Lavxias teb sab painting: hom, txheej txheem, qauv thiab ornaments

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Ib qho tshwm sim zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kos duab yog painting. Nws decorated ntau yam khoom siv hauv tsev. Txhua tus tuaj yeem yooj yim npe Khokhloma thiab Gzhel. Tab sis ob peb tus neeg paub tias muaj ntau ntau hom ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem painting. Kab lus no yuav piav qhia txog kev kho kom zoo nkauj nto moo tshaj plaws.

cov ntaub ntawv dav dav

Kev kos duab kos duab yog kos duab ntawm kev dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov xim. Kev pleev xim rau lub sijhawm luv luv tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm tib neeg lub neej txhua hnub.

Lavxias teb sab painting style tau siv los kho ntau yam khoom. Lawv pleev xim rau ntoo thiab ceramics, nrog rau hlau. Raws li qhov kev ntsuas no, hom kev pleev xim tuaj yeem muab faib ua peb pawg.

1. Lub hauv paus yog ntoo. Hom kev kos duab no suav nrog:

• Khokhloma.
• Gorodets painting.
• Fedoskino.
• Painting of the Northern Dvina.
• Kama painting.
• Mezenskaya.
• Palekh.

2. Lub hauv paus yog ceramics. Hom kev kos duab no suav nrog:

Gzhel

3. Lub hauv paus -hlau uas tau siv los ua cov tais. Nws hais txog:

Zhostovo painting

Raws li koj tau pom, Lavxias teb sab pej xeem painting ntawm ntoo yog nrov tshaj plaws. Thiab qhov ntawd nkag siab.

hom nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem painting yuav piav qhia hauv qab no. Ntawm lawv yog Khokhloma, Gzhel, Zhostovo thiab Gorodets painting.

Khokhloma

Tej zaum qhov nto moo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab pej xeem painting yog Khokhloma. Cov painting yog tshwj xeeb nyob rau hauv uas, ua tsaug rau tshwj xeeb ua nyob rau hauv qhov cub, cov khoom tsis deteriorate txawm los ntawm cov zaub mov kub. Ua li no, ntoo tau txais cov khoom ntawm ceramics.

History

Cov neeg Lavxias no muaj keeb kwm rov qab rau xyoo pua 17th hauv lub zos ntawm tib lub npe, uas nyob hauv thaj av Nizhny Novgorod. Raws li ib tug version, lub tswv yim heev ntawm Khokhloma khoom siv tes ua tau coj los ntawm Cov Ntseeg Qub, uas tau khiav tawm kev tsim txom rau "kev ntseeg qub". Ntawm cov neeg no muaj ntau tus neeg pleev kob icon. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, qhov chaw no dhau los ua cov khoom muaj nqis tiag tiag.

Tam sim no Khokhloma "txav" mus rau lub zos Semino thiab lub nroog Semyonov. Painting tseem tab tom ua ntawm no, tab sis twb nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas nplai.

Cov ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem painting

Liab, dub thiab kub yog peb lub ntsiab xim, thaum daj thiab ntsuab tau siv los ua ntxiv thiab me me. Cov txhuam hniav yog tsim los ntawm squirrel tails. Nws yog cov khoom siv no uas ua rau nws tuaj yeem kos kab nyias.

Muaj ob txoj hauv kev los pleev xim cov khoom. Thawj txoj kev - thawj tag nrho dubLub keeb kwm yav dhau yog pleev xim rau nrog cov xim, thiab ib daim duab yog siv rau saum. Qhov thib ob txoj kev - ua ntej, tus qauv ntawm cov ornament yog siv, tsuas yog tom qab ntawd lub keeb kwm yav dhau yog pleev xim rau.

Yog tias koj ua tib zoo saib ntau yam haujlwm ua hauv Khokhloma style, koj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntau yam qauv:

• Nkauj. Rau cov qauv no, koj yuav tsum maj mam kos lub ntsis ntawm txhuam los ntawm sab saum toj mus rau hauv qab.
• Nplooj nyom. Lub caij zoo li tus txhuam me me nrog cov tuab tuab.
• Nyob zoo ib tsoom phooj ywg.
• Antennae.
• Curls.
• Bush. Nws tau kos los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm sedges, hniav ntawm nyom, droplets, tendrils thiab curls. Ntxiv mus, cov ntsiab lus yeej ib txwm nyob symmetrically rau ib leeg.
• Berry. Lawv feem ntau pleev xim rau lingonberries, currants, roob tshauv, strawberries los yog gooseberries.

