2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Epics - ib hom kev hais lus pej xeem nyob rau hauv ib zaj nkauj-epic. Lawv cov phiaj xwm, raws li txoj cai, yog tsim los ntawm kev piav qhia ntawm qee qhov xwm txheej txawv tshaj plaw los ntawm yav dhau los lossis qhov tseem ceeb keeb kwm rov tshwm sim. Tus phab ej ntawm lub epic epic muaj ntau haiv neeg, tab sis lawv lub hwj chim yeej ib txwm tig mus rau kev sib ntaus tawm tsam kev phem. Cov yeeb ncuab ntawm tus phab ej tau piav qhia tsis muaj xim tsawg dua, txhua tus cwj pwm yog tus cwj pwm phem. Piv txwv ntawm epics muaj ntau heev, tab sis qee qhov yuav tsum tau hais txog, qhov no yuav tau tham hauv kab lus no.
lo lus sau "epic" tshwm li cas
Lub npe tam sim no tau npaj rau xyoo 1839 los ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Ivan Sakharov, uas tau luam tawm nws qhov kev paub daws teeb meem hauv kev tshaj tawm "Cov Nkauj ntawm Cov Neeg Lavxias". Tus kws tshawb fawb siv lo lus "raws li epics", uas txhais tau tias "raws li qhov tseeb." "Zaj dab neeg tiag tiag", "bylina", "epic" - kev xaiv lus tau ua tiav.
Kev lig kev cai, epics tau muab faib ua ob lub voj voog loj: Kyiv thiab Novgorod. Tus naj npawb tseem ceeb ntawm cov cim txuas nrog thawj zaug, thiab cov phiaj xwm tseem ceeb hauv nws, nyob rau hauv uas lub nroog Kiev thiab lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, thiab tom qab ntawd Vladimir. Monomakh.
Epic heroes-heroes yog: Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich, Dobrynya Nikitich, Stavr Godinovich, Churilo Plenkovich, Mikhailo Potyk. Novgorod epic heroes yog cov tub lag luam Sadko thiab bogatyr Vasily Buslaev. "Senior" Kiev heroes - Mikula Selyaninovich, Svyatogor thiab Volga.
kev tshawb fawb
Piv txwv ntawm epics yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj leej twg sau lawv mus txog rau xyoo pua 18th. Thawj sau sau los ntawm Kirsha Danilov tau tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv 1804. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd ua raws li cov lus qhia ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv lub wake ntawm kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv lub epic epic nyob rau hauv 1830-1850, lub Slavophil Kireevsky Petr Vasilyevich tau tsim ib tug dav sau ntawm pej xeem dab neeg tej hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv, nws thiab nws cov pab tau sau ntau pua epic tales nyob rau hauv lub Volga cheeb tsam thiab sab qaum teb lub xeev, thiab ces nyob rau hauv Siberia thiab lub Urals. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm ib pab pawg neeg tshawb fawb yog 80 daim phiaj.
Feem ntau, cov piv txwv ntawm epic epic tau ua tiav tiav hauv lub sijhawm luv luv, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau txais lub sijhawm los ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv epic. Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov no yog siv cov lus dab neeg ua haujlwm hauv kev tshaj tawm thiab cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Cov piv txwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev muaj tswv yim zoo ntawm cov neeg Lavxias tau coj mus rau thoob ntiaj teb.
Feem ntau ntawm cov dab neeg epic muaj lub hauv paus mythological nrog cov lus piav qhia ntawm cov xwm txheej ntuj thiab cov phab ej uas kov yeej lawv qhov tshwm sim. Thiab nws yeej ib txwm ua tiav. Rau ob peb centuries, epics nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kevhloov, redrawn thiab shortened. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm, cov dab neeg tau sib xyaw nrog cov lus hais lus dab neeg ntawm Sab Hnub Poob, tab sis qhov no tau xaus rau hauv kev hais lus phem, thiab cov kev sim no tau raug txwv tom qab. Thaum kawg, lub epic epic tau streamlined.
