Tus kws kos duab Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich: ua haujlwm

2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37

Thaum kawg lub Kaum Hli 1812, xov xwm ntawm hluav taws txaus ntshai uas tshwm sim hauv Moscow tom qab nkag ntawm Napoleonic tub rog mus txog Ryazan.

Lub tswv yim hais tias ob feem peb ntawm Moscow lub tsev raug puas tsuaj tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tsis tuaj yeem tiv taus rau ib qho ntawm cov neeg tawg rog hauv lub nroog, raws li tus kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov tau muab tag nrho nws cov txuj ci los ua kom zoo nkauj Niam Saib nrog cov tsev zoo nkauj hauv cov style ntawm classicism thiab "Lavxias teb sab. Gothic"..

Tus kws lij choj Lavxias tiag tiag

Nws yug hauv xyoo 1738 hauv tsev neeg ntawm ib haiv neeg ntawm serfs, uas tau nce mus rau qib tseem ceeb ntawm tus thawj coj. Ua tsaug rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm leej txiv ntawm tus kws kos duab yav tom ntej Matvey Kazakov, xyoo 1751 tus kws kos duab nto moo Dmitry Vasilyevich Ukhtomsky (1719-1774), uas tau tsim ntau lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm poj huab tais Elizabeth, tau nkag mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv zoo heev kos duab, Kazakov tau txais kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm kev tsim kho, nyob rau hauv kev xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab technologies. Qhov no tau los ua nws lub cim.

Cov duab kos yooj yim, kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm stucco - tag nrho cov no muaj nyob rau hauv tus tswv txij li thaum yau. Nws ua hauj lwm tawm nws cov duab nraaj ntawm cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm vaj tse yav dhau los, kawm txog cov lus Greek thaum ub. Tus kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov tau los ua ib tug neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev xav zoome ntsis cov ntsiab lus ntawm organic classic style.

Kev sim thawj zaug

Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1763, hluav taws kub hnyiab tau ua rau Tver. Restoration ntawm lub nroog tau entrusted rau cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Ukhtomsky, Pyotr Romanovich Nikitin. Matvey Kazakov, tus kws kes duab vajtse suav nrog Nikitin hauv nws pab neeg, ua haujlwm ntawm ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb tshaj plaws - lub tsev rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Tver. Catherine II nws tus kheej txaus siab rau lub nroog rov qab los raws li cov phiaj xwm tshiab, hu Tver thib ob zoo nkauj tshaj plaws (tom qab St. Petersburg) hauv Russia.

Tus Npis Sov Lub Tsev, uas tau los ua lub palace uas Catherine nyob thaum nws tuaj txog hauv lub nroog tshiab uas tau tsim kho tshiab, ua rau lub npe ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo, thiab tus kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov pib tau txais kev txiav txim ntiag tug los ntawm cov neeg nplua nuj thiab muaj koob meej nyob hauv. Russia. Yog li, rau P. F. Nashchokin, nws tau tsim ib thaj av zoo kawg nkaus Rai-Semenovskoye ntawm Nara River, ze Serpukhov.

Kazakov thiab Bazhenov

Vasily Ivanovich Bazhenov (1738-1799) - tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab, uas muaj hnub nyoog tib yam li Kazakov. Thaum lawv tau ntsib, Bazhenov twb dhau mus dhau lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm European architecture tom qab kawm tiav Academy ntawm Arts, tau siv ntau xyoo nyob rau hauv Fabkis thiab Ltalis. Nws ua qauv ntawm St. Peter's Cathedral hauv Rome thiab Louvre Gallery hauv Paris, tau txais kev paub thiab kev paub ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Fabkis classicism: Claude-Nicolas Ledoux, Jacques-Germain Soufflot thiab lwm tus.

Tsis zoo li Bazhenov, Kazakov tsis tawm hauv tebchaws Russia, yog li nws tau sim ntxiv rau nws qhov kev paub dhau los ntawm Bazhenov lub tswv yim ntawm kev kos duab siab, nrhiav pom kev zoo nkauj tshiab hauv kev sib xyaw ua ke, hauv kev npaj daws teeb meem, hauv kev tsim kho kom zoo nkauj.. Bazhenov nyiam cov hauj lwm ntawm Matvey Fedorovich, thiab nws nyiam nws los koom tes nrog cov lus txib loj uas tau txais los ntawm Empress nws tus kheej.

Kremlin Expedition

Catherine lub Great tau ntsib kev nyuaj siab rau Moscow. Zoo heev yog qhov sib txawv ntawm St. Petersburg - lub nroog European zoo kawg nkaus - thiab Niam Saib, qhov twg Byzantine, Neeg Esxias ntsuj plig, lub embodiment uas lub Kremlin zoo li rau nws, yog indestructible. Nws yog los ntawm no uas nws xav pib Europeanization ntawm Moscow, entrusting lub reconstruction ntawm lub nroog center rau Bazhenov.

