Architectural styles thiab lawv cov nta. Romanesque architecture. Gothic. Baroque. Constructivism

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Architecture yog ob qho tib si txheej txheem thiab cov khoom ntawm kev npaj, tsim thiab tsim cov tsev lossis lwm yam qauv. Architectural tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov tsev yog feem ntau perceived raws li kab lis kev cai cim thiab raws li tej hauj lwm ntawm kos duab. Keeb kwm kev vam meej feem ntau raug txheeb xyuas nrog lawv txoj kev vam meej.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm architecture, tau kawg, peb tuaj yeem tham txog nws ntau yam, uas yog cov qauv, txhua qhov sib txawv, coj qee yam tshiab. Ua ke nrog ib leeg, lawv tsim cov architectural ntau haiv neeg uas peb accustomed.

Cov kab lus tham txog lub ntsiab architectural styles thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv (Western, Central Europe thiab Russia), pib los ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog, cov yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv ntawm ntau yam style yog txiav txim, qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm cov qauv raug sau tseg, sib txawv. nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm style nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws, cov founders yog qhia thiabCov neeg ua tiav ntawm txhua tus qauv, piav qhia lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej ntawm cov qauv thiab kev hloov ntawm ib hom mus rau lwm qhov.

Dab tsi yog architectural style

Thawj cov qauv ntawm nws tau tshwm sim thaum thawj qhov kev vam meej tau tshwm sim, txhua tus uas tau tso nws lub cim rau ntawm architecture. Leej twg tsis paub txog Egyptian pyramids, sphinxes lossis ziggurats ntawm South America. Tej zaum tsis muaj ib tus neeg uas tsawg kawg yog me ntsis paub txog cov tsev ntawm kev vam meej sib txawv.

Tab sis lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub ntsiab architectural styles thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no scale yog heev nthuav, rov qab mus rau cov teb chaws Europe. Nws nyob ntawm no muaj ntau qhov sib txawv thiab koj tuaj yeem xav txog lawv cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb.

Romanesque style thiab nws cov nta

Ib qho ntawm thawj cov qauv ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog yuav tsum tau suav hais tias yog Romanesque style, uas tau nthuav dav hauv XI-XII centuries thiab yog cov khoom ntawm Crusades, internecine tsov rog thiab Europe, tseem tsis tau muab faib ua xeev. Lub xub ntiag ntawm ib qho qauv tsis suav nrog kev muaj nyob ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm vaj tsev hauv zos. Txog tam sim no, tsuas yog lub nroog sawv tawm uas muaj lawv tus kheej lub zog, tiv thaiv lawv tus kheej, mloog cov khoom thiab nyiaj txiag, thiab feem ntau hloov tes. Los ntawm cov architectural lug ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, yuav tsum muaj kev tiv thaiv muaj nuj nqi. Yog li ntawd, ob lub phab ntsa ntawm lub nroog thiab cov vaj tse nyob rau hauv lub nroog yuav tsum, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, loj, loj thiab muaj peev xwm tiv thaiv cov pej xeem.