yam ntxwv
Maj mam, epics coj los ntawm cov lus dab neeg ruaj khov thiab cov ntawv sau, thiab yog li cov lus hais meej meej tau tshwm sim, suav nrog kev sib xyaw ntawm dactyl nrog trochee, thiab tom qab ntawm anapaests. Muaj kev xyaum tsis muaj lus sib dhos, txhua yam yog raws li kev sib haum xeeb ntawm nqe thiab nws cov suab paj nruag. Poetic epics txawv ntawm "kev mus ntsib", kev nthuav qhia thaum ntxov hauv prose, uas, raws li kev kos duab, tsis tau txais los ntawm pej xeem. Lub suab lus ntawm qhov tseeb epic yog ib txwm nplua nuj nyob rau hauv poetic lem, saturated nrog epithets, allegories thiab kev sib piv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov nqe lus meej thiab muaj txiaj ntsig hauv lawv lub suab.
Feem ntau ib zaj paj huam tau muab faib ua ob ntu. Tus neeg piav qhia, raws li thawj zaug, yuav tsum tau ua kom pom tseeb, nthuav tawm cov ntawv zoo li nws tus kheej, thiab qhov thib ob yuav tsum tau ua raws li qee qhov kev xav, feem ntau qhia cov ntsiab lus hauv qhov kev nthuav qhia tseeb, yam tsis hloov ib lo lus. Yog li, ib qho lus mosaic tau txais, uas tsis ib txwm saib cov organic. Muaj ntau yam nyob ntawm tus txuj ci ntawm tus neeg piav dab neeg.
Ilya Muromets, epic hero
…Nws nyob ze lub nroog Murom, nyob rau hauv lub zos Karacharovo, ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb ntawm kev loj hlob heroic, tab sis nws taug kev tsis tau, nws tau pw ntawm qhov cub. Gorynych nyob rau hauv Russia yog outrageous,twb so tag nrho cov ntxhais. Yuav ua li cas pab lub teb chaws, Ilya nyuaj siab.
Cov neeg taug kev uas tuaj haus dej pab. Lawv conjured thiab straightened ob txhais ceg ntawm Ilya Muromets, nws sawv, nws tau txais ib tug unprecedented zog. Kuv yuav ib tug nees zoo rau kuv tus kheej, tu nws, softened nws thaum sawv ntxov lwg, thiab tus nees pib sib tw Ilya, muaj zog thiab ceev.
Ilya tau npaj txhij, saddled Burushka, thiab galloped kom rov qab txiav txim nyob rau hauv Russia, tsuas yog lawv pom nws."
Sadko
Lavxias teb sab lus dab neeg yog qhov txawv ntawm ntau qhov chaw thiab kho kom zoo nkauj. Cov phab ej pom lawv tus kheej hauv ib lub koog pov txwv uas muaj dab nyob, lossis hauv qhov tob ntawm dej hiav txwv, qhov chaw huab tais ntawm hiav txwv nrog mermaids tos lawv.
Epic "Sadko" yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm zoo tshaj plaws. Rimsky-Korsakov lub opera ntawm tib lub npe tau tsim raws li nws motives. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub epic "Sadko" tau txais kev pab raws li zaj duab xis qhia los ntawm Alexander Ptushko nrog Sergei Stolyarov thiab Alla Larionova nyob rau hauv lub coj cwj pwm.
…Nyob rau hauv lub koob meej Novograd, yuav ua li cas cov tub lag luam Sadko nyob, nplua nuj, zoo. Yav dhau los, nws tsuas muaj gusli yarovchaty, lawv caw nws mus ua si ntawm lub rooj noj mov, thiab yog li nws nyob. Yog lawm, tab sis lawv tsis tau hu nws ntau dua ib zaug, lossis ob zaug, lossis peb, Sadko xav tias, tawm mus rau Ilmen Lake, zaum saum lub pob zeb dawb-flammable, kov cov hlua.
Dej nce toj nthwv dej, tus huab tais ntawm hiav txwv tau tshwm sim. Koj ua si zoo, Sadko! Kuv yuav ua li cas ua tsaug rau koj? Al nrog ib lub txhab nyiaj kub? Mus rau Novograd thiab ntaus lub tsev qiv nyiaj loj. Pawn me ntsis taub hau tawm tsam cov khoom ntawm cov tub lag luam liab, rau kev sib faib tsis txaus. Yog, qhia rau kuv.: muaj ntses kub hauv Ilmen Lake, Cas koj yuav ntaus thawj koom ruammus rau ntug dej nrog ib tug txhob lo lo ntxhuav. Kuv yuav muab peb tug ntses kub rau koj.”
