Dab tsi yog architecture: txhais, qauv, keeb kwm, piv txwv. Architectural monuments

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Peb nyob rau xyoo pua 21st thiab tsis xav tias cov tuam tsev, monuments thiab cov tsev nyob ib puag ncig peb yog tsim raws li architectural designs. Yog tias cov nroog muaj ntau pua xyoo dhau los, lawv cov architecture khaws cia lub sijhawm thiab cov qauv ntawm cov xyoo nyob deb no thaum cov tuam tsev, palaces thiab lwm cov qauv tsim. Tseeb tiag, txhua tus tuaj yeem hais tias architecture yog dab tsi. Nov yog txhua yam uas nyob ib puag ncig peb. Thiab, ib feem, nws yuav yog. Peb yuav tham txog architecture nyob rau hauv kom meej ntxiv nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

About architecture

Thiab tseem, lub ntsiab lus ntawm lo lus architecture txhais tau li cas? Muaj kev xav ntawm qee tus neeg tias architecture yog kev tsim vaj tsev, thiab tus kws tsim vaj tsev yog tus tsim cov tsev no, uas yog, tus tsim qauv yooj yim. Muaj tseeb tiag, ib tug neeg layman uas tsis to taub ib yam dab tsi hauv kev kos duab tuaj yeem sib cav li ntawd. Qhov tseeb, lo lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm dab tsi architecture yog tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev. Tus kws kes duab vajtse, zoo li tus kws kos duab lossis tus kws sau nkauj, tsim cov txuj ci los ntawm kev muab nws tus kheejplig.

Tus kws tshaj lij tshaj plaws uas nws lub npe thoob ntiaj teb paub: Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo Buonarroti, Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Rafael Santi, Konstantin Melnikov, Alexei Shchusev, Alvar A alto. Kev nkag siab niaj hnub ntawm architecture yog qhov tshwj xeeb kos duab ntawm lub tsev tsim thiab teeb tsa los tsim ib qho chaw nyob rau tib neeg lub neej.

Ancient architecture

Keeb kwm suav los ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient Egypt. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm kev tsim kho vaj tse yog txoj kab nqes ntawm phab ntsa, yam ntxwv ntawm cov vaj tse nyob. Lub qhov ntxa, lub necropolis, lub pyramid ntawm Cheops thiab Cov Kab yog tag nrho cov Egyptian architectural monuments.

Pyramids yog lub cim pom zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Egypt thaum ub, txawm tias muaj lwm yam kev vam meej xws li Maya lossis Suav kuj siv cov duab no. Cov pyramids ntawm Giza tseem ua rau cov monuments ntau txhiab xyoo tom qab lawv tau tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, cov pyramids tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm architecture ntawm Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws, lawv tsuas yog muab kev nkag siab txog qhov nws zoo li cas thiab cov architecture ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog dab tsi.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tau ua hauv kev txhim kho architecture los ntawm Ancient Greece. Cov kws sau keeb kwm hais txog cov tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Acropolis ntawm Athens nrog cov tuam tsev suav nrog hauv nws: Parthenon, Apteros thiab Erechtheion.

Cov kws tsim kho Greek tau tsim qee lub tsev zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb thaum ub, thiab qee qhov ntawm lawv cov qauv, xws li cov tuam tsev, kev ua yeeb yam thiab chaw ntau pob, tau dhau los ua ib feem ntawm lub nroog. Cov neeg Greek thaum ub tau paub zoo txog lawv cov tuam tsev Doric thiab Ionic zoo nkauj uas tau ploj mus hauv keeb kwm.architecture. Ib qho piv txwv yog lub Tuam Tsev ntawm Athena. Nws tau tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 5 BC los ua lub tsev loj loj ntawm Athena thiab tshaj tawm lub yeeb koob ntawm Athens rau lub ntiaj teb. Nws tseem sawv ntsug ntawm lub nroog acropolis.

Roman architecture txuas ntxiv cov keeb kwm uas tau tso tseg los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev ua ntej ntawm lub ntiaj teb Greek. Cov neeg Loos tau hais txog kev hwm tshwj xeeb rau cov architectural monuments tsim. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv yog cov neeg tsim khoom lag luam zoo thiab tau txais kev tsim kho sai sai, siv cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab sib txuas cov thev naus laus zis uas twb muaj lawm nrog kev tsim qauv tsim. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, lawv tau tsim ntau cov qauv vaj tsev tshiab: basilica, triumphal arch, monumental aqueduct, amphitheatre, thiab granaries. Ancient Roman architecture paub txog keeb kwm rau nws cov qauv raws li kab teeb, arches, vaults thiab domes.

