2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Lub xyoo pua 19 tsis yog tsis muaj laj thawj hu ua lub hnub nyoog golden ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam. Lub sijhawm no, ntau tus kws kos duab zoo ua haujlwm, ntawm cov uas yog Apollon Grigoriev. Nws biography, teem tawm nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, yuav muab rau koj ib tug dav lub tswv yim ntawm tus neeg txawj ntse no. Apollon Alexandrovich Grigoriev (lub neej xyoo - 1822-1864) yog lub npe hu ua Lavxias teb sab kws sau paj lug, txhais lus, ua yeeb yam thiab sau ntawv thuam, memoirist.
keeb kwm ntawm A. A. Grigoriev
Apollon Aleksandrovich yug hauv Moscow thaum Lub Xya Hli 20, 1822. Nws yawg yog ib tug neeg ua liaj ua teb uas tuaj rau Moscow los ua haujlwm ntawm ib lub xeev nyob deb. Rau kev ua haujlwm hnyav hauv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb, tus txiv neej no tau txais lub koob npe nrov. Raws li rau leej txiv ntawm Apollon Grigoriev, nws tsis ua raws li lub siab nyiam ntawm nws niam nws txiv thiab txuas nws lub neej nrog tus ntxhais ntawm ib tug serf coachman. Tsuas yog ib xyoos tom qab yug lawv tus tub, Apollo niam txiv tau sib yuav, yog li yav tom ntej kws sau paj lug raug suav hais tias yog menyuam yaus tsis raug cai. Apollon Grigoriev tswj kom tau txais tus kheej nobility nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv 1850, thaum nws nyob rau hauv qeb ntawm tus kws pab tswv yim. Lub npe noble tau rov qab los li no.
sijhawm kawm, haujlwm ua haujlwm
yav tom ntej tus kws sau paj lug tau kawm hauv tsev. Qhov no tso cai rau nws nkag mus tam sim ntawm Moscow University, hla lub gymnasium. Ntawm no, ntawm Kws Qhia Ntawv ntawm Txoj Cai, nws tau mloog cov lus qhuab qhia los ntawm M. P. Pogodin, T. N. Granovsky, S. P. Shevyrev thiab lwm tus. Ua ke nrog lawv, nws tau teeb tsa ib lub voj voog uas cov kws sau ntawv hluas nyeem lawv tej hauj lwm rau ib leeg. Nyob rau hauv 1842, Apollon Alexandrovich kawm tiav los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tom qab ntawd, nws ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv, thiab ces los ua tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Council. Txawm li cas los xij, Grigoriev tsis tau ua haujlwm rau tus thawj coj - nws khaws cov txheej txheem tsis raug, thaum muab phau ntawv nws tsis nco qab sau npe rau lawv.
Thawj tshaj tawm
Los ntawm 1843, Apollon Grigoriev pib luam tawm. Nws cov paj huam tau tshwm sim heev nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawm 1843 txog 1845. Qhov no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm kev xav tsis zoo rau A. F. Korsh. Ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm Grigoriev cov lus tau piav qhia meej los ntawm qhov kev hlub no - kev xav tsis zoo thiab kev xav tsis zoo, kev mob siab rau kev tuag, kev sib ntaus sib tua. Paj huam "Comet" belongs rau lub sij hawm no, qhov twg tus kws sau paj lug piv cov chaos ntawm kev hlub nrog cov txheej txheem cosmic. Tib txoj kev xav yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv thawj prose ua hauj lwm ntawm Apollon Alexandrovich, ua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug chaw muag mis nyuj. Txoj hauj lwm no hu ua "Nplooj ntawv los ntawm Phau Ntawv Qhia ntawm Kev Ntseeg Leej Tub" (sau xyoo 1844, luam tawm xyoo 1917).
