Byzantine style hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm Byzantium yog ib qho nyuaj rau overestimate. Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov cuab yeej cuab tam Byzantine tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si sab ntsuj plig thiab cov khoom siv ntawm lub neej. Kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm kab lis kev cai tau dhau los ntawm ntau theem, thiab txawm tias nyob rau hauv niaj hnub kab lis kev cai thiab architecture muaj cov cim qhia ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam no. Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kev txiav txim zoo, Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai tau dhau los ua lub ntsiab successor thiab txuas ntxiv ntawm cov kab lig kev cai thiab sab ntsuj plig canons ntawm Byzantium.

Lub hauv paus pib ntawm Byzantine style

Kev tawg ntawm Roman faj tim teb chaws hauv 395 coj mus rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub tebchaws tshiab, tom qab hu ua Byzantium. Nws yog rightfully suav hais tias yog tus successor ntawm ancient kab lis kev cai, kab lis kev cai thiab kev txawj ntse. Lub Byzantine style tshwm sim los ntawm qhov concentration ntawm cov txheej txheem architectural uas twb muaj lawm. Cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm lub xeev tshiab tam sim ntawd teeb tsa lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm Roman kev ua tiav. Yog li ntawd, muaj organically absorbed tag nrho cov zoo tshaj plaws uas yog invented los ntawm cov neeg Loos thiab Greeks, lawv tsim tshiab masterpieces, txais kev sib tw ntawm lub sij hawm thiab nrhiav tshiab tsim thiab kev daws teeb meem.

Kev tsim ntawm Byzantine kab lis kev cai tau tshwm sim tsis yog rauKev tsim tawm thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov kev paub dhau los ntawm Greco-Roman, tab sis kuj cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj zog oriental cawv, uas tau pom nyob rau hauv kev nrhiav cov khoom kim heev, grandeur, embellishment.

Vim qhov tseeb tias cov ntseeg sab hnub tuaj ntawm cov ntseeg tau nyob hauv Constantinople, lub tebchaws xav tau cov tsev teev ntuj tshiab. Ib txoj kev xav tshiab kuj xav tau nws tus kheej entourage. Cov dej num no tau daws los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb uas tuaj yeem mus rau Constantinople thiab tsim cov haujlwm tshwj xeeb uas dhau los ua kev ntseeg tshiab, kab lis kev cai, xeev thiab vaj tsev canon.

Byzantine style nta

Cov kws tsim vaj tsev ntawm Constantinople yuav tsum tau daws ob peb qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb uas feem ntau tshwm sim hauv lub tuam tsev architecture. Lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Orthodoxy yuav tsum ua rau muaj kev xav tsis thoob rau cov neeg saib nrog nws cov nplai thiab kev zoo nkauj, lub tuam tsev tau cuam tshuam nrog Vajtswv lub Nceeg Vaj, thiab yog li ntawd cov kws tsim vaj tsev xav tau cov lus qhia tshiab, uas lawv tab tom nrhiav. Lub hauv paus rau kev teeb tsa ntawm lub tuam tsev Byzantine tsis yog Greek Cathedral, tab sis Roman Basilica. Cov phab ntsa ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tau ua los ntawm cib nrog cov txheej loj ntawm cov khoom sib txuas. Qhov no coj mus rau tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb feature ntawm Byzantine vaj tse - lub ntsej muag ntawm lub tsev nrog cib los yog pob zeb ntawm tsaus thiab lub teeb xim. Arcades ntawm txhua kab nrog pob tawb zoo li lub peev feem ntau tau muab tso rau ntawm lub façade.

Byzantine style yog txuam nrog tus ntoo khaub lig-domed hom ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Cov kws tsim vaj tse tau tswj xyuas kom pom cov kev daws teeb meem yooj yim rau kev sib txuas ntawm lub dome puag ncig thiab lub hauv paus square, yog li "sails" tshwm sim, uas.tsim kom muaj kev sib haum xeeb. Tapered qhov rais nrog cov kab sib npaug, muab tso rau ob lossis peb sab ntawm ib sab, kuj yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev Byzantine.

