Sculptor Donatello: biography, ua hauj lwm, duab

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Donatello yog tus kws kos duab Italian uas yog tus sawv cev ntawm lub sijhawm Renaissance thaum ntxov, lub tsev kawm Florentine. Peb yuav tham txog nws lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm hauv kab lus no. Biography ntawm tus kws sau ntawv no tsis paub meej, yog li nws tuaj yeem nthuav tawm luv luv xwb.

Cov ntaub ntawv luv luv txog tus kws kos duab Donatello

Tus sculptor yav tom ntej Donatello yug hauv Florence xyoo 1386, hauv tsev neeg ntawm Nicollo di Betto Bardi, nplua nuj wool comber. Nws tau kawm los ntawm 1403-1407 hauv kev cob qhia ntawm ib tug txiv neej hu ua Lorenzo Ghiberti. Ntawm no nws mastered, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov txheej txheem ntawm bronze casting. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus sculptor no tau cuam tshuam los ntawm nws kev paub nrog lwm tus txiv neej - Filippo Brunelleschi. Ghiberti thiab Brunneleschi tseem yog cov phooj ywg ze tshaj plaws ntawm tus tswv rau lub neej.

Giorgio Vasari hais tias tus sculptor Donatello yog ib tug neeg siab dawb siab zoo, siab zoo, saib xyuas nws cov phooj ywg zoo heev, tsis txhob cuam tshuam txog nyiaj txiag. Nws cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov phooj ywg coj los ntawm nws ntau npaum li lawv xav tau.

Nyob rau lub sijhawm muaj tswv yim

Txoj haujlwm ntawm tus sculptor no thaum ntxov, hauv 1410s, tau cuam tshuam nrog kev txiav txim hauv zej zog uas tau muab rau nws raudecorations ntawm ntau lub tsev pej xeem hauv Florence. Rau lub tsev ntawm Or San Michele (nws facade), Donatello ua cov mlom ntawm St. George (los ntawm 1415 txog 1417) thiab St. Mark (los ntawm 1411 txog 1413). Nyob rau hauv 1415 nws ua tiav tus pej thuam ntawm St. John the Evangelist, uas tau dai kom zoo nkauj ntawm Florence Cathedral.

Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tsim Kho hauv tib lub xyoo tau txib Donatello los ua cov mlom ntawm cov yaj saub los kho lub campanile. Tus tswv tau ua haujlwm ntawm lawv qhov tsim tau yuav luag ob xyoo lawm (los ntawm 1416 txog 1435). Tsib daim duab yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm lub cathedral. "David" thiab cov mlom ntawm cov yaj saub (kwv yees li 1430-1432) tseem muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog kev lig kev cai Gothic uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov duab yog subordinated rau ib tug paub daws teeb hniav zoo nkauj atherosclerosis, lub ntsej muag yog kho nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo tagnrho txoj kev, lub cev yog them nrog hnyav robes. Tab sis twb nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm no nws sim qhia lub zoo tagnrho tshiab ntawm nws era - tus heroic tus kheej cwm pwm - Donatello. Tus sculptor tsim tej hauj lwm ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv uas qhov zoo tagnrho yog manifested. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv daim duab ntawm St. Mark (1412), St. George (1415), nrog rau Habakkuk thiab Yelemis (xyoo tsim - 1423-1426). Maj mam, cov ntaub ntawv ua kom pom tseeb, ntim ntim tau zoo, portraiture yog hloov los ntawm lub ntsej muag zoo ib yam, thiab cov ntaub qhwv lub hnab ntim lub cev ib txwm, echoing nws txav thiab nkhaus.

Qhov ntxa ntawm John XXIII

Sculptor Donatello tsim ua ke nrog Michelozzo lub qhov ntxa ntawm John XXIII ntawm 1425 thiab 1427. Nws tau dhau los ua qauv siv classicrau tom qab tombs yos rov qab mus rau Renaissance. Kev koom tes ntev ntawm ob tus sculptors pib nrog txoj haujlwm no.

Casting bronze cov nuj nqis

Donatello thaum ntxov 1420s tig los ua cov duab tooj liab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws thawj ua hauj lwm yog ib tug pej thuam ntawm Louis ntawm Toulouse, uas nws twb commissioned nyob rau hauv 1422 los decorate ib tug niche nyob rau hauv Or San Michele. Qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws monuments, uas qhia txog kev nkag siab ntawm kev dawb huv raws li kev ua tiav ntawm tus kheej uas tau tuav lub Renaissance.