xyoo ntawm lub neej hauv St. Petersburg
Nyuaj los ntawm cov nuj nqis, kev puas tsuaj tom qab kev poob siab hauv kev hlub, Grigoriev txiav txim siab piblub neej tshiab. Nws nyiag mus rau Petersburg, qhov chaw uas nws tsis muaj acquaintance. Grigoriev nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm los ntawm 1844 mus 1845 tau ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Senate thiab nyob rau hauv lub Council of the Deanery, tab sis tom qab ntawd txiav txim siab tawm hauv qhov kev pab cuam thiaj li mob siab rau tag nrho nws lub sij hawm rau kev sau ntawv. Grigoriev sau ob qho tib si ua yeeb yam, thiab paj huam, thiab prose, thiab ua yeeb yam thiab sau ntawv thuam. Xyoo 1844-1846. Apollon Alexandrovich koom tes nrog "Repertoire thiab Pantheon". Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, nws tau los ua ib tug kws sau ntawv. Nws luam tawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua yeeb yam, tshuaj xyuas kev ua yeeb yam, nrog rau ntau zaj paj huam thiab zaj yeeb yaj kiab hauv nqe, Ob Egotisms (hauv 1845). Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws trilogy tshwm sim, thawj feem ntawm uas yog "Tus txiv neej ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej", qhov thib ob - "Kuv paub nrog Vitalin" thiab qhov kawg - "Ophelia". Apollon Grigoriev kuj tau koom nrog kev txhais lus (hauv 1846, "Antigone Sophocles", "Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Tus Txiv ntawm Molière" thiab lwm yam haujlwm tshwm sim).
Rov qab mus rau Moscow
Grigoriev muaj qhov dav dav, uas ua rau nws hloov nws txoj kev ntseeg, maj nrawm ntawm ib qho mus rau lwm qhov, nrhiav cov tswv yim tshiab thiab txuas ntxiv. Nyob rau hauv 1847, disillusioned nrog Petersburg, nws rov qab mus rau Moscow. Ntawm no nws pib koom tes nrog cov ntawv xov xwm "Moscow nroog daim ntawv". Ntawm cov hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm no, nws yuav tsum tau sau tseg 4 tsab xov xwm los ntawm Grigoriev "Gogol thiab nws phau ntawv kawg", tsim nyob rau hauv 1847.
Kev txij nkawm
Nyob rau tib lub xyoo, Apollon Alexandrovich khi lub pob. Tus poj niam ntawm Apollon Grigoriev yog tus muam ntawm A. F. Korsh. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis ntev vim nws tus cwj pwm tsis zoo, kev sib yuav tau raug muab tso tseg. Grigoriev rov pib lub sijhawm ntawm kev ntxhov siab thiab kev poob siab. Ntau yam haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm no ntawm tus kws sau paj huam lub neej tej zaum yuav tsis tau tsim yog tias tsis yog rau tus poj niam ntawm Apollon Grigoriev thiab nws tus cwj pwm tsis zoo. Lub sijhawm no, Apollon Alexandrovich tau luam tawm lub voj voog paj huam hu ua "Lub Chaw Muag Khoom ntawm Kev Hlub thiab Kev Thov Vajtswv." Nyob rau hauv 1879, lub voj voog no tau luam tawm tag nrho, tom qab kev tuag ntawm Apollon Grigoriev. Cov paj huam uas muaj nyob rau hauv no yog muab rau ib tug zoo nkauj neeg txawv txawv thiab unrequited hlub rau nws.
Kev qhia ua haujlwm, Grigoriev-critic
Nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1848 txog 1857, Apollon Alexandrovich yog tus kws qhia ntawv. Nws qhia txog kev cai lij choj hauv ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws koom tes nrog cov ntawv xov xwm thiab tsim cov ntawv sau tshiab. Nyob rau hauv 1850, Grigoriev los ua nyob ze rau cov editors ntawm Moskvityanin. Nws tau teeb tsa "cov tub ntxhais hluas sau ntawv" ua ke nrog A. N. Ostrovsky. Qhov tseeb, nws yog Moskvityanin lub tuam tsev thuam.