Lawv txav deb ntawm cov khoom siv yav dhau los, hloov cov ntoo nrog lwm cov khoom siv ruaj khov dua. Qhov no yog pob zeb thiab cib, ua tiav los ntawm cov hlaucov ntsiab lus (hlau, bronze). Qhov rais nyob rau hauv xws li vaj tse (feem ntau yog cov tuam tsev thiab castles, thiab tom qab ntawd lub palaces ntawm feudal lords) tau ua me me thiab nqaim, lancet, nyob rau hauv lub Upper qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev los tiv thaiv hluav taws thiab xub. Feem ntau cov tsev fuabtais tau nyob ntawm ib lub roob lossis saum toj ntawm ib lossis ib lub toj. Cov vaj tse towered saum cov vaj tse nyob ib puag ncig thiab tau pom tias yog ib qho chaw ruaj khov uas tsis muaj zog. Lub hauv paus ntawm lub fortress feem ntau yog ib puag ncig (tsis tshua muaj square) pej thuam - donjon - qhov chaw nkaum ntawm tus tswv feudal. Castles thiab palaces nyob rau hauv feem ntau lub teb chaws ntawm Western thiab Central Europe tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau Romanesque style thaum ntxov. Lub tsev fuabtais hauv Loches (X xyoo pua), Gaillard fortress, lub nroog fortress ntawm Carcassonne (XIII-XIV centuries), lub Abbey ntawm Mont Saint Michel (tsim nyob rau hauv lub XI caug xyoo) nyob rau hauv Fabkis tau khaws cia lawv thawj tsos zoo dua lwm tus. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tuam tsev Romanesque thiab vaulted underground chav - crypts, uas tau npaj los khaws cov khoom qub thiab faus. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Romanesque - ib tug Latin ntoo khaub lig thiab ib tug pej thuam nrog ib tug spire nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Sab hauv yog cuam tshuam los ntawm lub zog ntawm qhov chaw, elongated thiab siab nruab nrab ib feem, ib tug abundance ntawm hnyav arches thiab loj txhua. Nws ua rau muaj kev zoo siab ntawm kev zoo siab thiab immobility. Cov ntawv Roman tsoos tau txais kev hloov pauv tsis hloov: cov phab ntsa du, ib puag ncig arches, kab thiab ncej. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov lub sij hawm, lub capitals ntawm txhua kab tau them nrog ornaments. Cov no yog cov duab ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm style, capitals nrog sculptures feem ntau siv.

Gothic architecture

Romanesque thiab Gothic style nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog yog qhov tshwj xeeb thiab ubiquitous nyob rau hauvTeb chaws Europe. Kev cai dab qhuas nyob rau hauv daim ntawv, hnyav heev solemn kos duab Gothic yog ntau sab ntsuj plig, rhiab heev rau lub neej thiab txiv neej. Cov no yog cov tuam tsev ntawm statics, anchored nyob rau hauv qhov chaw raws li architectural style. Gothic yog tus sawv cev ntawm cov Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog ntau dua li Romanesque.

Txhua lub nroog medieval tau txaus siab nyob rau hauv XIII-XVII centuries ntawm cathedrals, lub nroog halls, stock exchanges, npog khw, tsev kho mob, feem ntau yog concentrated nyob ib ncig ntawm lub square square, uas txoj kev ntawm ntau yam xim ntws. Lub grandiose Gothic cathedrals txawv sharply los ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Romanesque style. Lawv siab, roomy, thiab elegantly decorated. Lawv cov ntaub ntawv tau tawm tsam hauv lawv cov dynamism, lightness thiab picturesqueness, lawv txiav txim siab thiab tsim cov toj roob hauv pes. Tom qab cov cathedrals, cov tsev nyob rushed: tus naj npawb ntawm cov plag tsev nce, gable gable ru tsev stretched upwards. Lub nroog loj hlob tuaj. Lub tsev teev ntuj yog qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub neej ntawm lub nroog. Kev txav mus los ntawm cov tsev tau txiav txim siab los ntawm kev xav ntawm tus ntsuj plig mus rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej thiab nruj ntawm kev loj hlob hauv nroog hauv cov phab ntsa fortress. Lub yees ntawm lub cathedrals yog ob leeg sentinels thiab ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug hluav taws ntauwd. Qee lub sij hawm lawv tau crowned nrog daim duab ntawm ib tug qaib, lub cim ntawm kev ceev faj.

