwm, cov qauv ntaub, rooj tog zaum, cov khoom siv thiab lwm yam khoom siv tau tshwm sim, thiab tus yam ntxwv zoo ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws Soviet tau yug los.

Tshwj xeeb asceticism hauv pictorial txhais tau tias ntawm kev qhia txawv qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws, tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau yam generalizes nws nrog rationalism. Ntxiv nrog rau theoretical ideology,constructivism yog qhov txawv ntawm cov khoom sab nraud:

1. Small tonal range xws li xiav, liab, daj, ntsuab, dub, grey thiab dawb. Cov xim tsis tas nyob hauv zos ntshiab, lawv cov tinted muted variants feem ntau siv, tab sis tsis pub ntau tshaj 3-4 ib zaug.
2. Cov duab thiab kab qhia, yooj yim, ob peb, txwv rau ntsug, kab rov tav, kab pheeb ces kaum lossis lub voj voog ib txwm muaj.
3. Cov khoom ntawm cov khoom muab lub tswv yim ntawm cov qauv monolithic.
4. Nws yog qhov hu ua "tshuab" zoo nkauj uas qhia cov duab lossis cov tswv yim engineering, cov txheej txheem, qhov chaw, cov cuab yeej.

Kev Tsim Kho thiab Kev Tsim Khoom los ntawm Tatlin

Lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev taw qhia yog tus qauv ntawm Vladimir Tatlin, tau thov rau kev tsim kho lub monument rau peb International (1919 - 1920). Tus qauv tsim yuav tsum muab cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub tshuab nrog cov khoom siv zoo nkauj uas ua kev zoo siab rau cov thev naus laus zis xws li tsom teeb thiab cov ntxaij vab tshaus projection.

Lub sijhawm no, kev ua haujlwm ntawm Gabo thiab Pevsner ntawm "Realistic Manifesto", uas lees paub lub ntsiab lus ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm kev txav, tau los txog qhov kawg. Gabo tshaj tawm rau pej xeem thuam Tatlin txoj haujlwm, hais tias, "Txawm li cas los tsim lub tsev ua haujlwm thiab txuas hniav, lossis tsim cov duab ntshiab, thiab tsis yog tib lub sijhawm." Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txhim kho monuments uas tsis muaj kev siv tswv yim yog qhov tsis sib xws nrog cov kev siv hluav taws xob-kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tsim kho. Tab sis tib lub sij hawm, Tatlin tus tsimtag nrho reflected lub tswv yim tshiab zuj zus ntawm daim ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv siv thiab manufacturability ntawm creation. Qhov no ua rau muaj kev sib cav loj thiab tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm pawg Moscow hauv xyoo 1920.

German cov kws ua yeeb yam tshaj tawm Tatlin txoj haujlwm hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb, thiab tsis yog Soviet zoo nkauj xwb. Cov duab kos duab thiab duab ntawm tus qauv tau luam tawm hauv Taut Fruhlicht magazine. Lub Tatlinskaya Ntauwd tau los ua qhov pib ntawm kev sib pauv tswv yim ntawm "tsev kos duab" ntawm Moscow thiab Berlin. Lub monument tau npaj los tsim tsa hauv Leningrad, tab sis txoj kev npaj tsis tau ua tiav vim tsis muaj nyiaj nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab kev hloov pauv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov duab ntawm Tatlin Ntauwd tseem yog ib hom cim ntawm kev tsim kho thiab lub ntiaj teb avant-garde.

Tus kws tshaj lij qhia tus kheej, tus tsim ntawm kev txav, Tatlin yog thawj tus kws tsim qauv uas tau sim muab nws lub peev xwm tsim rau kev tsim khoom lag luam: cov haujlwm ntawm lub qhov cub hluav taws xob, khoom ua haujlwm, rooj tog zaum. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov no yog heev utopian tswv yim, zoo li nws tus pej thuam thiab lub "letatlin" ya tshuab, uas nws ua hauj lwm mus txog rau thaum 1930s.

Constructivism hauv painting

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev txav mus los, tsis suav nrog kev kos duab ntshiab thiab ib qho "kev zoo nkauj" twb tsis kam pleev xim ua ib daim ntawv ntawm kev muaj tswv yim uas tsis muaj peev xwm ua haujlwm rau cov neeg siv khoom xav tau. Tus kws kos duab tshiab tau tshaj tawm tus kws tshaj lij uas tsim cov khoom uas yuav tsum cuam tshuam rau kev nco qab thiab kev ua neej ntawm tus neeg. Lub postulate "… tsis txhob kho cov phab ntsa nrog paintings, tab sis pleev xim rau lawv … " txhais tau tias ib tug tuag kawg rau easel painting - ib tug keeb ntawm bourgeois aesthetics.