Tsev tsim khoom

Thaum pib, tsim lub hauv paus ntoo. Feem ntau, cov no yog cov khoom siv hauv tsev: diav, tais, thiab lwm yam. Lub hauv paus no hu ua "linen". Tom qab ziab, lub hauv paus yog them nrog tshwj xeeb purified av nplaum thiab sab laug kom qhuav rau 7-8 teev. Thaum lub sij hawm ziab, cov khoom yog coated ob peb zaug nrog linseed roj.

kauj ruam tom ntej yog hu ua "tinning". Aluminium hmoov yog rubbed rau hauv cov khoom nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb swab ua los ntawm sheepskin. Tom qab cov txheej txheem no, cov khoom tau txais qhov ci thiab npaj rau kev pleev xim.

Gzhel

Ib qho kev sib luag nto moo Lavxias teb sab pej xeem painting yog Gzhel, uas tsuas yog txhua yam ntxoov xiav ntawm ib tug dawb tom qab yog siv los kos cov qauv.

History

Lub npe ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem painting Gzhel los ntawm Gzhel hav txwv yeem. Qhov no yog ib lub koom haum ntawm ntau tshaj 20 lub zos nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow. Thawj qhov hais txog hom kev kos duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 14th thaum lub sij hawm kav ntawm Ivan Kalita. Thaum xub thawj, Gzhel yog xim, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th Dutch vuas thiab Suav plooj (porcelain) ua fashionable. Cov khoom tau ua hauv cov xim dawb thiab xiav. Tsis ntev nws dhau los ua ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv Lavxias.

Main stories

Cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm yuav luag txhua yam khoom tsim hauv Gzhel style yog noog, roosters lossis paj. Cov phiaj xwm ntawm tus tswv ntawm cov qauv Lavxias yog coj los ntawm lawv ib puag ncig. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev pleev xim rau nws tus kheej thiab cov duab ntawm cov khoom tsis cuam tshuam ib leeg, tab sis tsim ib qho tag nrho, ua tiav ib leeg.

Tsev tsim khoom

Ua ntej pleev xim, qhov zoo ntawm cov plooj (porcelain) raug kuaj xyuas. Cov khoom tau dipped nyob rau hauv magenta. Yog li, cov plooj (porcelain) tau pleev xim rau xim liab, thiab qhov tawg me ntsis tuaj yeem pom ntawm nws.

Raws li txoj cai, craftsmen siv cob alt-raws li xim. Ua ntej cov khoom raug rho tawm haujlwm, nws yog xim dub. Hauv kev ua haujlwm, tus tswv xav tau tsuas yog txhuam thiab pleev xim. Tab sis, siv ntau yam txuj ci, ntau dua 20 ntxoov xiav tau tsim.

Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo painting yog ib qho khoom siv hauv Lavxias teb sab uas tau siv los kho cov tais hlau. Lawv muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no hauv lub zos Zhostovo, uas nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Moscow.

History

Keeb kwm ntawm Zhostovo paintingpib thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub zos nyob rau hauv lub Trinity volost. Thawj cov neeg pleev kob papier-mâché lacquerware tau tshwm sim ntawm no.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm tus paub Zhostovo tais yog ncaj qha ntsig txog Vishnyakov cov kwv tij. Ua tsaug rau lawv lub khw, kev tsim cov tais ntau ntxiv. Thawj yam uas ua los ntawm hlau pib tshwm. Lawv maj mam hloov lwm yam khoom siv tes ua papier-mâché.

Main stories

Hauv Zhostovo painting, cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog paj thiab paj ornaments. Qee zaum lawv piav txog scenes ntawm lub neej niaj hnub, toj roob hauv pes, scenes ntawm kev ua koob tsheej, tshoob, thiab lwm yam. Tab sis feem ntau yog cov duab ntawm ib lub paj, uas nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub tais, raws li cov npoo uas muaj ib tug me me kub qauv. Feem ntau nyob rau hauv ib lub pob paj muaj ob peb lub paj loj, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov me me.