Qhov project grandiose tau npaj los ntawm "Kev Tshaj Tawm rau Kev Tsim Kho ntawm Kremlin Palace" zoo li dhau mus dhau mus rau Empress. Bazhenov tau npaj kom rhuav tshem cov vaj tse qub thiab tsim kom muaj ntau lub tsev loj heev, tig mus rau tus dej nrog cov façade majestic, thiab nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev tsim ib qho kev sib tshuam ntawm cov lus qhia tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev radial ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Moscow.

Txoj haujlwm tau ua tiav hauv tsib xyoos, tus qauv loj ntawm Grand Kremlin Palace tau ua. Txawm tias qhov kev tso siab ntawm lub tsev tshiab tau tshwm sim thiab ib feem ntawm phab ntsa raug rhuav tshem, tab sis tej yam tsis mus ntxiv. Catherine poob kev txaus siab rau qhov project, uas ua rau Moscow ua rau muaj kev hem thawj rau kev loj hlob ntawm sab qaum teb lub peev thiab xav tau cov nuj nqis loj. Tom qab raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj rov tsim kho ntawm Kremlin, M. F. Kazakov (tus kws tsim vaj tsev uas muaj kev paub ntau dua li Bazhenov) rov qab los ua ib feem ntawm phab ntsa thiab ua ib lub tsev tshiab, Senate, ntawm thaj chaw npaj rau kev pib tsim kho. Tab sis thaum xub thawj nws txuas ntxiv ua haujlwm nrog Bazhenov.

Kev yug los ntawm "Lavxias teb sabGothic"

Hauv xyoo 1775, ntawm kev ua koob tsheej ntawm Catherine, muaj kev ua koob tsheej nyob rau hauv Moscow rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev koom ua ke ntawm Crimea thiab xaus ntawm Kuchuk-Kaynarji kev thaj yeeb nrog cov Turks. Rau qhov no, ib ntus ntoo pavilions qhia txog lub nroog Turkish tau tsim tsa ntawm Khodynka teb. Kev ua tiav ntawm cov haujlwm no tau tso siab rau "Kremlin ntoj ke mus kawm" coj los ntawm Bazhenov, uas nws tus khub ze tshaj plaws yog tus kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntsiab lus txawv txawv oriental thiab classical proportions, ib qho kev lom zem, txhob txwm tshaj tawm ua yeeb yam, zoo nkauj style tau yug los, uas feem ntau hu ua pseudo-Gothic, lossis "Lavxias teb sab Gothic". Empress Catherine nyiam nws heev, thiab nws tau muab nws rov qab rau hauv cov khoom siv ruaj khov dua, tsim lub Tsev Ncig Mus Los ze ntawm Khodynka teb, uas nws yuav tsum tau so tom qab taug kev ntev los ntawm sab qaum teb lub nroog. Kazakov tau raug xaiv los ua tus thawj coj. Petrovsky Tsev fuabtais tau los ua ib qho ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "Lavxias teb sab Gothic", ua rau Kazakov ua tus kws tshaj lij Lavxias teb sab.

Lub tsev Senate hauv Kremlin

Thaum qhov kev xav tau tshwm sim hauv Moscow rau lub tsev loj hauv lub xeev, nws yog qhov tseeb tias M. F. Kazakov, tus kws tsim vaj tsev uas nyob ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub koob meej thiab tus thawj coj ntawm nws lub peev xwm, tau koom nrog hauv kev tsim qauv. Thiab lub tsev triangular Senate nws tau tsim los ua qhov tseem ceeb tshiab ntawm nws txoj haujlwm.

Kazakov lub tswv yim tsis muaj qhov ntsuas ntawm Bazhenov Grand Palace, tab sis tsis yog qhov qis dua rau nws hauv kev kawm zoo, kev ua tiav ntawm tag nrho cov kev daws teeb meem thiab cov ntsiab lus. dome hla lub tsevnws yuav tsum tau tuav lub rooj sib tham ntawm tsoom fwv, nws yog striking nyob rau hauv loj thiab kev ua tau zoo. Muab solemnity thiab majesty rau tag nrho Senate, pom los ntawm Red Square, nws yuav pab kom sib haum xeeb haum lub classical lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub ensemble ntawm lub ntsiab square thiab tag nrho lub nroog center.

Epic in Tsaritsyno

Lub palace thiab chaw ua si, hu ua "Tsaritsyno", tau tsim los ntawm cov av uas tau yuav los ntawm Catherine hauv 1775. Nws yuav tsum yog thawj qhov chaw zoo li no nyob sab nraum St. Petersburg. Txoj haujlwm no tau ua haujlwm los ntawm Bazhenov thiab koom nrog kev siv qhov kev xav zoo li ntawd uas hu ua pseudo lossis "Lavxias teb sab Gothic", thiab Bazhenov hu ua nws "ntse" Gothic.