Kev sib raug zoo ntawm architecture thiab kos duab

keeb kwm ntawm architecture tau cuam tshuam nrog kev kos duab rau ntau pua xyoo. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm cov laj thawj hauv qab no.

1. Ntau lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim nrog kev zoo nkauj hauv siab nrog rau kev ua haujlwm. Lawv tau tsim los txhawb txhawb thiab ua haujlwm rau pej xeem. Yog li ntawd, lawv suav nrog cov kev pabcuam ntawm ntau tus kws kos duab thiab cov kws ua haujlwm zoo nkauj, nrog rau cov neeg ua haujlwm.

2. Nyob hauv ntau lub tsev no, sab nrauv thiab sab hauv yog:

   as showcases for fine art (Sistine Chapel); frieze thiab nyem duab puab (Parthenon, European Gothic cathedrals);stained iav kos duab (Chartre Cathedral); mosaics thiab hlau qauv.

3. Cov tsev tsim vaj tsev, raws li txoj cai, tau ua ke nrog kev tsim kho duab kos duab thiab tau pom nyob rau hauv cov qauv sib xws ntawm Renaissance, Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassicism.

Architecture styles

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam tau tso tseg los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev txhua lub sijhawm thoob ntiaj teb tuaj yeem nkag siab qee zaum nyuaj. Cia peb nyob ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov style yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov yam ntxwv uas ua rau lub tsev lossis lwm yam qauv pom, thiab keeb kwm txheeb xyuas. Dab tsi yog cov yam ntxwv? Cov no yuav suav nrog cov ntsiab lus xws li daim ntawv, kev tsim kho, cov khoom siv hauv tsev, thiab cov cim hauv cheeb tsam. Tias yog vim li cas lub architecture ntawm lub tsev tuaj yeem raug cais raws li lub sijhawm ntawm cov qauv.

Raws li qhov no, nws tseem tuaj yeem xav tias ntau tus qauv tuaj yeem ua zam hauv ntau lub tebchaws, thiab lawv qhov kev hloov pauv tau maj mam. Lawv tuaj yeem tawm ntawm kev zam, thiab, qee zaum, rov qab los ntawm kev txhais lus tshiab. Piv txwv li, classicism tau revived ntau zaus thiab pom lub neej tshiab li neoclassicism. Txhua zaus nws tau tsa sawv rov los, muaj qhov sib txawv pom tau.

Gothic nta

Lo lus Gothic txhais tau tias yog ib qho qauv ntawm architecture thiab kos duab. Nws tau qhia thaum lub sij hawm Renaissance raws li ib tug derogatory designation rau tag nrho cov architectural art ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nws raug suav hais tias yog "barbaric", rhuav tshem cov duab kos duab qub qub.

Lub ntsiab feature ntawm Gothic architecture yog taw tesarch, raws li ntau tus kws tshaj lij, keeb kwm hauv Assyrian thiab tom qab ntawd Islamic architecture. Qhov taw qhia qhov taw qhia qhov hnyav ntawm lub qab nthab mus rau qhov txhawb nqa piers lossis txhua kab ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntau dua li yav tas los ua tau nrog Romanesque rounded arches.

Qhov no tso cai rau cov kws tsim vaj tsev tsim lub tsev pheeb suab ntau dua thiab yog li ua rau muaj kev xav nce mus txog saum ntuj. Hloov chaw ntawm cov phab ntsa tuab loj, qhov rais me me thiab sab hauv sab hauv, cov tsev tshiab ntawm Gothic architecture tshwj xeeb cov phab ntsa nyias feem ntau txhawb nqa los ntawm cov ntaub pua plag ya (protruding feem ntawm ib phab ntsa) thiab cov qhov rais loj loj, ua piv txwv los ntawm Sainte-Chapelle (1241-48) nyob Paris.