Raws li tus neeg thuam, Apollon Grigoriev lub sijhawm no dhau los ua tus duab tseem ceeb hauv kev ua yeeb yam. Nws qhia txog naturalness thiab realism hauv kev ua yeeb yam thiab ua yeeb yam. Ntau qhov kev tsim khoom thiab kev ua yeeb yam tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm Apollon Grigoriev. Nws tau sau txog Ostrovsky's Thunderstorm feem ntau ua haujlwm ntawm kev kos duab. Tus neeg thuam suav hais tias tus sau lub peev xwm los ua paj huam thiab ntseeg tau piav qhia txog lub neej hauv tebchaws Lavxias yog qhov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua si. Grigoriev sau tseg qhov ntxim nyiam ntawm lub xeev lub neej thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm Lavxias teb sab xwm, thiab cov xwm txheej tshwm sim hauv kev ua haujlwm,tsis kov.
Apollon Grigoriev yog lub npe hu ua tus sau cov kab lus "Pushkin yog peb txhua yam". Cov hauj lwm ntawm Alexander Sergeevich, ntawm chav kawm, nws muab heev heev. Nws qhov kev xav yog qhov nthuav heev, tshwj xeeb, qhov Apollon Grigoriev hais txog Eugene Onegin. Tus neeg thuam ntseeg tias Eugene tus po yog txuas nrog nws qhov kev thuam ntuj tsim, uas yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev nkag siab. Apollo Alexandrovich tau hais tias tib neeg tsis yog los liam rau kev poob siab thiab spleen uas tuav Onegin. Nws tau sau tseg tias lawv tsis yog los ntawm kev tsis ntseeg thiab kev iab, ib yam li hauv Childe Harold, tab sis los ntawm Yevgeny lub peev xwm.
Xyoo 1856 "Moskvityanin" raug kaw. Tom qab ntawd, Apollon Alexandrovich raug caw mus rau lwm cov ntawv xov xwm, xws li Sovremennik thiab Russkaya Beseda. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau npaj siab lees txais qhov kev lees paub tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm tus kheej kev coj noj coj ua ntawm lub tuam tsev tseem ceeb. Yog li ntawd, kev sib tham tau xaus nrog kev tshaj tawm ntawm Grigoriev cov paj huam, cov ntawv thiab kev txhais lus.
Kev hlub tshiab
In 1852-57 Grigoriev Apollon Alexandrovich rov ntsib kev hlub uas tsis muaj kev hlub, lub sijhawm no rau L. Ya. Vizard. Nyob rau hauv 1857, lub voj voog poetic "Struggle" tshwm sim, uas suav nrog Grigoriev cov paj huam nto moo tshaj plaws "Gypsy Hungarian" thiab "Huag, tsawg kawg koj nrog kuv tham …". A. A. Blok hu ua cov haujlwm no cov hlaws ntawm cov lus Lavxias.
YTrip to Europe
Apollon Grigoriev, tau dhau los ua tus kws qhia hauv tsev thiab tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm Prince I. Yu. Trubetskoy, mus rau Tebchaws Europe (Ltalis, Fabkis). Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1857 thiab 1858 nws nyob hauv Florence thiab Paris,mus xyuas tsev cia puav pheej. Rov qab mus rau nws lub tebchaws, Grigoriev txuas ntxiv luam tawm, txij li xyoo 1861 koom tes nrog cov ntawv xov xwm Epoch thiab Vremya, coj los ntawm F. M. thiab M. M. Dostoevsky. M. Dostoevsky qhia Apollon Alexandrovich los tsim memoirs txog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov niaj hnub tiam, uas Apollon Grigoriev ua. Nws txoj hauj lwm suav nrog "Kuv txoj kev sau ntawv thiab kev coj ncaj ncees" - qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev nkag siab lub ntsiab lus.