Gothic, zoo li lwm yam kev tsim vaj tsev thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv, siv ntau yam kev tsim kho tshiab: lub vault system ua nyuaj thiab tsim nyog, ib qho kev ruaj khov thav duab zoo nkaus li, sab hauv ribs tshwm thiab kev txhawb nqa sab nraud - pob tw. Vaulted ceilings yog lightened mus rau qhov txwv, dav spans thiab ntau seem ntawm qhov chaw sib tshooj, lub vault nce thiab lub tuam tsev yog puv nrog lub teeb. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm Gothic raws li ib tug style yog lub lancet arch. Nwsrepetition nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm lub vault, qhov rais, portals txhim khu kev xav ntawm lightness thiab kev tshav ntuj. Classic piv txwv ntawm Gothic yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Fabkis hauv Paris, Amiens, Reims, Chartres.

Renaissance hauv architecture

Hais txog cov qauv kev tsim vaj tsev, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis quav ntsej cov tuam tsev ntawm Renaissance, tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txaus siab rau tus txiv neej raws li kev xav thiab kev xav, rov qab mus rau cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm kev qub qub. Thawj tus kws kes duab vajtse ntawm Renaissance yog suav tias yog F. Bruneleschi - tus tswv ntawm kev tsim cov domes. Nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Florence, nws siv cov qauv tshiab, lub thav duab system ntawm lub tsev, cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab txoj kev tsim lub dome. Nws cov thwjtim, tus tsim ntawm lub palaces Ruclai thiab Strozzi, Alberti thiab Benedetto da Maiano, kuj ua haujlwm hauv tib lub nroog.

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub siab Renaissance: Bramante, Sangallo thiab Palladio ua haujlwm hauv Rome, sib txuas cov ntsiab lus Roman thaum ub nrog cov kev coj noj coj ua niaj hnub no. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm Palladio undoubtedly advanced txoj kev loj hlob ntawm architecture, ua rau lub architecture ntawm classicism nyob rau hauv England, Fabkis thiab Russia.

Qhov pib ntawm feudal-Catholic cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th ua rau qhov tseeb tias cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj tau siv zog hauv kev tsim vaj tsev. Lub Renaissance tau hloov los ntawm Baroque era.

Architectural style ntawm Baroque thiab nws cov nta

Hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws ntawm txhua tus qauv, kev taw qhia dav dav ntawm kev txav yog pom meej: nqes - hauv Romanesque style, nce - hauv Gothic, ntawm lub thaj - hauv Baroque.

Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Baroque: gravitation ntawm qhov loj tshaj plaws, qhov nyuajcov ntaub ntawv, monumentality thiab pathos. Li no los ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem, nce kev xav, hyperbolicity, kev nplua nuj ntawm cov khoom siv nplua nuj thiab cov ntsiab lus. Baroque architects siv cov kaum sab xis, lub teeb thiab xim sib txawv. Sculpture thiab painting ua raws li architecture, nyob rau hauv tas li sib cuam tshuam nrog nws. Nyob rau lub sijhawm no, architectural ensembles yog tsim uas suav nrog xwm hloov los ntawm tib neeg. Rome dhau los ua qhov chaw ci ntsa iab ntawm Baroque architecture.

Baroque architects tsis qhia cov tsev tshiab, tab sis nrhiav cov txheej txheem tshiab thiab kho kom zoo nkauj rau cov tsev qub uas hloov pauv tag nrho cov qauv thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov duab kos duab. F. Borromini hloov cov kab ncaj nraim thiab dav hlau nrog cov nkhaus, sib npaug, wriggling sawv daws yuav. Hauv Palazzo Barberini, Villa d'Este hauv Tivoli, cov kws tsim vaj tsev tau siv cov av, pas dej, pavilions thiab sculptural pawg.

Baroque Ua haujlwm los ntawm Bernini (tus kws tsim vaj tsev, sculptor, neeg pleev kob): Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Sant'Andrea hauv Rome, ua tiav ntau xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm St. Peter's Cathedral hauv Rome. Ntxiv rau qhov grandiose colonnade (ntau pua kab), qhov project rau kev tsim kho lub tsev teev ntuj suav nrog ob lub qhov dej thiab obelisk ntawm lawv.

theem tom ntej thiab kauj ruam hauv kev txhim kho architecture yog classicism.