Tus kws kes duab vajtse tau ua tiav txoj haujlwm no nrog txhua qhov cua sov, rau kaum xyoo kev tsim kho ntawm lub complex tau ua tiav, tab sis Kazakov yuav tsum ua kom tiav nws txoj kev tsim kho dua. Ntawm cov laj thawj rau kev npau taws ntawm huab tais uas poob rau Bazhenov tom qab Catherine mus ntsib Tsaritsyn yog tus kws tsim qauv tsim los ntawm "freemasons" - tus huab tais pom hauv Freemasonry lub zog muaj peev xwm ua rau nws tus tub, Paul I. Muaj lwm cov kev xav, qhov tseeb yog dab tsi. - Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub, tab sis lub palaces thiab lawv ib puag ncig tau ua tiav los ntawm M. Kazakov. Tus kws kes duab vajtse sim saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws tus phooj ywg thiab tus cob qhia, ua rau qee qhov ntawm Bazhenov lub tsev tsis zoo. Tsaritsyno yeej tsis tau los ua lub suburban chaw nyob ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsars, tab sis revived nyob rau hauv nws cov niaj hnub daim ntawv, nws yog ib tug nrov hnub caiv lo lus uas peb thiab ib tug ntawm cov sights ntawm Moscow.

Masterpieces"pre-fire" Moscow

Los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub seventies ntawm lub xyoo pua 8th, tus kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov Matvey Fedorovich tiag tiag ua dab tsi nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm hu ua Chief Architect ntawm Moscow. Ntawm nws cov tsev muaj ntau qhov chaw pe hawm, pej xeem vaj tse thiab cov vaj tse ntiag tug. Ntau yam ntawm nws tej hauj lwm raug puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub ntawm lub Napoleonic ntxeem tau, ib co twb rebuilt, tab sis ib co zoo heev piv txwv ntawm nws tej hauj lwm tseem yuav qhuas.

"Lavxias teb sab Gothic" yog qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom muaj nyiaj thiab muaj npe, thiab Kazakov feem ntau ua rau nws nyiam classical style. Xws li yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Metropolitan Philip hauv Meshchanskaya Sloboda. Nws yog qhov nthuav vim yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov ntim ntim ntim rau sab saum toj ntawm ib leeg thiab qhov zoo ntawm kev kho kom zoo nkauj stucco, qhov twg cov txuj ci ntawm Kazakov tus kws kos duab tshwj xeeb yog pom.

Ib qho txuj ci zoo kawg nkaus - Lub Koom Txoos ntawm Cosmas thiab Damian ntawm Maroseyka - yog qhov txawv los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm curvilinear ntim thiab yuav luag niaj hnub mus kom ze rau minimalism hauv décor. Ntxiv nrog rau ntau lub palaces, cov tsev teev ntuj, cov tsev ntiag tug, cov tsev kawm ntawv, nws tau tsim 3 lub tsev kho mob, txhua qhov tau dhau los ua kev kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm Moscow.

Ib yam khoom tshwj xeeb rau Kazakov lub Moscow yog lub tsev ntawm Noble Assembly - Lub Tsev ntawm Cov Koom Haum. Lub facades tau rov ua dua ob peb zaug rau lub sijhawm ntev, tab sis cov interiors (enfilades thiab, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, Hall of Columns) qhia tus kws kes duab vajtse lub tswv yim nyob rau hauv yuav luag thawj daim ntawv. Lub ntim loj, uas tuaj yeem ua tau txog li 5 txhiab tus neeg, yog qhov zoo nkauj, zoo sib xws.

Tus tsim ntawm Moscow18th century

Dhau li ntawm cov tuam tsev, lwm cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse paub - ib tug ci ntsa iab ntawm masters, uas tus kws qhia ntawv yog tus kws kes duab vajtse Kazakov. Tej hauj lwm ntawm I. V. Egotov, A. N. Bakarev, O. I. Bove, I. G. Tamansky yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov rau lub tom ntej restoration ntawm Moscow, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lwm cov hauj lwm los ntawm Kazakov tuaj nyob rau hauv ke: 13 albums nrog cov kev npaj, facades thiab seem ntawm lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws Moscow tsev..

Nws tuag tsis tuaj yeem dais qhov kev xav ntawm kev tuag ntawm nws lub nroog uas nws hlub, tab sis cov txuj ci zoo heev thiab kev ua haujlwm loj ntawm Matvey Fedorovich Kazakov tsis tuaj yeem ploj mus yam tsis muaj ib qho taug qab, thiab lub zog ntawm Moscow tseem khaws lub cim xeeb ntawm nws tus neeg tsim khoom zoo..