Kev xav thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm Grigoriev
Grigoriev txoj kev xav thiab kev zoo nkauj tau tsim los ntawm Slavophilism (Khomyakov) thiab romanticism (Emerson, Schelling, Carlyle). Nws lees paub qhov kev txiav txim siab tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg thiab lub teb chaws-patriarchal cov hauv paus ntsiab lus hauv lub neej ntawm cov neeg. Txawm li cas los xij, hauv nws txoj haujlwm, qhov no tau ua ke nrog kev thuam ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm kev sib koom ua ke, kev txiav txim siab puritanical txog cov ntaub ntawv. Apollon Alexandrovich kuj tiv thaiv lub tswv yim ntawm lub teb chaws kev sib sau ua ntej thiab tom qab Peter lub Great. Nws ntseeg hais tias ob qho tib si Westernism thiab Slavophilism yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev txwv ntawm keeb kwm lub neej mus rau lub hauv paus ntawm schemes, abstract theorizing. Txawm li cas los xij, raws li Grigoriev, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib koom ua ke ntawm Slavophiles yog qhov sib piv tsis zoo dua li txoj haujlwm ntawm Westernism, uas lees paub txog kev sib haum xeeb (tib neeg ib puag ncig, barracks) raws li nws qhov zoo tagnrho.
Grigoriev lub ntiaj teb kev pom yog qhov pom tau zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev thuam organic tsim los ntawm nws. Lub tswv yim heev ntawm kev thuam cov organic sib raug rau kev nkag siab ntawm cov organic xwm ntawm kev kos duab, uas synthetically embodies ntau yam.organic pib ntawm lub neej. Hauv nws txoj kev xav, kos duab yog ib feem ntawm lub neej, nws qhov kev qhia zoo tshaj plaws, thiab tsis yog ib daim qauv ntawm kev muaj tiag.
Txoj kev ua paj huam
Grigoriev cov paj huam tau tsim los ntawm Lermontov. Apollon Alexandrovich nws tus kheej hu nws tus kheej romantic kawg. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab tsis muaj kev cia siab yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Lawv feem ntau txaws tawm mus rau hauv lub caij ntawm kev lom zem hysterical, revelry. Ntau ntawm Grigoriev cov paj huam (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub voj voog ntawm lub nroog) nyuaj rau luam tawm vim lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua hnyav. Qhov no yog ua tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws Russia xovxwm. Feem ntau, cov cuab yeej cuab tam poetic ntawm tus sau ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb yog qhov tsis sib xws, tab sis nws cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws yog qhov txawv ntawm lawv qhov ci ntsa iab thiab kev xav txawv txawv.
xyoo kawg ntawm lub neej
Apollo Grigoriev thaum nws lub neej yog ib tug tsis ntseeg Vajtswv thiab ib tug mystic, ib tug Slavophile thiab ib tug freemason, ib tug controversial yeeb ncuab thiab ib tug zoo phooj ywg, ib tug qaug cawv thiab ib tug neeg ncaj ncees. Thaum kawg, tag nrho cov kev phem no tsoo nws. Apollon Grigoriev tau entangled nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis. Nyob rau hauv 1861 nws yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm rau lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv cov nuj nqis ntawm lub tsev lojcuj. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau sim lub sijhawm kawg los hloov nws lub neej, uas nws tau mus rau Orenburg. Ntawm no Grigoriev yog ib tug xib fwb nyob rau hauv lub cadet corps. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev mus ncig no tsuas yog ua rau tus kws sau paj huam mob hnyav dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, ib zaug ntxiv nrog nws tus poj niam M. F. Dubrovskaya. Apollo Alexandrovich nce nrhiav oblivion hauv cawv. Rov qab los ntawmOrenburg, nws ua hauj lwm, tab sis intermittently. Grigoriev zam kev sib tham nrog cov neeg sau ntawv, nws xav ua haujlwm nkaus xwb.
Kev tuag ntawm A. A. Grigoriev
Xyoo 1864, Apollon Alexandrovich yuav tsum tau ua haujlwm ob zaug ntxiv hauv cov nuj nqis hauv tsev lojcuj. Ua tiav kev puas tsuaj los ntawm kev xav, Apollon Grigoriev tuag ntawm apoplexy hauv St. Nws biography xaus rau lub Cuaj Hlis 25, 1864.
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