Tus pej thuam David

Lub siab tshaj plaws ntawm tus tswv txoj haujlwm hauv tooj liab yog tus pej thuam ntawm David, tsim nyob ib puag ncig 1430-1432. Nws yog tsim, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau medieval duab puab, rau ib ncig ncig. Lwm qhov kev hloov tshiab yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm nudity, uas Donatello tig mus. Tus sculptor depict David liab qab, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv lub robes, raws li yog kev cai ua ntej, thawj zaug txij li thaum lub Nrab Hnub nyoog li realistically thiab nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug loj scale.

Lwm cov hauj lwm los ntawm Donatello yos rov qab mus rau 1410s - thaum ntxov 1420s - ib tug tsov ntxhuav carved nyob rau hauv sandstone - lub cim ntawm Florence, ib tug ntoo crucifix rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Santa Croce, bronze reliquary rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Ognisanti, ib tug bronze statuette nyob rau hauv lub National Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Florence hu ua "Attis Amorino", uas yog pom meej ib tug depiction ntawm ancient fertility deity, Priapus.

Ua haujlwm hauv cov txheej txheem nyem

Kev paub hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nyem los ntawm Donatello kuj tau hloov pauv. Sib zog ua kom pom tseebillusory qhov chaw coj tus sculptor los tsim ib tug flattened nyem, qhov twg lub tswv yim ntawm qhov tob yog ua los ntawm kev siv cov gradation ntawm ntim. Kev siv cov txheej txheem kev pom ncaj qha txhim kho qhov kev xav tsis thoob. "Drawing" nrog ib tug chisel, sculptor yog zoo li ib tug artist painting ib daim duab. Peb nco txog ntawm no xws li kev ua haujlwm xws li "Kev Sib Tw ntawm George nrog Zaj", "Madonna Pazzi", "Lub Koobtsheej ntawm Herod", "Ascension of Mary" thiab lwm yam. Lub keeb kwm ntawm architectural nyob rau hauv lub picturesque reliefs ntawm tus tswv no yog depicted siv cov kev cai ntawm ncaj qha foundations. Nws tswj kom ua tau ob peb thaj chaw uas cov cim nyob.

Trip rau Rome, thib ob Florentine lub sijhawm

Tus sculptor Donatello nyob hauv Rome thaum Lub Yim Hli 1432 txog Lub Tsib Hlis 1433. Ntawm no, ua ke nrog Brunelleschi, nws ntsuas cov monuments ntawm lub nroog, kawm cov duab puab thaum ub. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, cov neeg hauv zos suav hais tias ob tus phooj ywg yog cov neeg yos hav zoov. Roman impressions tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv xws li tej hauj lwm xws li lub tsev ntaub, ua rau lub Chapel del Sacramento los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Eugene IV (pope), lub "Annunciation" (lwm yam - lub Cavalcanti Altarpiece, saib daim duab hauv qab no), lub suab paj nruag platform ntawm ib qho ntawm Florentine cathedrals, nrog rau cov sab nrauv, ua rau lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Prato (lub sij hawm ntawm creation - 1434-1438).

Donatello ua tiav qhov tseeb classicism hauv "Lub Koobtsheej ntawm Herod" nyem, tsim thaum nws rov qab los ntawm kev mus rau Rome.

Hais txog 1440, tus sculptor tsim lub qhov rooj bronze, nrog rau yim medallions rau Florentine Old Sacristy ntawm SanLorenzo (lub sijhawm los ntawm 1435 txog 1443). Hauv plaub qhov kev txhawb nqa molded los ntawm khob, qhov kev ywj pheej zoo kawg nkaus tau ua tiav hauv kev piav qhia ntawm sab hauv, cov tsev thiab cov duab ntawm tib neeg.

Padua lub sijhawm

Donatello mus rau Padua xyoo 1443. Ntawm no pib theem tom ntej ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Nws ua tus pej thuam Erasmo de Narni (tus pej thuam ntawm Gattamelata). Donatello pov nws hauv 1447, thiab qhov haujlwm no tau teeb tsa me ntsis tom qab - hauv 1453. Lub monument rau Marcus Aurelius tau ua ib daim duab. Nrog kev pab los ntawm kab pheeb ces kaum, uas yog tsim los ntawm ntaj thiab pas nrig ntawm Gattamelata (Erasmo lub npe menyuam yaus), raws li zoo raws li txoj hauj lwm ntawm ob txhais tes, sculptor Donatello ua ke cov duab ntawm tus nees thiab cov neeg caij tsheb rau hauv ib lub silhouette. Cov duab puab uas nws tsim nyob rau lub sijhawm no yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus. Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, nws ua lub thaj ntawm St. Anthony ntawm Padua, nrog rau plaub qhov kev pab cuam piav qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm nws lub neej, uas yog suav tias yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus tswv txoj haujlwm hauv kev zoo nkauj zoo nkauj.