Kev ua haujlwm sab nrauv ntawm cov tsev yeej ib txwm muaj kev coj noj coj ua ntau dua li kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv - qhov no yog lwm qhov ntawm Byzantine cov tsev. Cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim sab hauv yog kev kho kom zoo, kev nplua nuj thiab kev tshav ntuj, lawv siv cov khoom kim heev, zoo nkauj heev uas ua rau muaj kev xav zoo rau tib neeg.

Byzantine cuam tshuam rau kev tsim vaj tsev medieval

Nyob rau Hnub Nyoog Nrab Hnub nyoog, kev cuam tshuam ntawm Byzantium kis mus rau txhua lub tebchaws hauv Tebchaws Europe, nws yog kev nom kev tswv, kev lag luam thiab sab ntsuj plig. Lub Byzantine style nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog tau dhau los ua ib qho chaw muaj zog rau kev rov ua dua tshiab. Ltalis mus rau qhov ntau dua tau txais kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm Byzantine architecture: hom tshiab ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab cov txheej txheem mosaic. Yog li ntawd, cov tuam tsev medieval hauv Ravenna, ntawm cov kob ntawm Torcello, hauv Palermo tau dhau los ua cov cim ntawm qhov kev cuam tshuam Byzantine.

Tom qab, cov kev xav tau kis mus rau lwm lub tebchaws. Yog li, lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Aachen hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm Byzantine cuam tshuam los ntawm prism ntawm Italian masters. Txawm li cas los xij, Byzantium muaj kev cuam tshuam loj tshaj plaws rau cov tebchaws uas tau txais Orthodoxy: Bulgaria, Serbia, Armenia thiab Ancient Russia. Kev sib tham txog kab lis kev cai tiag tiag thiab kev sib pauv tshwm sim ntawm no, uas ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab ke vaj tsev uas twb muaj lawm.

Kev cuam tshuam ntawm Byzantium ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient Russia

Txhua tus neeg paub txog zaj dab neeg ntawm yuav ua li cas cov neeg sawv cev Lavxias teb sab, uas tau mus xyuas Rome thiab Constantinople hauv kev tshawb nrhiav kev ntseeg tsim nyog, tau xav tsis thoob los ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm Hagia Sophia, thiab qhov no tau txiav txim siab qhov tshwm sim ntawm rooj plaub. Txij thaum ntawd los, kev hloov pauv muaj zog ntawm kev coj noj coj ua, cov ntawv nyeem, rituals mus rau Russia pib. Ib qho tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem no yog lub tuam tsev architecture, uas yog nquag pib txhim kho hauv daim ntawv tshiab. Byzantine style nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm lub tuam tsev tau tshwm sim vim lub fact tias tag nrho cov pab neeg ntawm craftsmen tuaj rau Ancient Russia los tsim cathedrals, hloov kev txawj ntse thiab tsim ib tug tshiab duab ntawm lub teb chaws. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus kws kos duab tuaj xyuas Constantinople, kawm txog kev txawj ntse thiab kev ua kom yuam kev ntawm kev tsim kho.

Lavxias teb sab masters, pib los ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th, tsis yog tsuas yog siv Byzantine kab lig kev cai, tab sis kuj txhawb lawv, ntxiv rau lawv nrog cov kev daws teeb meem thiab cov ntsiab lus tsim nyog rau cov koom txoos hauv zos. Cov tsoos ntoo khaub lig-domed Byzantine lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Russia yog overgrown nrog ntxiv naves thiab chav tsev kom muaj peev xwm ntau dua. Los tsim cov tsev nyob rau hauv ib tug tshiab style, nrog rau cov handicrafts thaj chaw tshwm: cib ua, tswb casting, icon painting - tag nrho cov no muaj Byzantine cov hauv paus hniav, tab sis yog ua tiav los ntawm Lavxias teb sab masters nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm lub teb chaws daim duab. Qhov piv txwv meej tshaj plaws ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo li no yog Cathedral ntawm Sophia Kev Txawj Ntse ntawm Vajtswv hauv Kyiv, qhov twg peb-nave Byzantine daim ntawv dhau los ua tsib-nave thiab txuas ntxiv nrog cov chav, thiab tsib tshooj ntxiv los ntawm 12 lub khob me me ntxiv.