Constructivist artistspaub txog lawv lub peev xwm hauv cov ntawv tshaj tawm, tsim cov phiaj xwm rau cov khoom lag luam, tsim cov chaw pej xeem, kos duab ntawm cov ntaub, khaub ncaws, khaub ncaws thiab scenery rau kev ua yeeb yam thiab xinesmas. Qee tus, zoo li Rodchenko, pom lawv tus kheej hauv kev kos duab ntawm kev yees duab. Lwm tus, zoo li Popova nyob rau hauv nws lub voj voog ntawm Chaw-Force Constructions, tau sib cav tias lawv cov duab kos yog qhov nruab nrab ntawm txoj hauv kev rau kev tsim qauv engineering.

Tsis yog tag nrho embodied nyob rau hauv painting, constructivism pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kos duab ntawm collage thiab spatial-geometric installation. Tatlin's "kev tawm tsam" thiab El Lissitzky's "prouns" tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm kev xav. Cov hauj lwm, hauv qhov tseem ceeb, zoo li easel painting, tsis muaj kev siv tswv yim, tab sis zoo li zoo heev engineering kev loj hlob thiab saib nyob rau hauv lub technogenic ntsuj plig ntawm lub sij hawm.

Paj

Tsim los ntawm qhov pib ntawm nees nkaum xyoo los ntawm tus kws kos duab thiab tus kws kos duab El Lissitzky, lub npe hu ua cov haujlwm tshiab kos duab ("prouns") yog cov duab kos duab kos duab kos duab ua duab zoo nkauj, duab kos duab hauv daim ntawv thov thiab peb. -Dimensional architectonics. Ntau tus kws ua yeeb yam (tsis yog cov kws tsim qauv nkaus xwb) hauv lawv cov duab kos duab ntawm 20s tau piav txog cov "prouns", uas tseem yog cov duab tsis meej. Tab sis ntau yam ntawm Lissitzky cov haujlwm tom qab tau siv rau hauv cov rooj tog zaum, sab hauv, ua yeeb yam tsim cov phiaj xwm lossis tau ua kom zoo nkauj thiab spatial installations.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1920s - 1930s, ib tug tshwj xeeb style ntawm Soviet-era daim ntawv tshaj tawm tau tsim, uas tom qab ntawd los ua ib qho qauv tsim. Nws npog theatrical thiab zaj duab xis cov ntawv tshaj tawm, kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam tshaj tawm. Cov neeg taug qab ntawm kev txav mus los, khaws Mayakovsky cov lus hais, hu lawv tus kheej "cov neeg tsim khoom tshaj tawm." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov xwm txheej ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm tshaj tawm tau tsim los ua ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem rau kev cuam tshuam kev nco qab ntawm pawg neeg.

Constructivists yog thawj tus siv cov tswv yim collage rau ib daim ntawv loj loj hauv Russia, sib txuas cov duab kos duab, yees duab thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom typographical. Cov font, nrog rau kev ua tib zoo xav txog qhov kev tso kawm ntawm cov ntawv nyeem, ua lub luag haujlwm tshwj xeeb kos duab thiab feem ntau zoo li cov duab kos duab laconic. Cov txheej txheem kev kos duab ntawm daim ntawv tshaj tawm tsim nyob rau hauv cov xyoo no tseem yog qhov yooj yim thoob plaws hauv lub sijhawm Soviet.

Rodchenko's kev yees duab nce qib

Qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov tswv yim siv tswv yim ntawm kev tsim kho hauv kev kos duab tau tawm tsam rau lawv qhov kev xav hauv kev yees duab - qhov kev xav tiag tiag ntawm lub neej nws tus kheej. Cov hauj lwm tshwj xeeb ntawm ntau tus kws kos duab Alexander Rodchenko tau lees paub tias yog cov txuj ci ntawm daim duab no.