Kev sib kis ntawm Gothic style

Lub tsev uas qhia txog qhov tseeb pib ntawm Gothic era yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Saint-Denis, ze Paris. Txawm hais tias taw tes arches thiab columnar pawg tsuas yog siv ua ntej hauv Saint-Denis, cov yam ntxwv no tuaj ua ke thiab lub tsev tau dhau los ua ib hom qauv rau ntau lub tsev teev ntuj thiab cov tsev teev ntuj hauv cheeb tsam hu ua Île-de-France. Sij hawm dhau mus, Gothic style kis thoob plaws Fabkis, Askiv, Lub Tebchaws Yelemees, Spain thiab Ltalis.

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam vaj tse ntawm Gothic yog palaces, castles, cov tsev hauv nroog, guilds, abbeys thiab tsev kawm qib siab. Qhov style no zoo tshaj plaws qhia txog gothic cathedrals:

• Nyob rau sab qaum teb Fabkis: Notre Dame Cathedral (1163-1345); Reims Cathedral (1211-1275); Chartres Cathedral (1194-1250); Amiens Cathedral (1220-1270).
• In Germany:Cologne Cathedral (1248-1880).
• In Austria: St. Stephen's Cathedral Vienna.
• In Spain: lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Burgos, Toledo thiab Leon.
• In England: Westminster Abbey thiab cathedrals: Salisbury, Exeter, Winchester, Canterbury thiab Lincoln.

Nthuav ntawm Baroque

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th, qhov kev taw qhia tshiab tau tshwm sim, lub npe uas yog baroque (Italian barocco, lit. - coj txawv txawv, txawv txawv).

Lub Baroque style ntawm architecture tuaj yeem pom ntau qhov sib txawv, nthuav dav thiab ntau dua nyob rau hauv Renaissance. Ntau swirls, ntau complex manipulations ntawm lub teeb, xim, kev ntxhib los mos thiab foundations. Yog hais tias peb tham txog cathedrals, ces nyob rau sab nrauv muaj ntau facades, domes, kab, sculptures thiab lwm yam decorations. Nyob rau sab hauv, cov phiaj xwm hauv pem teb tau hloov pauv ntau dua, nrog cov phab ntsa frescoed.

Baroque yog ib qho kev xav uas ua rau kev siv tag nrho ntawm kev ua yeeb yam ntawm lub nroog toj roob hauv pes. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yog St. Peter's Square (1656-67) hauv Rome, nyob rau pem hauv ntej ntawm lub domed St. Peter's Basilica. Thaum lawv mus txog ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, cov neeg tuaj saib tau txais kev xav tias lawv tau txais lub Catholic caj npab, uas ua rau muaj kev txaus ntshai.

Kev nthuav dav ntawm Baroque hauv Tebchaws Europe

Feem ntau, baroque architecture yog ib feem ntawm kev tawm tsam rau kev ntseeg siab tshaj plaws, lub siab thiab lub siab ntawm cov neeg qhuas thoob plaws Tebchaws Europe. Nyob rau theem kev nom kev tswv, qhov style ntawm architecture tau siv los txhawb lub absolutism ntawm reigning monarchs xws li huab tais. Louis XIV ntawm Fabkis. Los ntawm ltalis, lub Baroque kis mus rau tag nrho cov teb chaws Europe, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog mus rau lub Catholic lub teb chaws, qhov twg lawv txhua tus, raws li txoj cai, tsim nws tus kheej txhais lus.

Hauv tebchaws Askiv, tus thawj coj ntawm Baroque style yog Sir John Vanbrug (1664-1726), tus tsim ntawm Blenheim Palace. Lub German Baroque kis mus rau Poland, lub B altic States thiab nws thiaj li Russia. Nws muaj qhov zoo ib yam li Italian Baroque, nrog rau kev nyiam ntau dua rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog sab hauv. Nws kuj txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv Italian nyob rau hauv uas nws eschewed hnyav contrasts ntawm lub teeb thiab tsaus ntuj nyob rau hauv haum rau ib tug ntau diffuse thiab serene luminosity.

Baroque hauv Russia

Hauv tebchaws Russia, Bartolomeo Rastrelli (1700-1771) yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb rau cov qauv hu ua Lavxias Baroque, tab sis suav nrog cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob qho tib si thaum ntxov neoclassical architecture thiab rococo.