Txawm tias Donatello qhia txog kev txav mus los tiag tiag, xws li hauv ob lub mlom ntawm St. John the Baptist in Florence (hauv casa Martelli thiab hauv Bargello), nws kaw nws tus kheej kom coj tus cwj pwm. Hauv ob qho xwm txheej, St. John yog sawv cev raws li kev taug kev, thiab txhua tus neeg, nqes mus rau tus ntiv taw kawg, koom nrog qhov kev txav no. Ib qho zais cia tshiab tau tawm tsam los ntawm xwm.

Ib qho tshwj xeeb ntawm Donatello txoj kev txawj yog tias tus sculptor no piav txog lub zog, lub zog, zoo nkauj thiab kev tshav ntuj nrog tib yam txuj ci. Piv txwv li, lub bas-relief ntawm lub sam thiaj marble nyob rau hauv Prato Cathedral, carved nyob rau hauv 1434, depicts ib nrab-liab qab geniuses thiab cov me nyuam,uas ntaus suab paj nruag thiab seev cev nrog wreaths ntawm paj. Lawv cov kev txav mus los yog qhov muaj zog heev, ua si thiab sib txawv. Tib yam tuaj yeem hais txog lwm yam marble bas-reliefs ua rau Florence Cathedral.

Donatello tsis tau ua haujlwm ntau hauv xyoo tas los no hauv Padua. Thaj, nws mob hnyav. Tus sculptor rov qab los rau Florence hauv 1453 thiab tseem nyob ntawm no mus txog thaum nws tuag (hauv 1466), tshwj tsis yog caij luv luv rau Siena hauv 1457.

Late Florentine lub sijhawm

Ntau cov lus nug raug tsa los ntawm kev ua haujlwm lig ntawm Donatello. Qhov no sculptor nyob rau hauv lub lig lub sij hawm ntawm creativity tsim tsis yog li ntawd ntau nthuav tej hauj lwm. Qee lub sij hawm muaj kev hais lus ntawm kev poob qis hauv nws cov txuj ci, nrog rau kev rov qab mus rau qee cov tswv yim gothic. Sculpture los ntawm Donatello nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm lub 1450s mus rau thaum ntxov 1460s yog sawv cev los ntawm ib tug pej thuam ntawm Mary Magdalene (1455, saib daim duab hauv qab no), ua los ntawm ntoo, ib pab pawg neeg ntawm "Judith thiab Holofernes", ib tug pej thuam ntawm John the Baptist, reliefs. ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Kev Sawv Rov Los thiab Txoj Kev Mob Siab ntawm Tswv Yexus ob lub ntsiab lus hauv pawg ntseeg San Lorenzo. Cov hauj lwm no yog dominated los ntawm tragic ntsiab lus uas Donatello tsim. Tus sculptor nyob rau hauv kev tua adhered rau naturalism, uas ciam teb rau ntawm sab ntsuj plig puas. Ntau qhov kev sau ua tiav tom qab tus tswv tuag los ntawm nws cov tub ntxhais kawm - Bertoldo thiab Bellago.

Tus sculptor tuag xyoo 1466. Nws raug faus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm San Lorenzo, uas yog dai kom zoo nkauj nrog nws cov hauj lwm, nrog zoo kawg nkaus qhuas. Yog li xaus txoj haujlwm ntawm Donatello. Sculptor uas nws biography thiab tej hauj lwm yognthuav tawm hauv kab lus no, ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb architecture. Nco ntsoov qhov nws muaj.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm tus tswv txoj haujlwm no

Donatello yog tus tseem ceeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Renaissance plastics. Nws yog nws uas thawj zaug pib kawm systematically kawm lub mechanism ntawm kev txav ntawm tib neeg lub cev, piav qhia txog ib tug complex loj txiav txim, pib txhais cov khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub plasticity ntawm lub cev thiab txav, teem lub luag hauj lwm ntawm qhia ib tug neeg portrait nyob rau hauv duab puab, thiab tsom mus rau kev hloov ntawm lub hlwb lub neej ntawm cov cim. Nws ua kom zoo nkauj bronze casting thiab marble qauv. Peb lub dav hlau nyem nws tau tsim qhia txoj hauv kev rau kev txhim kho ntxiv ntawm cov duab puab, nrog rau kev pleev xim.