Cov tub lag luam ntawm Novogradsky poob tag nrho lawv cov khoom liab rau Sadko, nws pib ua lag luam, kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Nws tau nplua nuj thiab xa rov qab cov khoom liab rau cov tub lag luam. Thiab nws tus kheej tau pib ua neej nyob ntawm nws txoj kev muaj nyiaj tshiab. Thiab Sadko caij nkoj hla hiav txwv thiab coj nws tus poj niam li cas yog lwm zaj dab neeg …"
Bogatyrs Volga thiab Mikula Selyaninovich
Ntawm cov duab ntawm Lavxias teb sab epic muaj cov phab ej uas cov neeg piav qhia tau txais lub zog uas tsis tau pom dua, thiab tib lub sijhawm lawv nyob hauv qhov chaw txawv txawv, qhov sib tw rau lawv lub zog zoo heev.
Lub epic "Volga thiab Mikula" yog ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm kev ua hauj lwm pej xeem, uas qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas cov heroes ntawm Lavxias teb sab epic koom ua ke los tawm tsam kev phem nyob rau hauv Russia. Thaum lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem, lub bureaucracy nyob rau hauv Russia yog unrestrained, tag nrho cov teeb meem tau daws tsuas yog rau xiab. Tus plowman yooj yim Mikula Selyaninovich raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev ua txhaum cai ntawm "lub xeev cov kev pabcuam", thiab lub epic "Volga thiab Mikula" qhia txog qhov no.
“… Hmo ntuj tau tawg cov hnub qub hla saum ntuj, thiab thaum sawv ntxov hauv Niam Russia, tus tub hluas ntxhais hluas Volga Vseslavievich tau yug los. Tus me nyuam pw rau ib teev, ncab, thiab tag nrho cov pawm tawg, golden txoj siv sia. Thiab yog li ntawd Volga hais rau niam: "Madame niam, tsis txhob swaddle kuv, hnav kuv nrog hlau armor, muab lub kaus mom hlau rau hauv kuv txhais tes thiab muab ib puas phaus qws rau hauv kuv txhais tes." Niam ntshai, thiab Volga loj hlob los ntawm leaps thiab ciam teb, loj hlob thiab kawm nyeem thiab sau ntawv. Thaum kuv muaj rau xyoo, kuv mus taug kev, lub ntiaj teb co co. Cov tsiaj nkaum, cov noog ya mus, thiab Volga, tuaj txhua yamtuaj nrog kev lom zem: nws yuav dhau los ua ib tug falcon thiab tawm mus rau saum ntuj, ces nws yuav dhia zoo li ib tug mos lwj, los yog nws yuav tig mus rau grey hma. Thiab thaum tus phab ej muaj 15 xyoos, nws yog thaum ntawd nws tau ua kev zoo siab. Thiab leej twg - qhov no yog lwm zaj dab neeg …"
YMikula Selyaninovich
"… Thaum lub hnub ntxov, Volga tau sib sau ua ke nrog nws cov nyiaj rov qab los sau se hauv nroog, tsav tsheb, tej zaum ib mais deb, raws li lawv tau hnov - ib tug neeg tab tom plowing nyob ze, ntaus pebbles nrog ib tug plowing. Peb mus rau tus neeg ploj, tab sis lawv mus tsis tau, peb tsis tau mus rau yav tsaus ntuj, peb tsis tau mus txog rau hnub tom qab, koj tsuas hnov li cas cov ploughshare hits thiab plowman xuav. Peb tuaj txog hnub peb, thaum hnub poob. Volga tau nqis los ntawm nws tus nees, hneev rau tus plowman ntawm lub duav: "Nyob zoo, tus txiv neej, tus neeg ua haujlwm hauv teb!" "Nyob zoo, Volga Vseslavovich! Koj mus qhov twg?"