Byzantine lub tuam tsev qauv

Byzantine style hauv architecture,cov yam ntxwv uas peb tab tom xav txog, yog nyob ntawm qhov kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm lub tuam tsev. Nws cov yam ntxwv tau yug los ntawm cov kev xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom siv dawb huv: kev nce hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev, kev sib txuas yooj yim ntawm lub dome thiab lub hauv paus, lub teeb pom kev txaus. Tag nrho cov no coj mus rau tsim ib hom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov qauv, uas tom qab hloov tag nrho lub tuam tsev architecture ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Lub tuam tsev Byzantine ib txwm muaj ib lub xwmfab lossis lub hauv paus, tus ntoo khaub lig-domed. Apses thiab cov chav ua yeeb yam nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Qhov kev nce hauv ntim tau coj mus rau qhov pom hauv kev txhawb nqa ntxiv hauv daim ntawv ntawm txhua kab, lawv tau faib lub tsev teev ntuj rau hauv peb naves. Feem ntau, lub tuam tsev classical muaj ib tshooj, feem ntau tsawg dua 5. Qhov rai uas qhib qhib tau ua ke 2-3 nyob rau hauv ib qho arch.

Ntawm ntawm Byzantine style hauv Lavxias lub tuam tsev architecture

Thawj lub tsev ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj tshiab yog raws li Lavxias teb sab kev cai, cov Greeks tsis muaj peev xwm cuam tshuam rau lawv, txij li thaum lawv ua lawv lub tuam tsev los ntawm cib thiab pob zeb. Yog li ntawd, thawj innovation yog lub multi-domed, uas yog nquag nkag mus rau hauv architectural kev daws teeb meem. Thawj lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Russia tshwm nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th thiab muaj ib tug ntoo khaub lig-domed qauv. Lub tuam tsev tseem tsis tau muaj sia nyob txog niaj hnub no, yog li nws tsis tuaj yeem tham txog nws qhov tshwj xeeb. Rau cov tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Russia, lub ntim yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, yog li thawj architects raug yuam kom daws tau qhov teeb meem ntawm nce lub internal chaw ntawm lub tuam tsev, ua kom tiav kev tsim kho ntawm ntxiv naves thiab galleries.

Hnub no lub Byzantine style hauv Russia, cov duab ntawm cov tsev uas tuaj yeem pom ntau yamphau ntawv qhia, sawv cev los ntawm ntau thaj chaw loj. Cov no yog cov tsev hauv Kyiv thiab Chernigov, Novgorod cheeb tsam, Pechery, Vladimir, Pskov cheeb tsam. Ntau lub tuam tsev tau khaws cia ntawm no, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm Byzantine, tab sis yog cov tuam tsev ywj pheej nrog cov kev daws teeb meem tshwj xeeb. Cov nto moo tshaj plaws muaj xws li St. Sophia Cathedral nyob rau hauv Novgorod, lub Transfiguration Cathedral nyob rau hauv Chernigov, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Nereditsa, lub Trinity lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub qhov tsua Monastery.

