Cov ntawv luam tawm: hom, kev faib tawm, qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab cov qauv

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Xyaum txhua tus neeg nyiam nyeem ntawv paub tias muaj ntau hom ntawv luam tawm sib txawv. Cov phau ntawv ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg tsis tsuas yog ua qee yam haujlwm xwb, tab sis kuj tseem ua rau tib neeg lub neej uas tau piav qhia hauv lawv. Piv txwv li, phau ntawv qhia kev mus ncig thiab phau ntawv mus ncig yog ib txwm me me, ua rau lawv zoo tagnrho rau lub hnab ntim me me ntawm tus neeg taug kev lub hnab ev ntawv.

Cov Ntawv Sau Npe thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tau luam tawm feem ntau hauv cov ntawv loj, vim tias cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no tau ua haujlwm ntawm lub rooj, hauv chaw ua haujlwm tshwj xeeb. Kev ua yeeb yam yog tsim nyob rau hauv txhua tus neeg nyiam nruab nrab hom, tsuas yog qhov loj ntawm cov phau ntawv txee.

Ancient times

Cov ntawv luam tawm tsis tshwm sim tam sim ntawd. Kev lig kev cai ntawm kev tsim cov khoom luam tawm ntawm ntau qhov sib txawv hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, tau tshwm sim ua tau zootam sim ntawd tom qab txiv neej invented sau ntawv. Cov neeg Iyiv, piv txwv li, siv papyri ntawm ntau qhov dav thiab ntev rau ntau hom kev sau ntawv. Cov keeb kwm keeb kwm tau khaws cia rau hauv cov ntawv loj, kos duab keeb kwm ntawm cov me me, thiab cov ntawv me me ntawm cov ntawv papyrus tau siv rau ntau yam ntaub ntawv txhua hnub lossis ib ntus. Txoj kev tshaj tawm ntawm Mesopotamia tsis txawv ib yam nkaus. Cov ntsiav tshuaj av nplaum sib txawv khaws cov ntaub ntawv tib yam li papyrus hauv Egypt.

Nrog rau kev tsim luam ntawv, cov ntaub ntawv nws tus kheej tau muab faib ua hom ntawv. Qhov no tau piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws yooj yim dua los luam tawm ob peb phau ntawv kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev tshawb fawb encyclopedias loj loj. Ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, tej hauj lwm ntawm kev kos duab, nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov los ntawm pawg neeg, tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog tshaj tawm hauv cov ntawv me me thiab cov ntawv me. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm kev ncig tau ncaj qha rau cov tsis muaj ntawm phau ntawv.

Ntau yam khoom luam tawm

Kev xaiv ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog qhov khoom kim heev ntawm peb lub sijhawm. Tam sim no hauv khw muag khoom koj tuaj yeem pom ntau tus lej ntawm ntau yam khoom luam tawm ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab zoo. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov ntawv luam tawm cov ntawv yog, qhov tseeb, tsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov ntim, cov ntsiab lus lossis tsim. Tom qab tag nrho, nws nyob ntawm nws qhov chaw peb muab phau ntawv, qhov twg peb khaws nws, peb nyeem li cas: ntawm lub rooj, hauv peb txhais tes, lossis txawm nyob ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb.

Muaj tus qauv tshwj xeeb: "GOST phau ntawv tshaj tawm cov qauv", raws li txhua lub tsev tshaj tawm npaj cov txheej txheem. Tag nrhoqhov ntau thiab tsawg uas tau teev tseg hauv daim ntawv teev npe no yog tib yam rau txhua lub chaw tshaj tawm. Ntawm chav kawm, qee zaum phau ntawv manufactories tso tawm ua haujlwm nyob rau hauv cov qauv tsis zoo, tab sis qhov no tseem siv tau rau kev zam. Feem ntau, txoj cai ntawm cov tsev luam tawm hais txog hom kev tshaj tawm cov phau ntawv sib raug raws li cov qauv ntawm phau ntawv luam tawm.

hom loj

Hom no suav nrog cov ntawv sau keeb kwm, monographs, phau ntawv txhais lus, atlases, archival lists, tshwj xeeb tsab. Qhov kev piav qhia rau qhov no yog qhov uas feem ntau luam tawm ntawm cov ntawv no muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau, uas, txawm tias siv cov ntawv me me, tseem loj heev.