Rastrelli tau tsim lub caij ntuj no Palace (1754-1762), Smolny Cathedral (1748-1757) hauv St. Petersburg thiab kho lub Catherine Palace sab nraum lub nroog. Ntau lub tsev tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, tso cai rau peb los txiav txim siab txog kev tsim vaj tsev thiab kev tsim vaj tsev zoo li cas hauv tebchaws Russia nyob rau xyoo 17th-18th. Qhov no yog Golitsyn lub tsev nyob rau hauv Moscow, lub pob zeb Pogankin chambers nyob rau hauv Pskov.

Baroque hauv Fabkis

Fab Kis tus kws kes duab vajtse, zoo li cov kws kos duab, pom lawv tus kheej ua cov kws tshaj lij rau kev pabcuam thiab qhuas lawv tus huab tais. Lawv tsim cov style baroque uas tau txwv ntau dua li Italian ib qho: cov phiaj xwm hauv av tsis yooj yim thiab cov façades ntau dua, nrog rau kev hwm ntau dua rau cov ntsiab lus thiab feem ntau ntawm cov tsoos.architectural xaj.

Qhov kev ua tiav zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Fab Kis Baroque yog Palace ntawm Versailles, ua rau Louis XIV sab nraum Paris: U-shaped loj loj nrog ob lub tis ntev, yuav luag tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm me me arcades ntawm lub ntsiab façade overlooking lub vaj.

Rococo architecture

Thaum lub sijhawm huab tais Louis XV ntawm Fabkis txoj kev kav, ib qho ntxiv ornate, playful style ntawm architecture tshwm sim, lub ntsiab lus ntawm uas yog rococo. Tsis zoo li lwm yam kev tsim vaj tsev loj xws li Romanesque, Gothic lossis Baroque, Rococo yog txhua yam hais txog kev tsim sab hauv. Nws yog keeb kwm thiab tseem nyob hauv Fabkis, qhov twg cov nom tswv nplua nuj tsis kam rov tsim tsev thiab tsev fuabtais, nyiam dua los tsim kho lawv cov vaj tsev sab hauv. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Rococo architects yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsim sab hauv. Lawv txwv lawv tus kheej rau kev tsim cov chav zoo nkauj nrog cov plaster zoo nkauj, frescoes, tapestries, rooj tog zaum, iav, plooj (porcelain, silks).

Rococo style hauv Europe

Thaum lub tsev zoo nkauj baroque tau pom nyob rau Fabkis, Ltalis, Askiv, Spain thiab South America, cov qauv softer ntawm rococo pom lawv cov neeg qhuas hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria, Eastern Europe thiab Russia. Txawm hais tias Rococo feem ntau txwv rau kev kho kom zoo nkauj sab hauv thiab kho kom zoo nkauj hauv Western Europe, Eastern Europe tau nqa tawm los ntawm Rococo styles sab hauv thiab tawm. Piv rau Baroque, los ntawm kev txhais, Rococo architecture zoo li softer thiab zoo nkauj dua. Cov xim yog daj ntseg thiab curvilinear duab predominate. Catholic lub teb chaws Yelemees,Bohemia thiab Austria tau yooj yim txais yuav Rococo style, ua ke nrog German Baroque. Fluffy stucco interiors tau nrov hauv Turin, Venice, Naples thiab Sicily.

Rococo hauv Russia

Catherine I, Empress ntawm Russia los ntawm 1725 mus txog rau thaum nws tuag nyob rau hauv 1727, yog ib tug poj niam kav nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm Rococo architecture yog lub palace nyob ze St. Petersburg, muaj npe tom qab nws - Catherine Palace (daim duab hauv qab no).

Nws pib tsim kho xyoo 1717 los ntawm nws tus txiv Peter the Great. Los ntawm 1756 nws tau nthuav dav tshwj xeeb rau kev sib tw Versailles hauv Fab Kis. Nws tau hais tias Catherine lub Great, Empress ntawm Russia los ntawm 1762 mus rau 1796, tsis txaus siab heev ntawm qhov extravagance ntawm Rococo.

Summarizing cov saum toj no, peb tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug, dab tsi yog architecture. Qhov no yog dab tsi ua rau koj xav tsis thoob thiab nrhiav pom cov ntsej muag tshiab, pom kev tsim ntawm architects, lawv cov masterpieces. Architecture yog suab paj nruag nyob rau hauv pob zeb.