Byzantine style hauv European architecture

Lub xeev Byzantium, uas muaj nyob rau ntau tshaj 10 centuries, tsis tuaj yeem tab sis cia nws lub cim rau hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb. Txawm tias niaj hnub no, pom cov yam ntxwv ntawm Byzantine cuab yeej cuab tam tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Lub sijhawm nruab nrab hnub nyoog yog qhov muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tshaj plaws hauv kev qiv nyiaj thiab txuas ntxiv, thaum cov kws tsim vaj tsev txais cov tswv yim tshiab ntawm lawv cov npoj yaig thiab tsim cov tuam tsev, piv txwv li, hauv tebchaws Ltalis, uas tau dhau los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau Byzantine cawv. Lub koom pheej Venetian tau muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam uas tuaj ntawm Byzantium, thiab ntau cov khoom cuav coj tuaj ntawm no tom qab kev ntes ntawm Constantinople. Txawm tias lub Cathedral ntawm San Marco hauv Venice muaj ntau yam Byzantine motifs thiab khoom.

Ib lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb sib npaug tau ua los ntawm architecture ntawm Byzantium hauv Renaissance. Qhov tseem ceeb hauv nruab nrab-domed hom qauv, uas tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws no, tab tom ua dav. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm Byzantine cov tuam tsev tuaj yeem pom tsis tau tsuas yog hauv cov tsev teev ntuj, tab sis kuj nyob hauv cov tsev teev ntuj. Architects, los ntawmBrunelleschi rau Bramante thiab A. Palladio. Cov ntsiab lus thiab tsim kev daws teeb meem ntawm Byzantines tau pom meej hauv cov tsev nto moo xws li Cathedrals ntawm St. Peter hauv Rome, St. Paul hauv London, Pantheon hauv Paris.

Lub Byzantine style nyob rau hauv European architecture xws li tsis tau coj mus rau hauv tus account lub Orthodox lub teb chaws, tab sis cov ntsiab lus ntawm no system ntawm architecture tseem pom, lawv yog rethought, modernized, tab sis lawv yog. lub hauv paus ntawm uas lub architecture ntawm cov teb chaws Europe loj hlob. Byzantium tau dhau los ua qhov chaw khaws cia ntawm cov kab lig kev cai qub, uas tom qab ntawd rov qab mus rau Tebchaws Europe thiab pib pom los ntawm nws raws li lawv cov keeb kwm keeb kwm.

Tsim ntawm Lavxias-Byzantine style

Lub Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture yog tsim los ntawm ib-paus xyoo ntawm rethinking thiab ua cov tswv yim ntawm architects los ntawm Constantinople. Cov style no, uas cov tswv yim sab hnub tuaj thiab Lavxias teb sab tau ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus sib npaug, tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws yog ces hais tias kev vam meej ntawm architecture pib, nyob rau hauv uas cov achievements ntawm Byzantine architects tau muaj tswv yim reworked, ntxiv thiab siv nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshiab. Yog li ntawd, Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19 tsis yog ib daim qauv ntawm cov achievements ntawm Constantinople, tab sis lub creation ntawm lub tsev "raws li", nrog ib tug loj kev koom tes ntawm Lavxias teb sab tswv yim tsim nyog.

Lub sijhawm ntawm Byzantine style hauv Lavxias architecture

Dab tsi yog xa mus rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm architecture li "Byzantine style" yog tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Nws ideologist thiab propagandist yog tus kws kes duab vajtseK. A. Ton. Harbiners ntawm cov style tshwm nyob rau hauv lub 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, lawv pom nyob rau hauv xws li cov tsev xws li lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm lub feem kaum nyob rau hauv Kyiv, lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Alexander Nevsky nyob rau hauv Potsdam.

Tab sis thawj lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim cov style poob rau 40s thiab 50s, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom hauv cov tsev ntawm A. V. Gornostaev thiab D. Grimm. Lub sijhawm thib ob yog lub xyoo 60s, thaum cov tuam tsev ua siab loj sib xyaw Byzantine thiab Lavxias tus yam ntxwv tau tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntsuj plig ntawm kev coj noj coj ua. Thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm no, cov style yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog pom nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm G. G. Gagarin, V. A. Kosyakov thiab E. A. Borisov.