Technology

Cov tais tau siv rau ob lub hom phiaj: rau kev siv hauv tsev (raws li sawv ntsug rau lub samovar lossis rau kev noj zaub mov) thiab ua khoom siv sab hauv. Cov khoom siv rau kev tsim cov tais yog cov ntawv hlau zoo tib yam. Cov duab ntawm cov khoom tiav tuaj yeem yog ib qho: puag ncig, duab plaub, oval, thiab lwm yam. Ua ntej siv cov qauv, cov khoom mus dhau ntau theem tseem ceeb:

• Priming.
• Kev.
• Sanding.
• Varnished.

Ua tsaug rau qhov no, qhov chaw ntawm lub tais ua kom tiaj tus. Cov roj pleev xim yog siv los pleev xim. Thaum kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, cov khoom yog them nrog ob peb txheej tsis muaj ximkua roj vanish.

Kev kos duab nws tus kheej tau ua tiav hauv ntau theem:

• Stage 1. Keeb kwm. Nyob rau theem no, cov xim tseem ceeb raug xaiv. Nws yuav raug siv ua keeb kwm yav dhau. Dub yog nyiam, tab sis siv tau dawb, liab, xiav, thiab lwm yam.
• Stage 2. Zamalenok. Nyob rau theem no, lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej qauv yog ua. Nrog diluted xim, tus tswv kos cov txheej txheem ntawm yav tom ntej muaj pes tsawg leeg raws li nws lub tswv yim. Tom qab ntawd, cov tais raug xa mus rau qhuav hauv qhov cub rau ob peb teev.
• Stage 3. Ntxoov. Nyob rau theem no, tus tswv, siv cov xim translucent, siv ntxoov ntxoo rau paj. Yog li ua rau lawv voluminous.
• Stage 4. Nthuav. Qhov no yog kauj ruam tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Tam sim no tus tswv pib txhim kho ntau cov ntsiab lus, nthuav dav thiab paub txog qhov sib txawv lossis ntau dua kev sib haum xeeb ntawm nws cov khoom xyaw.
• Stage 5. Highlight. Nyob rau theem no, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, lub teeb thiab ntau qhov ntim tshwm rau ntawm cov paj paj. Glare yog xav tau los tsim kev xav thiab xim.
• Stage 6. Kev kos duab. Qhov no yog theem kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev tsim ib pob paj. Siv txhuam nyias nyias, tus tswv kos cov leeg hloov maj mam ntawm cov nplooj ntawm cov nroj tsuag, ua rau lub ntug ntawm nplooj thiab cov noob nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub paj.
• Stage 7. Kev khi. Cov theem no yog qhov kawg ntawm ib qho ntawm Zhostovo painting. Tus kws kos duab kos lub thinnest stems, nplooj ntawm nyom thiab tendrils emanating ntawm lub paj nws tus kheej. Yog li, tus tswv tsim kev sib txuas ntawm lub paj thiab keeb kwm yav dhau.
• Stage 8. Kev ntxuav. Nyob rau theem no, sab ntawm lub tais yog dai kom zoo nkauj. Feem ntau, geometric lossis floral qauv yog siv rau lub hom phiaj no. Cov style ntawm kev tu yog nyob ntawm lub siab nyiam ntawm tus tswv. Nws tuaj yeem ua tau me me thiab muaj ib qho kev rov ua dua, lossis nws tuaj yeem ua kom zoo nkauj thiab ntau yam. Yog tias koj hla cov kauj ruam no, cov khoom yuav zoo li tsis tiav.

Yog li koj tuaj yeem nrhiav kev xaiv tsis kawg rau cov qauv zoo sib xws. Tab sis koj yuav tsis muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau cov ntawv luam los yog rov ua dua.

Gorodets painting

Lavxias teb sab Gorodets painting tau muaj txij li thaum nruab nrab-19th caug xyoo. Ci ntsa iab thiab txawv txawv, nws tau ua kev kho kom zoo nkauj rau lub log, rooj tog zaum, kaw thiab qhov rooj.

History

Cov lus qhia ntawm Gorodets painting tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv carved spinning log. Hauv Gorodets, lawv tau tshwj xeeb hauv qhov hauv qab (qhov chaw uas lub spinner zaum) tau dai kom zoo nkauj siv cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Ntoo figurines carved los ntawm lwm yam tsiaj tau muab tso rau hauv lub recesses. Tsuas yog ob hom ntoo tso cai rau Gorodets craftsmen los tsim cov duab zoo nkauj. Tom qab ntawd, tinting tau ntxiv rau qhov no.

Nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, qhov kev xav tau ntawm cov khoom zoo li no tau nce, uas ua rau cov neeg ua haujlwm tso tseg ntoo inlay ua cov txheej txheem nyuaj, txav mus rau cov duab yooj yim.

Main stories

Nizhny Novgorod painting yog muab faib ua ob hom: Pavlovskaya thiab Gorodets. Lawv dai kom zoo nkauj hauv siab, arches, sleighs thiab lwm yam.

Gorodets Lavxias teb sab pej xeem painting yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom ntau yam scenes. Rau feem ntau, cov no yog cov xwm txheej hauv tsev. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, feem ntau ntawm cov phiaj xwm tau mob siab raupaj motifs. Koj tuaj yeem ntsib cov noog thiab tsiaj txhu ua cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov duab. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tau ob qho tib si stylized thiab muaj tiag. Raws li txoj cai, cov dluab yog symmetrical, nrog rau tsiaj los yog noog saib ib leeg.

Daim duab no yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev siv lub voj voog hauv qab, spirals, tee, arcs, brackets, strokes thiab dots. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov qauv kawg yog siv los ntawm tus kws kos duab ntawm theem kawg txhawm rau txhawm rau "rhiab" nws txoj haujlwm.

Cov duab tsis siv ntau xim: liab, ntsuab, xiav thiab dub. Cov duab yog siv rau tsob ntoo yam tsis muaj kev kos duab ua ntej. Cov qauv yog siv tam sim nrog txhuam, thaum tus tswv siv tau ob qho tib si dav thiab dawb strokes thiab zoo tshaj plaws strokes.

Technology

Tau tsim cov duab kos, tempera yog siv - cov xim uas yog tsim los ntawm cov xim qhuav hauv cov hmoov. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tuaj yeem tsim tau ob qho tib si los ntawm cov khoom siv ntuj tsim thiab los ntawm lawv cov khoom siv dag zog. Qee zaum kev sib xyaw ntawm gouache nrog PVA kua nplaum yog siv. Tab sis nco ntsoov tias thaum ziab, xim yuav dawb. Yog li ntawd, ua ntej thov txheej tom ntej, cia lub yav dhau los qhuav.

Painting tam sim ntawd ntawm lub hauv paus ntoo. Yog tias xav tau, nws yog primed nrog xim liab, daj lossis xim dub. Cov yav tom ntej muaj pes tsawg leeg tuaj yeem piav qhia nrog ib txoj kab nyias uas siv cov cwj mem yooj yooj yim. Tab sis ntau tus kws paub txog kev ua yeeb yam nyiam hla cov kauj ruam no thiab siv tus qauv tam sim ntawd nrog txhuam.

Tom qab tus qauv tau qhuav tag, cov khoom tau them nrog cov kua roj vanish hauv ob pebtxheej, txhua yam uas yog kom qhuav. Lawv siv cov kua roj vanish, uas yog siv nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb swab, los yog nitro-lacquer, uas xav tau kev pab los ntawm ib tug airbrush. Qhov no ua kom qhov sib npaug thiab smoothness ntawm cov khoom tiav. Cov txheej txheem zoo li no yog xav tau los tiv thaiv cov khoom los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg lossis kev puas tsuaj.

Russian pej xeem painting hnub no

Txawm tias nyob rau tiam 21st century, kev pleev xim tsis poob nws qhov tseeb. Cov khoom pleev xim tsis yog ib feem ntawm sab hauv. Muaj ntau ntawm lawv muaj lub luag haujlwm dav thiab siv tau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Piv txwv li, hlais zaub mov rau ntawm lub rooj txiav plaub hau los yog khaws cov khob cij hauv lub khob cij pleev xim los ntawm tus tswv ntawm nws cov khoom siv tes ua tseem cuam tshuam.

Cov khoom pleev xim yuav coj lawv cov tsw txawm tias mus rau chav tsev me me, ua rau nws txawv. Tab sis tsis txhob overload lub tsev nrog xws li tej yam, raws li muaj ntau ntawm lawv zoo li ci heev. Ob lossis peb yuav txaus.

Tsis tas li, ntau hom kev kos duab pej xeem Lavxias tau nquag siv los kho cov phab ntsa, kab, ciam teb thiab lwm yam sab hauv. Qhov kev daws teeb meem no zoo nkaus li zoo hauv chav menyuam yaus lossis hauv chav ua noj, yog li nws yuav ua rau huab cua ci ntsa iab thiab zoo dua.