2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Lub xyoo pua 20th yog lub sijhawm ntawm kev sim siab hauv kev kos duab. Cov kws sau nkauj, kws ua yeeb yam, kws sau paj huam thiab cov kws sau ntawv tau nrhiav kev tshiab uas tuaj yeem pab ua kom pom kev niaj hnub hauv txhua qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb thiab qhov sib txawv, kom muaj kev cuam tshuam cov xwm txheej ntxhov siab ntawm lawv lub sijhawm hauv lawv txoj haujlwm. Hauv lawv txoj kev tshawb nrhiav muaj tswv yim, lawv tau mus rau ntau qhov kev taw qhia, tau txais cov neeg nyiam thiab cov neeg ua raws. Yog li, cov avant-garde tshiab hauv kev kos duab tau tsim.
Avant-garde innovation
Muaj ntau yam tshiab hauv suab paj nruag classic. Composers xws li A. Schoenberg, V. Shcherbachev, A. Mosolov thiab lwm tus tau sim nrog tonality, uas ua rau nws puas tsuaj. Lwm cov kws sau nkauj tau tig lawv lub siab rau txoj hauv kev rau lub suab paj nruag, siv zog los tsim cov suab tshiab thiab cov suab paj nruag tshiab, nrog rau kev siv cov suab paj nruag nyob deb ntawm cov suab paj nruag (piv txwv li, lub tshuab ntaus ntawv) hauv lawv cov suab paj nruag.
Tus kws sau nkauj ntawm "Novov tsev kawm ntawv" tau tsim cov tswv yim tshiab thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sau ntawv (dodecaphony, suab paj nruag serial). Qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm cov suab paj nruag yog nughauv kev ua haujlwm. Rhythm los ua ntej. Avant-garde nyob rau hauv classical suab paj nruag cheb tawm txhua lub hauv paus thiab cov cai, tsim cov tshiab.
Piv txwv li, cov kws sau ntawv F. Glass, S. Reich thiab T. Riley tau siv cov txheej txheem ntawm primitivism - ua raws li lub suab ntawm cov xwm txheej, siv zog rau naturalness thiab simplicity.
Lub avant-garde nyob rau hauv lub suab paj nruag ntawm American composer J. Cage yog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov txheej txheem ntawm sau ib tug ua hauj lwm yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm " tsuav": suab yog unforeseen xwm txheej, tsis paub tseeb.
Yog li, avant-garde hauv suab paj nruag yog sawv cev los ntawm cov yeeb yam tshwj xeeb: suab paj nruag nthuav qhia, sonorism, suab paj nruag serial, aleatorics thiab ntau qhov chaw.
Specific music
"Concrete" yog tam sim no, ib hom avant-garde suab paj nruag uas hloov suab paj nruag nrog ntau lub suab nrov (acoustic thiab ntuj tsim). Thawj zaug, cov txheej txheem ntawm cov suab paj nruag tau pib siv hauv nws txoj haujlwm los ntawm Fabkis tus kws sau ntawv Pierre Schaeffer. Ib qho ntawm nws cov hauj lwm nto moo tshaj plaws yog "Symphony rau ib tus neeg", uas nthuav tawm cov suab ib ntus, nco txog lub suab nkauj rau kev ua yeeb yam.
Lub avant-garde hauv Schaeffer lub suab paj nruag tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv qhov tseeb tias nws nrhiav kev tso nws tus kheej tawm ntawm qhov cuab yeej thiab tus neeg ua yeeb yam. Nws yog nws txoj haujlwm uas yog qhov pib ntawm kev tsim thiab kev loj hlob ntawm hluav taws xob, thiab tom qab lub computer suab paj nruag.
Kev xav
Lub avant-garde hauv suab paj nruag ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th kuj yog sawv cev los ntawm kev nthuav qhia. Qhov kev sib tw hauv kev ua suab paj nruag tau txais ntau tshaj plawskev loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Austria. Tus neeg sawv cev loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov qauv no yog Arnold Schoenberg. Nws cov suab paj nruag puv nrog kev xav tob tob. Kev poob siab, tsis muaj hwj chim, ntshai heev, lub xeev muaj kev cuam tshuam nrhiav txoj hauv kev tawm hauv kev sau ntawv ntawm Schoenberg.