70-90s yog lub sijhawm nyuaj ntawm cov qauv, cov kws tsim qauv siv zog rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntxiv, qhia cov ntsiab lus sib txawv rau hauv lawv lub tsev. Thaum tig ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries thiab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lub Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Russia pib txhais ntau thiab ntau ywj siab, koom ua ke nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm yav tom ntej modernity nrog rau lwm yam style. Nyob rau hauv lub 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib tug pseudo-Byzantine style tshwm sim, nyob rau hauv uas tom qab cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg pom, tab sis tus thawj nta yog twv.

Kev xav ntawm Byzantine style hauv sab hauv

Tus qauv ntawm Constantinople tau pom tseeb tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim kho vaj tsev sab hauv. Sab hauv hauv Byzantine style yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj nplua nuj, siv cov khoom kim heev: kub, tooj liab, nyiaj, pob zeb kim, ntoo zoo nkauj. Ib qho cim ntawm sab hauv hauv qhov style no yog cov mosaics ntawm phab ntsa thiab hauv pem teb.

Reflections ntawm Byzantine style nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th

Lub sijhawm ci ntsa iab tshaj plaws hauv kev coj noj coj ua raws li kev tsim vaj tsevConstantinople, ntog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Lub sijhawm no, Byzantine style nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm St. Petersburg ua tus thawj. Cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov tsev nyob rau hauv cov style no yog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Merciful Icon ntawm Leej Niam ntawm Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Galernaya Harbor (Kosyakova thiab Prussak), Greek lub tsev teev ntuj Dmitry Solunsky (R. I. Kuzmin), Lub Tsev Lag Luam ntawm Shtol thiab Schmit (V.. Schreter). Hauv Moscow, cov no yog cov tsev ntawm Ton: Cathedral ntawm Tswv Yexus tus Cawm Seej, Grand Kremlin Palace.

Byzantine motifs hauv xyoo pua 20th architecture

Lub sijhawm tom qab-Soviet nrog nws cov kev kho dua tshiab ntawm Orthodoxy coj mus rau qhov tseeb tias Byzantine style nyob rau hauv architecture ntawm Russia tau rov ua dua. Muaj cov tsev nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab-Byzantine style nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm Russia. Ib qho piv txwv zoo heev yog lub Koom Txoos ntawm Cov Ntshav los ntawm lub npe ntawm Txhua Haiv Neeg Ntseeg hauv Tebchaws Russia Resplendent hauv Yekaterinburg, tsim los ntawm K. Efremov.

Thaum lub sijhawm 20-21st centuries, lub npe hu ua "thib ob Lavxias teb sab-Byzantine style" tau tsim, uas tau tshwm sim hauv cov tuam tsev tshiab. Nws suav nrog cov tsev teev ntuj xws li Panteleimon Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj hauv Izhevsk, Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Nativity hauv Omsk, Lub Tsev Teev Ntuj ntawm Nativity hauv Moscow thiab ntau lub tsev nyob hauv txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub tebchaws. Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov tswv yim ntawm Byzantium tau nkag mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai thiab niaj hnub no twb inseparable ntawm nws.

Cov tsev niaj hnub hauv Byzantine style

Cov kws tsim kho niaj hnub, tshwj xeeb hauv lub tuam tsev architecture, rov qab mus rau Constantinople kab lig kev cai uas yog qhov kev daws teeb meem ib txwm muaj. Lawv yeejtau rov xav dua, daws tau los ntawm kev siv thev naus laus zis tshiab, tab sis tus ntsuj plig ntawm Byzantium tau hnov hauv lawv. Peb muaj peev xwm hais tias niaj hnub no Byzantine style yog ciaj sia nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Russia. Piv txwv li no muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws: lub Koom Txoos ntawm Dawb Huv Myrrh-cov poj niam nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, St. Nicholas lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Nadym, Seraphim lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv Murom, thiab lwm yam.