2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Txhua yam rov ua nws tus kheej hauv keeb kwm: thawj zaug hauv daim ntawv ua yeeb yam, qhov thib ob - hauv daim ntawv ntawm farce. Qhov no kuj muaj tseeb rau ob lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Russia architecture. Qhov pib ntawm thawj qhov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua XIX thiab xaus nrog nws qhov kawg. Qhov pib ntawm qhov thib ob coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv 60s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Hauv kev nkag siab, nws tseem tshwm sim, me ntsis hloov cov kev txwv. Qhov tseeb yog hais tias eclectic architecture tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, thiab feem ntau tenement tsev nyob rau hauv Russia tau ua nyob rau hauv no style, uas txawm tom qab ib puas xyoo thiab ib nrab saib tsim nyog tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm lwm yam ancient vaj tse ntawm tib St. Petersburg los yog Moscow..
Thiab nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, Khrushchevka boom kuj pib. Cov dej num ua ntej cov kws tsim vaj tsev zoo ib yam li 100 xyoo dhau los: muab cov pej xeem nrog cov tsev. Nws yog ib qho nyuaj hais tias cov tsev no tau adorned txoj kev ntawm lub teb chaws.
Yuav tsum tau ua ntej rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm style
Nyob rau hauv XVIII caug xyoo hauv RussiaLub teb chaws Ottoman style prevailed: antiquity, kab, lub inevitable Greek pediment. Raws li cov canons classical, vaj tse, palaces thiab cov tuam tsev tau ua thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Cov txheej txheem yog, ib tug yuav hais, debugged, thiab txhua leej txhua tus zoo siab rau txhua yam. Zoo, yuav luag txhua tus. Cov kws sau ntawv yog thawj zaug thuam cov qauv qub, ntawm lawv cov npe zoo li Gogol, tus thuam Belinsky, tus kws tshaj lij Chaadaev, thiab Herzen, uas, raws li lawv hais, "tsim cov Decembrists" … Kev tawm tsam tau ua rau hauv zej zog thiab yuav tsum tau hloov pauv.
"Furious Vissarion" (Belinsky) tsim lub tswv yim uas tau npaj los ua lub hauv paus ntawm tus qauv qub qub hauv architecture: "Nationality yog alpha thiab omega ntawm kev zoo nkauj ntawm peb lub sijhawm."
kev khwv nyiaj txiag
Tag nrho cov "fermentations ntawm lub siab" coincided nrog cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm lub neej: cov nom tswv maj mam zuj zus thiab tsis muaj peev xwm them taus tej yaam num kim, nyob rau hauv lawv lub neej nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Ib chav kawm ntawm cov kws ua lag luam thiab cov tub lag luam sawv tawm, uas nws lub davhlau ntawm kev zoo nkauj tsis txwv los ntawm txoj kev. Yuav luag tag nrho cov "Lavxias teb sab tshiab", xws li cov tub lag luam Brusnitsyn, yog los ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb thiab nyiam tsim nyob rau hauv canons ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture.
Qhov ntawd yog, qee qhov kev thov ntawm lub zej zog tau tshwm sim, uas lub tuam tsev yuav tsum tau teb.
New direction
Yog li ntawd, tib neeg niaj hnub nrhiav kev txhawb nqa pej xeem kev coj noj coj ua, thiab los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th muaj ntau qhov kev sib tham txog cov neeg sib koom, txuas ntxiv uas yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws "mus rau cov neeg" ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm xyoo 1861.
Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab lus ntawm haiv neeg yuav tsum tau muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev zoo nkaujnyob rau hauv dav dav thiab nyob rau hauv architecture, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txij li thaum nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua ua ntej kawg, tsuas yog cov tub nkeeg tsis thuam lub teb chaws Ottoman style.
Tus neeg paub zoo thiab tus neeg rov qab los Mikhail Dormidontovich Bykovsky, uas tom qab ntawd los ua tus tsim ntawm lub tsev tsim vaj tsev nyob hauv Moscow, yog ib tus thawj coj los tsim cov lus qhia tshiab hauv architecture: kev tawm tsam kev kawm, lub teb chaws tus kheej, Gothic accent, kev ywj pheej ntawm kev muaj tswv yim tus kheej qhia thiab tsis muaj kev txiav txim canons. Tom qab ntawd nws ntxiv cov lus piav qhia rau lawv. Yog li ntawd muaj ib tug style nyob rau hauv architecture - eclecticism.
Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws tsim vaj tsev nws tus kheej yog tus ua raws li Gothic cov lus qhia, uas tau lees paub los ntawm Marfino complex tsim los ntawm nws nyob ze Moscow, uas lub sijhawm ntawd tau koom nrog tus neeg sawv cev NP. Panin. Nws tus poj niam, Countess Sofia Vladimirovna Panina, tau caw MD. Bykovsky los tsim cov cuab yeej cuab tam, uas tau los ua ib qho piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm eclecticism hauv architecture. Los ntawm txoj kev, tus naas ej " Dab Ntxwg Nyoog Pob" tau yees duab ntawm no.
False Gothic
Yog li, dab tsi yog eclecticism hauv architecture? Qhov no yog ib qho kev taw qhia uas sib txuas ntau yam hauv ib lub tsev. Architects nyiam lwm lub npe rau eclecticism: historicism, romanticism, cuav gothic, Lavxias teb sab-Byzantine style, thiab los ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th - Boaz-ar, los yog Beaux-Arts.
Kev sib tw yeej ntawm txoj kev taw qhia tshiab tau pib meej nrog neo-Gothic, uas ua rau muaj kev nyiam romantic. Cov yam ntxwv ntawm eclecticism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 yog: ib tug ntsug accent nyob rau hauv lub tsev, sophistication.spiers, lub xub ntiag ntawm richly decorated turrets thiab sculptures, openwork tsim ntawm lub facades. Cov vaj tse tsim nrog cov ntsiab lus zoo ib yam li cov tsev fuabtais fairy taleas, tsim kom muaj lub siab nyiam. Hauv qhov no lawv tau sib piv nrog cov classic Gothic ntawm tib lub tebchaws Askiv, uas yog qhov txawv ntawm kev tsaus ntuj thiab asceticism.
Txawm li cas los xij, dhau sijhawm, thaum qhov kev taw qhia no tau pib siv rau hauv kev tsim kho ntiag tug, kev tsim vaj tsev ntau dhau maj mam muab txoj hauv kev rau qhov hnyav ntawm cov ntawv ntsug, mus txog cov qauv lus Askiv.
Northern Capital
Kev sib haum xeeb hauv architecture ntawm St. Petersburg yog sawv cev los ntawm ntau lub tsev.
Ib ntawm lawv nyob ntawm Krestovka River Embankment, ntawm tus lej 12. Nov yog lub tsev qub qub ntawm Countess Kleinmichel. Nws cov yam ntxwv txawv, muab tawm ntawm Gothic style, yog cov yam ntxwv turrets, lanterns ua los ntawm wrought hlau, nrog rau lattices ntawm lub qhov rais, uas ua kom tiav cov duab ntawm lub tsev fuabtais. Lub tsev tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1834 thiab tau rebuilt ob peb zaug. Txawm tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, cov pob nrov nrov tau tuav ntawm no. Lub dacha ntawm Princess S altykova ntawm 4 Academician Krylov Street yog lwm qhov piv txwv ntawm eclectic style hauv architecture. Txhua yam uas yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv lub tsev Gothic yog tam sim no: yees ua los ntawm ntoo; zoo nkauj tsim facade, accentuated nkag mus rau lub tsev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug arch. Lub tsev no kuj yog nyob rau 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. Xyoo 1990, nws tau rov qab los tom qab lub sijhawm ntev ntawm kev tsis saib xyuas.
Lub sijhawm ntawm neo-Gothic hauv Russia luv luv: txog 20 xyoo. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov nocov kev taw qhia tau tso nws cov cim pom nyob rau hauv kev hloov pauv ntawm ntau lub nroog ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman, cim qhov pib ntawm kev hloov pauv hauv pej xeem lub siab ntawm lub teb chaws.
Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias eclecticism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture yog muab faib ua ob lub sij hawm: los ntawm 1830 mus rau 1860 muaj ib tug "Nikolaev" theem, thiab los ntawm 1870 mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua - "Alexander". Thiab qhov teeb meem tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev hloov ntawm lub sovereign, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov tsos ntawm kev sib raug zoo dav hlau ntawm ib tug tshiab chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov tswv, uas txiav txim siab lub dominant style nyob rau hauv kev npaj hauv nroog.
Style ntsiab thiab lawv ua ke
Muaj ob yam ntawm cov qauv eclectic hauv Lavxias architecture.