Tau ntev, luv luv, peb tham txog qhov no thiab qhov ntawd, tab sis cia peb mus ua ke kom ntshai cov tub sab ntawm txoj kev siab. Ib puas lub nroog thiab ib txhiab lub zos tau dim, thiab muaj tus neeg plav ntawd - Mikula Selyaninovich, tus phab ej Lavxias. Lawv tau los ua phooj ywg nrog Volga, thiab yog li ntawd hnub tom qab muaj txhua yam ntawm dab phem, lawv coj lawv tawm huv si. Thiab dab tsi noj mov uas lawv muaj rau ntawm cov rooj ntoo qhib thiab hauv hav zoov - lwm qhov epic yuav qhia txog qhov no …"
Ilya Muromets thiab Nightingale tus tub sab
Feem ntau ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab epic yog cov phau ntawv, lub sij hawm tsis muaj hwj chim rau lawv, thiab lawv cov koob meej yog loj hlob ib xyoos ib zaug. Masterpieces suav nrog hauv tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm, kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau ua rau lawv. Lub bylina "Tus Nightingale tus tub sab thiab Ilya Muromets" tsuas yog ua haujlwm xwb.
“… Nightingale zaum saum ntoo qhib, tub sab,Odikhmantiev tus tub. Los yog nws xuav zoo li ib tug nightingale, los yog nws qw zoo li ib tug tsiaj. Txawm hais tias los ntawm xuav los yog los ntawm lub suab nrov, cov nyom-mob tuag, azure paj tawg, lub hav zoov tsaus nti hneev rau hauv av, thiab leej twg yog los ntawm cov neeg - tag nrho cov neeg tuag dag. Ntawm txoj kev ncaj mus txog tsib puas mais, txhua yam tuag, thiab ntawm txoj kev ncig - rau ib txhiab.
Cossack Ilya Muromets dhau ntawm no, siv lub hneev nruj, rub ib txoj hlua lo lo ntxhuav, muab lub xub liab kub. Nws tua tus ntawd rau ntawm tsob ntoo ntub dej Nightingale tus tub sab. Yog lawm, nws khob qhov muag, thiab muab nws qis rau hauv av, khi nws mus rau lub stirrup thiab tsav nws hla qhov qhib teb dhau lub zes thiab nightingale …"
Pom zoo:
Lavxias teb sab kws ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo pua 18th. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws paintings ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th los ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias
Pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th yog lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting. Iconography ploj mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau, thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias ntawm xyoo pua 18th pib ua tus tswv ntau yam. Hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tham txog cov kws ua yeeb yam nto moo thiab lawv cov haujlwm
Keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai txheej txheem thiab ncua sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Periodization ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub 19th-20th centuries: rooj
Russian cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tag nrho cov neeg Lavxias. Yog tsis muaj nws, txij li thaum xyoo pua 19th, lub ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai tsis xav txog. Keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai txheej txheem thiab periodization ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv muaj nws tus kheej logic thiab cov yam ntxwv nta. Pib dhau ib txhiab xyoo dhau los, nws qhov tshwm sim txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm peb hnub. Nws yog nws leej twg yuav yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus no
Npe ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting. Cov duab ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting
Cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab hnub qub duab los ntawm tus neeg pleev kob Andrei Rublev - "Kev Tshaj Tawm", "Archangel Gabriel", "Descent into Hell" thiab ntau lwm tus - tau paub dav txawm tias cov neeg tsis txaus siab. hauv art
Cov cim ntawm classicism hauv cov ntawv nyeem. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab classicism nyob rau hauv lub comedy "Undergrowth"
Classicism nyob rau hauv Russia pib zoo nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th thiab txuas ntxiv cov kev cai qub. Peter the Great nthuav tawm cov tswv yim siab ntawm tib neeg, thiab cov kws sau paj huam thiab cov kws sau ntawv tau txheeb xyuas cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov sib txawv, uas yuav tau tham hauv tsab xov xwm
Vladimir Propp yog neeg Lavxias teb sab. Keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm fairy tales. Lavxias teb sab heroic epic
Vladimir Propp - nto moo Soviet philologist thiab sau ntawv thuam, kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lavxias teb sab dab neeg