Sib piv Baroque thiab Classicism

Qhov kev yeej ntawm lub xeev centralized thiab autocracy yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv monumental lug. Ensembles coj nyob rau hauv unprecedented proportions. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws piv txwv ntawm xws li ib pawg yog Versailles, 17 km ntawm Paris. Order systems ntawm antiquity tau siv thaum lub sij hawm nws tsim. Kev ncaj ncees hauvKev tsim kho ntawm cov ntim thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ntawm cov tsev rov ua dua Rome thiab tim Nkij teb chaws, nruj kev txiav txim thiab kev sib raug zoo tau pom zoo (Fabkis chaw ua si).

Lub Louvre ua haujlwm ntawm kev paub tab classicism tau ua qauv rau ntau lub koom haum pej xeem hauv Tebchaws Europe.

Thiab hauv Rome, kev coj noj coj ua baroque txuas ntxiv mus: Spanish Cov Kauj Ruam, cov Christian basilica loj ntawm San Giovanni thiab Santa Maria Maggiore, muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm Trevi Fountain overloaded nrog cov ntsiab lus. Baroque thiab classicism mus sib koom tes.

Baroque style txhais tau tias saib thiab qhuas cov ntsiab lus. Classicism, ntawm qhov tod tes, thov tus neeg saib qhov kev pab cuam ntawm tag nrho pawg ib zaug nrog nws ib puag ncig ntuj thiab tib neeg tsim.

Refined Rococo style

Nrog rau qhov ploj ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov qauv ntawm baroque thiab classicism tau hloov los ntawm kev coj ua tshiab - rococo. Architecture nyob rau hauv no style yog maj txav deb ntawm grandiose ensembles, tab sis lub craving rau khoom kim heev tsuas yog noj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv tshiab. Lub tsev fuabtais ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th tau hloov los ntawm lub nroog lub tsev - lub tsev so rau hauv lub vaj ntsuab ntsuab. Qhov no, raws li txoj cai, yog ib lub tsev me me ntawm aristocracy lossis cov tub lag luam nplua nuj thiab cov neeg siv nyiaj. Hauv rococo lub tsev, kev sib koom ua ke ntawm sab hauv sab hauv, tus yam ntxwv ntawm classicism, poob sib nrug, kev pom tseeb, kev pom tseeb thiab subordination ntawm qhov chaw rau tag nrho yog ua txhaum, tab sis curvilinearity thiab kev tshav ntuj ua rau lub tswv yim ntawm lightness thiab cheerfulness.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm Rococo sab hauv yog sab hauv ntawm Hotel Subise J. Boffan. Qhov chaw yog txhais los ntawm lub oval nyob rau hauv txoj kev npaj ntawm lub tsev so. Tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj yog intertwined, ua si thiab ci ntsa iab, daim iav rov hais dua cov nkhaus, nthuav qhov chaw thiab ua kom deb ntawm kev muaj tiag. Cov cim ntawm Rococo architectural style yog qhov tseeb.

Los ntawm nruab nrab-1750s, Rococo style raug thuam hnyav heev. Kev sib piv ntawm Rococo, Baroque thiab Classicism tawm qhov kawg los yeej.

Nyob hauv Paris, JA. Gabriel (Qhov Chaw de la Concorde) thiab Souflot (Lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Panthéon) twb tau rov qab los rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm rau txoj kev nyiam ntawm Vajtswv feem ntawm classicism.

C. N. Ledoux txoj haujlwm - industrial nroog project

KN Ledoux daws qhov teeb meem ntawm lub nroog pawg los ntawm kev mus los ntawm cov classics, tab sis tib lub sijhawm ua siab tawv tsoo nws cov canons, tsis kam lees nws cov ntsiab lus thiab kho kom zoo nkauj. Qhov hnyav geometric ntim thiab muaj zog masonry yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws cov haujlwm.