- Kev siv cov khoom ntawm txhua qhov muaj "keeb kwm" tiam sis los ntawm Neo-Renaissance mus rau pseudo-Lavxias teb sab, nrog rau cov qauv txawv txawv qhia rau Lavxias "av" hauv daim ntawv ntawm Indo-Saracenic, thiab lwm yam.
- Hloov lub luag haujlwm ntawm qhov kev txiav txim, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev txiav txim siab hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman style, thiab uas tau dhau los ua cov qauv zoo nkauj hauv eclecticism.
Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm eclecticism hauv architecture yog kev ua haujlwm thiab ntau yam. Ntawd yog, "Lavxias teb sab-Byzantine style" tsim los ntawm tus rector ntawm Imperial Academy of Arts Konstantin Andreevich Ton tuaj yeem siv rau hauv kev tsim kho cov tuam tsev, tab sis tsis yog cov tsev ntiag tug, hauv kev tsim ntawm lwm cov lus qhia tau siv ua ke. Cov vaj tse pej xeem lossis kev lag luam raug tsim los suav nrog lawv txoj haujlwm, nrog rau cov nyiaj muaj.
Yog li, kev siv cov khoom zoo nkaujlos yog nws qhov kev txo qis, qhov muaj qhov ua tiav lossis yog tias nws tsis tuaj, txhawm rau txuag nyiaj, kev tsim kho ntawm lub tsev cib liab - tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem sib txawv raws li pob nyiaj siv.
Lub teb chaws Ottoman style tsis tuaj yeem khav tau ntawm kev siv ntau yam vim yog cov canons ruaj khov.
Decor ntsiab
Neo-Baroque style vaj tse tau txawv los ntawm ntau cov khoom dai - cov kev taw qhia ntawm eclecticism, uas yog ib tus kws txawj ntse tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th Andrey Ivanovich Shtakenshneider gravitated.
Ntawm cov kev tsim ntawm tus txais txiaj ntsig rau qhov muaj kuab heev ntawm suav Rastrelli (raws li nws cov neeg kawm hu ua nws), Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace, nyob ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm Nevsky Prospekt thiab Fontanka River embankment, muaj kev txaus siab ntawm qhov chaw.
Esper Beloselsky-Belozersky tsis yog tsuas yog ib tug neeg muaj koob meej xwb, tab sis kuj paub zoo hauv kev kos duab, thiab yog li ntawd xav tau kev txhawb siab ntawm baroque-rocaille style, nrov nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm Elizabeth. Thiab qhov project ntawm lub palace tau xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv rau lub hom phiaj no. Lub tsev paub tsis tau tsuas yog rau lub fact tias kev tsim kho ntawm private palaces ntawm Nevsky Prospekt tau ua tiav rau nws, tab sis kuj rau lub fact tias cov tswv cuab ntawm imperial tsev neeg yog nws cov tswv. Tus tswv kawg ntawm lub tsev yog tus tswv txhab nyiaj I. I. Stakheev.
Ntawm cov haujlwm uas tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1844 los ntawm Stackenschneider yog Mariinsky Palace ntawm St. Isaac's Square - ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm eclecticism hauv architecture ntawm St. Petersburg.
Pseudo-Lavxias style
Kev coj ua pej xeem, thiab pseudo-Lavxias style tau dav siv hauv kev tsim vaj tsevrau lub hom phiaj sib txawv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, kev tsim ntawm lub teb chaws kev paub txog tus kheej tau tshwm sim, ntawm nthwv dej ntawm qhov kev taw qhia no hauv architecture tshwm sim.
Nws organically ua ke ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab kev tsim kho, nrog rau cov khoom ntawm cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub stylized li paj ntaub thiab carving. Maj mam, cov qauv ntawm cov tsev ntoo tau pauv mus rau cov pob zeb.
Lub Koom Txoos ntawm tus Cawm Seej ntawm Cov Ntshav Txhaum tau tsim tom qab kev sim tua neeg ntawm Alexander II los ua ib qho piv txwv zoo ntawm cov lus qhia no. Nws tus kws sau ntawv, tus kws tsim vaj tsev Parland, ua ke ntau lub ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture hauv nws qhov project thiab yeej qhov kev sib tw, uas tau koom nrog cov masters xws li Benoit thiab Schroeter.