Lub tsev luam tawm yuav tsum ua kom ntim ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm kev siv qhov loj me. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv hom ntawv tshaj tawm no nws yooj yim dua los khaws cov ntaub ntawv uas siv tsis tau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. Tias yog vim li cas yuav luag tag nrho cov kev tshawb fawb hauv tsev thiab hauv ntiaj teb tau hloov pauv mus rau kev luam ntawv monographs, kev tshaj tawm hauv qhov loj me no. Txawm tias cov tub ntxhais kawm paub txog cov txiaj ntsig thiab pib sau ntawv hauv phau ntawv loj. Yog tias peb xav txog hom no los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm, ces khoom plig ntawm hom no tau nthuav tawm rau cov neeg muaj nyiaj lossis cov thawj coj.

Medium formats

hom no suav nrog txhua tus nyiam thiab nyiam phau ntawv loj. Phau ntawv dab neeg, dab neeg, dab neeg, dab neeg, phau ntawv ua noj, phau ntawv kho tsheb - tag nrho cov no thiab ntau lwm cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm hauv hom nruab nrab.

Tsis yog caij nyoognws yog tag nrho cov ntawv tseeb uas tau luam tawm hauv qhov loj me yooj yim rau kev khaws cia thiab kev thauj mus los. Xws li ib phau ntawv tuaj yeem yooj yim haum rau hauv lub txee dai khaub ncaws, hnab ev khoom, hnab nyiaj lossis txawm hauv qab hauv ncoo. Yog lawm, thiab kev tshaj tawm cov haujlwm hauv hom ntawv no tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo heev - kev ncig loj them rau tag nrho cov nqi ntawm kev tsim phau ntawv ua tsaug rau qhov zoo ntawm phau ntawv. Tsab ntawv no zoo siab los tuav hauv koj txhais tes thiab yooj yim heev rau kev nyeem ntawv hauv tsev txhua hnub.

Small formats

Sau cov lus paj huam, cov ntawv qhia - cov khoom luam tawm no yog ib txwm hu ua cov ntawv luam tawm me me. Raws li txoj cai, nws yog siv los tsim cov ntaub ntawv me me. Kev tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau los ntawm kaum ob zaj paj huam loj lossis nruab nrab tsuas yog tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau lub tsev phau ntawv los ntawm kev lag luam pom.

Tab sis qhov me me zoo li nthuav dav hauv qhov no, thiab cov txheej txheem luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv zoo li no yuav yooj yim dua. Nws kuj tseem yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias feem ntau nws yog cov ntawv me me uas tau muab rau vim tias lawv saib ob qho tib si sophisticated thiab aesthetically pleasing. Tom qab tag nrho, ib phau me me ntawm kev hlub lyrics zoo li romantic ntau dua li phau ntawv xov xwm loj.

Kev faib tawm

Muaj ib qho qauv uas zoo ib yam rau txhua lub tsev tshaj tawm. Yav dhau los, muaj ntau qhov kev faib tawm ntawm phau ntawv loj. Tam sim no, feem ntau cov phau ntawv tseem tau luam tawm raws li qee txoj cai. Tag nrho cov ntawv tseem ceeb tau nthuav tawm hauv cov lus hauv cov duab hauv qab no:

Reviews

Tsis tas yuav xav tias cov neeg nyeem tsuas yog mloog cov ntsiab lus ntawm phau ntawv xwb, qhov loj ntawm cov ntawv tshaj tawm kuj tseem ceeb heev rau txhua tus neeg siv khoom. Feem ntau hauv kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg yuav cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm, koj tuaj yeem hnov cov kab lus zoo sib xws: "Phau ntawv loj thiab muaj yeeb yuj!". Ua ntej tshaj plaws, cov neeg yuav khoom tau them sai sai rau qhov loj ntawm lub tome, txij li cov hom loj txhais tau hais tias nws yuav pom zoo thiab, kom paub meej, nthuav.

Visually, qhov loj me no zoo li qhov nruab nrab. Yog li ntawd, tsis ntev los no ntau thiab ntau tus neeg tshaj tawm nyiam tshaj tawm txawm tias menyuam yaus cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ib hom ntawv loj, ntxiv ntim rau hauv phau ntawv vim muaj cov ntawv loj dua thiab ntau cov duab kos. Qhov no yog ib qho kev lag luam qub qub uas ua rau qhov loj me no nrov dua li niaj zaus. Tsis tas li ntawd xwb, tsis yog tsuas yog encyclopedias lossis monographs ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo tam sim no raug tso tawm rau hauv hom ntawv no, uas tau ua rau cov neeg siv khoom xav tau ntau ntxiv rau cov khoom loj no.

Cov ntawv tshaj tawm yog hom cim ntawm cov ntsiab lus thiab qhov zoo, los ntawm cov neeg nyeem uas paub txog tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tam sim ntawd phau ntawv no hais txog dab tsi, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog thaj tsam ntawm tib neeg lub neej nws muaj.