Ledoux tsim qhov project rau lub nroog muaj Shaw thiab ib nrab siv nws. Cov koom txoos suav nrog Tsev Neeg Ua Phooj Ywg, Tsev Hais Plaub, Tsev Kawm Ntawv. Qhov project no yog ib tug forerunner ntawm constructivist lub tswv yim thiab cov tsev ntawm Soviet lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia.

Empire raws li kev tsim vaj tsev

Thaum Napoleon, kos duab, raws li nyob rau hauv Louis XIV, yog raug rau lub xeev nruj tutelage. Classicism yog reborn rau hauv hnyav thiab solemn Empire style. Nws paub yuav ua li cas muab cov ntaub ntawv antique architectural rau cov tsev ntawm ntau lub hom phiaj. Qhov nyiam motif ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman style yog lub motif ntawm lub triumphal arch. Tus kws kes duab vajtse F. Chalgrin ua tiav Arc de Triomphe nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm huab tais ntawm qhov chaw des Stars hauv Paris, uas ua tiav lub panorama ntawm lub nroog. Lub arch bears lub stamp ntawm txias splendor. C. Persier reproduces antique arch hauv Carousel Square. Empire style tau mus rau hauv cov rooj tog hnyav, ntxiv rau interiors, qhov twgmuaj motifs ntawm sphinxes, griffins, chimeras.

Empire yog qhov kawg zoo kawg nkaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

Kev xaiv

Kev lag luam kev lag luam tau nthuav dav, cov pej xeem kev loj hlob ua rau muaj kev xav tau vaj tsev nyob, teeb meem ntawm txoj kev xav tau kev txhim kho ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Architects ncaj qha nyob ntawm cov neeg siv khoom lag luam. Kev tsim kho hauv nroog yog ua tiav yam tsis muaj kev npaj tswv yim. Lub ntsiab mob rau kev tsim kho yog kev lag luam, pheej yig thiab yooj yim. Txhua yam ntawm cov ntsiab lus eclectic tshwm sim, cov qauv qub tau sib xyaw hauv cov tsev tshiab. Ib hom lus tshwj xeeb raws li kev siv engineering tshiab thiab cov qauv tsim hauv architecture tseem tsis tau tsim. Lub dominance ntawm eclecticism thiab imitation ntawm ntau yam architectural qauv yuav kav mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua.

New age - new architecture

Technical development yog ntau thiab ntau haiv neeg, ntau lawm booming. Qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom haum rau cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau tshem tawm cov kev xav tau ntawm vaj tse. Tag nrho cov no ua rau muaj teeb meem loj heev, teeb meem kev tsim vaj tsev sai sai.

Kev sib nrauj tsis tuaj yeem sib nrauj los ntawm kev daws cov haujlwm no los ntawm lub neej. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, tag nrho cov xwm txheej tau tsim rau kev nce ntawm architecture. Lub eclecticism ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th tau hloov los ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau ib qho tseem ceeb raws li kev siv cov qauv tshiab thiab cov khoom siv. Cov no yog cov hlau, pob zeb thiab pob zeb, iav, dai npog, trusses.

Lub harbinger ntawm nws cov architecture yog Eiffel Ntauwd, tsa ntawm lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition hauv Paris xyoo 1889. G. Eiffel pib nkag siab tias nws yog devoid of any utilitarian meaning andsiv. Muaj pes tsawg tus neeg thuam thiab kev tsim txom tau dhau mus rau qhov kev mus ncig xyuas ntau tshaj plaws ntawm architecture hauv Paris los ntawm nws tus kws sau.

modern txhais tau tias "modern"

Thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ib qho kev taw qhia hu ua "modern" tshaj tawm nws tus kheej. Cov neeg tsim qauv ntawm cov qauv no tau nrhiav kev tsim cov qauv tsim, siv cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog, iav, tig ntsej muag ceramics thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv tshiab. Tab sis tau txais kev ywj pheej vim yog cov khoom tshiab ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv coj mus rau kev txhim kho ntawm superficial decorativeism, kom txhob txwm tshaj tawm txog curvature.