Cov Kev Tshaj Tawm tau tawm tsam kev xav thiab kev kos duab, ua rau tib neeg mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tsis pom kev, hu tsis txhob sim khiav tawm ntawm cov teeb meem ntawm lub neej tiag tiag. Lub suab nkauj ntawm lawv tej hauj lwm yog intermittent thiab tawg. Dissonant kev sib haum xeeb prevails.
Kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm cov kws sau cov neeg sau xov xwm yog cov txheej txheem: 12 lub suab suab hauv ib ntu, tab sis tsis rov hais dua kom txog rau thaum tus so tau suab. Txoj kev no tseem hu ua "dodecaphony". Suab paj nruag Expressionist yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm atonality.
Kev nthuav tawm yog ze rau kev nyiam romantic nyob rau hauv uas nws tseem siv zog rau sab ntsuj plig sensuality thiab qhia txog tib neeg kev paub. Kev nthuav qhia muaj xws li cov hauj lwm ntawm A. Schoenberg, A. Webern, A. Berg, G. Mahler, I. Stravinsky, B. Bartok, cov hauj lwm lig ntawm R. Wagner.
Pointillism
Anton Webern, ib tus tsim ntawm New Vienna Tsev Kawm Ntawv, pib siv cov txheej txheem ntawm pointillism (dotted sau) hauv nws cov ntawv sau. Nyob rau hauv nws, ntau xim tau them rau nyias lub suab. Cov txheej txheem pointillism tau siv hauv lawv txoj haujlwm los ntawm cov kws sau nkauj K. Stockhausen, L. Nono, P. Boulez.
Sonoristics
Nyob rau hauv avant-garde suab paj nruag, sonoristics occupies ib qho chaw tseem ceeb. Lub hauv paus suab ntawm qhov tam sim no yog timbrecomplexes, suab masses ("sonors"), undivided nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Sonor yog xim tshwj xeeb ntawm lub suab, uas muaj qee yam kev zoo nkauj. Thaum pom tau hais tias, lub suab ntawm ib tus neeg lub suab poob nws lub zog nthuav tawm. Qee qhov haujlwm los ntawm K. Penderetsky, V. Lutoslavsky, S. Gubaidulina, A. Eshpay, K. Stockhausen yog suav tias yog cov piv txwv ci tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib haum xeeb.
Aleatorica
Aleatorica (" tsuav ") yog cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb uas suav nrog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov suab. Piv txwv li, es tsis txhob sau nkauj, tus kws sau nkauj aleatoric pov tsuav, txhais cov lej ua rau sau ntawv. Los yog splatter xim rau ntawm daim ntawv suab paj nruag. Cov kws sau nkauj no yog V. Lutoslavsky thiab P. Boulez.
Music ntawm Lavxias teb sab avant-garde
Lavxias teb sab avant-garde cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog Alexander Scriabin nrog nws cov kev sib raug zoo thiab cov txheej txheem, Nikolai Myaskovsky thiab Vladimir Rebikov, nrog rau lwm cov neeg tsim tawm tshiab uas ua rau lub tswv yim zoo nkauj ntawm cov cim hauv lawv txoj haujlwm.
Qee tus kws sau nkauj tso tseg qhov loj-me, daim ntawv ib txwm thiab cov qauv ntawm ib daim nkauj. Lawv pib nrhiav kev sib haum xeeb tshiab, timbres, rhythms. Cov kws sau nkauj N. Obukhov, L. Sabaneev, I. Vyshnegradsky thiab lwm tus tau muab lub hauv paus theoretical rau thawj suab tshuab.
Music of the new time
Qee tus kws sau ntawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas Soviet lub xeev tau tsim hauv lawv txoj haujlwm lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov suab paj nruag nrog suab nrov. Suab paj nruag yog ib tug qauv uas tau xeeb kom ze li sai tau rau cov kev xav tau thiab lub neej ntawm proletariat. Ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws hauv cheeb tsam no yog Avraamov's "Symphony of Horns", uas yog ua los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm ntau lub suab ntawm kev lag luam: cov no yog cav horns, locomotive whistles, rab phom txhaj.