Tshaj tawm sab hnub tuaj
Nws tsis tuaj yeem tsis nco qab qhov ntxoov ntxoo ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj suav nrog eclecticism, tshwj xeeb, Moorish cuam tshuam ntawm architecture. Cov ntsiab lus no zoo kawg nkaus sib txawv nrog cov huab cua txias ntawm peb lub teb chaws, coj sov so thiab nplua nuj xim rau nws. Cov kev lig kev cai sab hnub tuaj ua ke ntau yam ntawm cov teb chaws kov yeej. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws organically haum rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv classical raws li kab txawv: qhov rooj thiab qhov rais, ua nyob rau hauv ib tug yam ntxwv yam uas siv cov xim iav; stucco molding nrog cov phiaj xwm tsis meej, qhov chaw thiab cov arches hais txog qhov originality ntawm tag nrho cov complex, xim marble ornaments.
Qhov kev sib txawv no yog polar nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau cov uas twb paub neo-Gothic thiab classicism. Vorontsov Palace hauv Alupka, ua los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Blor los ntawmTebchaws Askiv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Moorish cawv.
Nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, ntau yam zoo nkauj tej hauj lwm ntawm eclectic architecture tau tsim, uas peb tseem qhuas niaj hnub no, them tribute rau cov txuj ci thiab txuj ci ntawm lawv creators. Tsis tas li ntawd, ua tsaug rau qhov kev taw qhia tshwj xeeb, kev tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab modernism tau ua tau. Tab sis qhov ntawd yog lwm zaj dab neeg.
Pom zoo:
Digital architecture: cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, tus kws tsim vaj tsev, piv txwv
Digital architecture yog qhov ua pa tshiab ntawm lub hnub nyoog digital ntawm noob neej. Nws yog qhov txawv ntawm lwm cov qauv (baroque, classicism, faj tim teb chaws, postmodernism, minimalism, gothic) tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nws sab nraud tsis, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv nws sab hauv. Koj tuaj yeem kawm paub ntau ntxiv txog cov lus qhia no los ntawm kev nyeem kab lus no
Romanesque architecture: yam ntxwv, nta, piv txwv
Romanesque style hauv architecture yog inextricably txuas nrog keeb kwm era uas nws tsim. Hauv XI-XII, muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj hauv Tebchaws Europe: muaj ntau lub xeev feudal me, kev tawm tsam ntawm pawg neeg nomadic pib, kev ua tsov rog feudal raged. Tag nrho cov no yuav tsum muaj cov tuam tsev loj heev uas tsis yooj yim los rhuav tshem thiab ntes
Cov ntawv nyeem thiab kos duab: yam ntxwv, cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb, piv txwv
Muaj tsawg tus neeg nco txog lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj haujlwm ntawm lub siab tom qab ntau xyoo tom qab kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv. Hauv cov ntawv nyeem, peb txhua tus tau mloog cov qauv kev hais lus, tab sis muaj pes tsawg tus menyuam kawm ntawv qub tuaj yeem khav tau tias lawv nco qab tias nws yog dab tsi? Peb nco qab ua ke ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kos duab ntawm kev hais lus thiab qhov twg tuaj yeem pom
Eclectic style nyob rau hauv architecture: yam ntxwv, architects, piv txwv
Kwv yees li ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, cov style eclectic tau tshwm sim hauv Russia. Nyob rau hauv architecture, nws qhia nws tus kheej feem ntau contrastingly. Qhov kev taw qhia no los hloov classicism. Tab sis yog hais tias yav dhau los style muab lub nroog ib txwm layout, nteg lub hauv paus rau cov chaw, ces eclecticism tau sau lub nruj qauv ntawm lub quarters thiab ua tiav hauv nroog ensembles
Piv txwv ntawm architecture ntawm ntau hom. Thawj piv txwv ntawm cov qauv tshiab
Ntiaj teb architecture tsim raws li txoj cai ntawm pawg ntseeg dominance. Cov vaj tse nyob hauv vaj tse zoo li me me, thaum lub tuam tsev tau tawm tsam hauv lawv qhov pom zoo. Thaum lub sij hawm Nrab Hnub nyoog, lub tsev teev ntuj muaj cov nyiaj tseem ceeb uas cov txiv plig siab tshaj tau txais los ntawm lub xeev, ntxiv rau, cov nyiaj pub dawb los ntawm parishioners nkag mus rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj treasury. Nrog rau cov nyiaj no, cov tuam tsev tau tsim thoob plaws Russia