Catholics tau dubbed tus qauv tshiab "kev thuam ntawm cov hlau, iav thiab kev ua siab phem".

Sinuous qauv ntawm hlau bindings, balconies railings, ru tsev khoov, curvilinear duab qhib, stylized ornament feem ntau zoo li cov keeb kwm yav dhau los. Art Nouveau muaj kev cuam tshuam zoo rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj thiab siv kos duab, tab sis tsis tau tsim ib qho tshiab kos duab thiab kos duab. Qhov kev txiav txim siab hloov pauv hauv kev txhim kho ntawm architecture los tom qab Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib.

Cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb thiab cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm postmodernism

Postmodernism nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm 1970-2000 yog ib qho kev txav chaw ua ntej ntawm tag nrho rau qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm txhua yam ntawm nws cov creation thiab originality. Ua li no, postmodernism dav siv cov kev tsim ntawm lwm cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm txhua lub sijhawm, rov ua dua, siv cov ntaub ntawv tsim kho tshiab thiab sau cov khoom paub hauv ib puag ncig sib txawv, ib feem ntxiv thiab hloov lawv cov décor. Nyob rau hauv creations, qhov zoo yog pom los ntawmbaroque, ces gothic ntsiab. Cov kws kho mob nto moo ntawm postmodernism: R. Venturi, A. Rossi, P. Aizenman thiab lwm tus. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm postmodernism hauv architecture ntawm 1970-2000 yog Crooked House nyob rau hauv lub nroog Sopot.

Kev tshwm sim thiab kev sib tw dav ntawm kev tsim kho

Lub nroog qub tsis tau raws li lub siab lub sij hawm. Kev lag luam thiab tsis muaj chaw yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm kev sib hais haum thiab cov phiaj xwm tshiab hauv nroog. Lub nroog vaj nrog cov tsev nyob ib leeg, cov neeg ua haujlwm kev sib haum xeeb, cov nroog muaj nyob ib ncig ntawm cov nroog loj. Muaj cov vaj tse nyob nrog cov qauv kev lag luam rau cov pej xeem. Cov kev xav tau rau lub tsev, nrog rau cov tsheb, yog typified. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo-kev tsim kho tau nce ntxiv rau hauv kev tsim cov nroog ntawm hom tshiab, kev lag luam kev lag luam thiab cov chaw lag luam loj.

Lub luag haujlwm ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, txuas hniav, kev sib tshuam kev thauj mus los tau loj hlob hauv cov duab kos duab hauv nroog.

Tej zaum qhov kev cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog tsim los ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb ntawm architecture Le Corbusier, tus tsim ntawm constructivism, uas tas li ua rau muaj kev sib tsoo. Nws qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog kev yooj yim thiab kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntim, kev siv cov pob zeb ua kom muaj zog, uas tau qhib dhau qhov muaj peev xwm rau kev sib txawv hauv nroog. Nws yog Le Corbusier uas tau tso lub tswv yim los tsim lub nroog nrog cov skyscrapers, ua tiav kev hloov ntawm nws txoj kev thauj mus los, kev txawj ntse zoning ntawm txhua lub nroog thaj chaw.

Nws tej haujlwm tsuas yog cheem cov tswv yim qub txog txoj hauv kev ntawm kev txhim kho nroog, uas tseem tshuav los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm feudalism. Cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm Corbusier: lub tsev so hauv Paris, villa hauv Poissy, thiab lwm yam. Hauv kev sim 17-storey tsev nyob hauv Marseille, nws nrhiav kev tsim vaj tsev uas muaj lub teeb, huab cua thiab cov neeg nyob.

Qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim kho tau piav qhia hauv lub tsev Bauhaus hauv Dessau. Nws suav nrog ob peb rooj plaub. Nws cov yam ntxwv: qhov sib txawv ntawm cov pob zeb du (phab ntsa) thiab kab rov tav loj qhov rais nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov slots, qhov tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus decorating, huab degrees ntawm laconism, piv txwv li cov yam ntxwv feem ntau ntawm cov qauv tsim.

Zoo li kev ua raws li cov qauv ntawm kev tsim kho ua rau cov khaub ncaws qhuav thiab tho txawv.

Cov qauv vaj tsev ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev tau txais qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws Russia. Tom qab lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig, nws pib tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm. Nws tsom ntsoov rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm tib neeg lub neej, ntawm kev tsim cov vaj tse uas sib sau ua ke ntawm tib neeg ntawm qee thaj chaw (Khoom noj khoom haus, Lub Tsev ntawm Kab lis kev cai, Palaces ntawm Pioneers lossis Metallurgists, thiab lwm yam) tau pab txhawb cov tswv yim thiab cov lus hais ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, kev ua kwv tij, collectivism, thiab lwm yam., yeej nyob txhua qhov chaw uas haum rau cov tub ceev xwm Soviet zoo heev. Cov vaj tse nyob tau tsim tsis muaj kev tsim vaj tsev ntau dhau, cov haujlwm ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab zoo sib xws, zoo li ntxaib, cov chav tsev - me me. Tom qab ntawd lawv pib pleev xim vaj tse zoo ib yam ntawm cov xim sib txawv - ua kom lawv zoo nkauj thiab pheej yig.

Thiab cov kws tsim vaj tsev uas tiv thaiv kev tsim vaj tsev ua yeeb yam, sim khaws cov vaj tsev monuments nrog txhua hom kev tsim vaj tsev ntau dhau, dhau los ua yeeb ncuab ntawm cov tub ceev xwm.

Hi-tech style hauv architecture

Tus qauv no suav nrog kev siv cov khoom siv niaj hnub rauincarnations tshaj qhov qub tej yaam num, zoo ib yam li scenery ntawm films txog lub neej yav tom ntej los yog lub neej nyob rau lwm cov ntiaj chaw. Functionality thiab brightness, txawv txawv spatial kev daws teeb meem thiab kev tsim kho vaj tse nyob, lub uniqueness ntawm thauj txoj kev, industrial complexes coj peb mus rau yav tom ntej nyob deb. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tsev high-tech zoo li hnyav heev vim yog siv cov khoom siv phem. Cov style no feem ntau ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab ntxhov siab, thiab qee zaum ntshai. Hi-tech yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws siv rau qhov kev xav tau thiab kev tsav tsheb: chaw ntau pob, kev hais kwv txhiaj thiab xinesmas halls.

Hi-tech yog ua raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws tsim qauv xws li N. Foster, R. Rogers, N. Grimshaw thiab R. Piano hauv 70s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Tab sis thawj qhov kev sim siab siv tau pib thaum xyoo pua 19th - qhov no yog Crystal Palace ntawm D. Paxton.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab yog lub tsev Fuji TV ua nyob rau hauv lub peev ntawm Nyiv.

Deconstructivism raws li kev tsim vaj tsev

Txoj kab ntawm architectural styles thiab lawv cov nta yuav ua tiav los ntawm deconstructivism. Nws yog kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev puas tsuaj movies. Cov style ntawm deconstructivism yog ib qho kev tsim vaj tsev (pib nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem), uas muaj ib tug muaj zog aggression intrusion ntawm cov qauv thiab cov qauv mus rau hauv lub nroog toj roob hauv pes. Cov hauj lwm ntawm deconstructivists pom kev ua txhaum kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub nroog ib puag ncig, tsuas yog demoralize nws nrog qhov loj thiab cov duab ntawm lub tsev. Piv txwv ntawm deconstructivism suav nrog Zaha Hadid Fire Station thiab Frank Gehry Tsev khaws puav pheej.