Txoj kab ntawm kev kos duab siab thiab "qis kos duab" tau xyaum ua kom puas los ntawm avant-gardists. Cov kws sau nkauj suav nrog ntau tus neeg tuaj saib, coj cov suab paj nruag los ze zog rau lub neej ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm, feem ntau tshem tawm ntawm cov suab paj nruag nws lub hom phiaj siab tshaj plaws: ua kom lub siab zoo nkauj.
Ib txhia tej hauj lwm ntawm avant-garde era twb poob lawv aesthetic tus nqi thiab topicality, tseem nthuav tsuas yog rau musicologists. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj ntau yam haujlwm uas tau nkag mus rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb classics thiab tau txais kev lees paub los ntawm ob qho tib si ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv uas tsim lawv, thiab lawv cov xeeb ntxwv.
Pom zoo:
Piano forerunners: keeb kwm ntawm suab paj nruag, thawj cov twj paj nruag keyboard, ntau yam, ntsuas qauv, theem ntawm kev loj hlob, niaj hnub saib thiab suab
Thawj yam uas xav txog thaum tham txog cov twj paj nruag yog piano. Tseeb tiag, nws yog lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam hauv paus, tab sis thaum twg lub piano tshwm sim? Puas muaj tiag tiag tsis muaj lwm yam variation ua ntej nws?
Cov cim suab paj nruag, cov cim thiab cov twj paj nruag. Ib daim suab paj nruag ua si zoo siab txais tos
Suab paj nruag yog dab tsi: daim duab kos duab, cov suab uas zoo rau pob ntseg, lossis ib yam dab tsi uas kov tau tus neeg lub siab? Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom muab ib tug unambiguous teb rau lo lus nug no. Suab paj nruag tsis yog yooj yim thiab unpretentious li nws yuav zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Nws feem ntau lees paub tias tsuas yog cov kws ua yeeb yam tiag tiag tuaj yeem nkag siab nws cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb. Hauv peb tsab xov xwm niaj hnub no, cov neeg nyeem tau raug caw kom paub txog qee qhov ntawm nws cov hauv paus
Musicality yog suab paj nruag txuj ci, pob ntseg rau suab paj nruag, suab paj nruag muaj peev xwm
Ntau tus neeg nyiam hu nkauj, txawm tias lawv tsis lees paub. Tab sis vim li cas qee tus ntawm lawv tuaj yeem ntaus cov ntawv sau thiab ua rau tib neeg lub pob ntseg zoo siab, thaum lwm tus raug pov rau ntawm kab lus: "Tsis muaj kev hnov lus." Qhov no txhais li cas? Lub rooj sib hais yuav tsum yog dab tsi? Rau leej twg thiab vim li cas thiaj muab?
Kev nthuav tawm hauv suab paj nruag yog Kev nthuav qhia hauv suab paj nruag ntawm xyoo pua 20th
Nyob rau hauv thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ib qho kev taw qhia tshiab, tawm tsam cov classical views ntawm creativity, tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, fine arts, xinesmas thiab suab paj nruag, tshaj tawm cov kev qhia ntawm lub subjective sab ntsuj plig ntiaj teb no ntawm tib neeg lub ntsiab. lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kos duab. Expressionism nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag yog ib qho ntawm cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb tshaj plaws thiab tsis yooj yim tam sim no
Yuav ua li cas sau suab paj nruag: suab paj nruag notation, suab paj nruag theory, tswv yim
Txhua tus neeg tsawg kawg ib zaug hauv nws lub neej xav txog kev txawj ua suab paj nruag thiab, tej zaum, txawm kawm los ua suab paj nruag nws tus kheej. Qhov tseeb, txhua yam tsis nyuaj li nws yuav zoo li thaum xub thawj siab ib muag. Ntawm chav kawm, nws yuav tsum tau kawm txog suab paj nruag txoj kev xav thiab qee qhov nuances ntawm kev sau. Tab sis tag nrho cov no yog trifles piv rau lub peev xwm ua hauj lwm txuj ci tseem ceeb. Tom qab nyeem tsab xov xwm no, lo lus nug "Yuav ua li cas sau ntawv?" ua tsis tseem ceeb