Spare tsis muaj consumables, nws sim mus ntes txhua yam khoom los yog ua nyob rau hauv txawv tej yam kev mob thiab los ntawm ob peb lub ces kaum. Txaus siab rau photomontage ntawm German Dadaists, nws yog thawj zaug siv cov txheej txheem no hauv Russia. Nws debut photomontage, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1923, qhia txog paj huamMayakovsky "Txog nws". Nyob rau hauv 1924, Rodchenko tsim dab tsi yog tej zaum nws nto moo tshaj plaws daim ntawv loj loj montage, ib tug tshaj tawm rau lub Lengiz publishing tsev, tej zaum kuj hu ua "Books".

Nws tau ua ib qho kev hloov pauv hauv kev muaj pes tsawg leeg: xwm raug tua los ntawm nws amazingly picturesquely thiab feem ntau zoo li ib tug rhythmic nraaj qauv los yog abstraction. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws cov duab muaj zog heev; lawv tuaj yeem ua tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov lus hais: "Lub Sijhawm, rau pem hauv ntej!". Rodchenko cov hauj lwm kuj tau tawm tsam hauv qhov xwm txheej no feem ntau raug tua los ntawm cov ces kaum txawv txawv, uas tus kws yees duab qee zaum yuav tsum tau ua txoj haujlwm yooj yim kiv taub hau.

Rodchenko qhov kev txhaj tshuaj loj tshaj plaws tau tseem yog classics rau ntau tiam neeg ntawm cov kws yees duab thiab txhawb ntau tus tsim tsim. Piv txwv li, American conceptual artist Barbara Kruger tshuav qhov kev vam meej ntawm nws cov hauj lwm ntau heev rau Rodchenko. Thiab kev hloov pauv ntawm nws daim duab duab ntawm Lilia Brik thiab daim ntawv tshaj tawm "Ib Sixth ntawm Lub Ntiaj Teb" tau los ua lub hauv paus rau cov npog ntawm cov nkauj nkauj ntawm txawv teb chaws punk thiab pob zeb bands.

Russian constructivism hauv ntiaj teb kos duab

Qee tus neeg tsim qauv qhia lossis qhia hauv tsev kawm Bauhaus, qhov twg qee qhov kev qhia VKHUTEMAS tau txais thiab tsim. Los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, stylistic cov ntsiab cai "migrated" mus rau Austria, Holland, Hungary thiab lwm lub tebchaws nyob sab Europe. Nyob rau hauv 1930 - 1940, ib tug ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no avant-garde, Naum Gabo, nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv teb chaws Aas Kiv ib tug ntau yam ntawm constructivism, uas yog tsim los tom qab thawj lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauvBritish architecture, tsim thiab ntau yam kev kos duab tsim.

Tus tsim ntawm kev tsim qauv kev txav hauv Ecuador, Manuel Rendon Seminary, thiab tus kws kos duab los ntawm Uruguay, Joaquin Torres Garcia, tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev nthuav tawm cov qauv hauv European, African, Latin America lub tebchaws. Constructivism nyob rau hauv painting yog qhia nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm niaj hnub Latin American artists: Osvaldo Viteri, Carlos Merida, Theo Constante, Enrique Tabara, Anibal Villak thiab lwm yam sib npaug zos nto moo masters. Cov neeg ua raws li kev tsim kho kuj tau ua haujlwm hauv tebchaws Australia, cov npe nrov tshaj plaws yog tus kws kos duab George Johnson.

Tus tsim duab kos duab Neville Brodie tau tsim cov qauv hauv xyoo 1980s raws li cov ntawv tshaj tawm hauv tebchaws Soviet, uas ua rau muaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov neeg nyiam ntawm cov duab niaj hnub. Nick Phillips thiab Ian Anderson hauv xyoo 1986 tau tsim cov duab kos duab nto moo The Designers Republic hauv Sheffield, England, raws li cov tswv yim constructivist. Lub tuam txhab muaj zog no tseem muaj kev vam meej niaj hnub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm cov suab paj nruag logos thiab album art.

Txij thaum pib ntawm lub peb caug xyoo, thaum muaj kev vam meej thiab avant-garde tiam sis raug txwv nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws Soviet, constructivism txuas ntxiv txhim kho thiab cuam tshuam rau ntiaj teb kos duab txawv teb chaws. Tom qab poob nws txoj kev xav, tus qauv tau los ua lub hauv paus rau lwm qhov chaw, thiab nws cov ntsiab lus tseem tuaj yeem taug qab nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kos duab, tsim thiab architecture.