2024 Tus sau: Leah Sherlock | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-17 05:37
Lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog xws li ib tug zoo monument ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv li "Zadonshchina". Xyoo ntawm creation, sau, compositional thiab artistic nta - peb yuav tham txog tag nrho cov teeb meem no nrog koj.
Historical conditions
Nyob rau hauv 1380, ib qho kev tshwm sim tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub neej tsis yog Russia nkaus xwb, tab sis thoob ntiaj teb. Qhov no yog hais txog kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo, uas cov Tatars tau swb lawm. Qhov kev tshwm sim no ib zaug thiab rau tag nrho dispelled lus xaiv txog invincibility ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, thiab Russia tau cia siab tias yuav tau tshem ntawm lub sij hawm ntev quab yuam. Nws kuj tau txais kev pab raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ua ntej rau kev sib koom ua ke ntawm cov thawj coj nyob ib puag ncig ntawm qhov chaw, Moscow, uas tau cim qhov pib ntawm lub xeev yav tom ntej. Yog li ntawd, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob vim li cas qhov kev yeej loj heev yog li ntawd feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv monuments ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab era. Cov kws tshawb fawb tham txog lub voj voog Kulikovo, uas suav nrog kev ua haujlwm uas peb nyiam.
"Zadoshchina": xyoo tsim, cov ntaub ntawv dav dav
Ib qho chaw zoo nkauj ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, kev tsim txuj ci zoo nkauj… Indisputable pov thawj ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm "Lo lus …" - tag nrho cov yam ntxwv no siv rautub rog zaj dab neeg hu ua "Zadoshchina". Leej twg sau nws yog moot point thiab hardly solvable. Muaj cov lus qhia uas tus sau yog Sofony Ryazantsev. Lub npe no yog qhia los ntawm cov ntawv nyeem ntawm "Zadonshchina" thiab lwm yam hauj lwm - "Tales ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Mamaev." Cov neeg sau ntawv tsis muaj lwm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog Ryazantsev. Tab sis kev siv rau nws lub npe qhia tias Zephanius tsim qee yam kev sau ntawv uas tsis tau nqis los rau peb. Tus kws sau ntawv tsis paub tau coj los ntawm nws, los ntawm nws tus cwj mem "Zadonshchina" tawm los. Lub xyoo ntawm kev tsim ntawm zaj dab neeg tub rog no tsis paub meej (uas tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob rau cov ntaub ntawv qub Lavxias). Nws yog assumed tias txoj hauj lwm yog ib tug ncaj qha teb rau cov xwm txheej, uas txhais tau hais tias lub sij hawm ntawm lub creation ntawm "Zadonshchina" ntog nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 80-90s ntawm lub XIV caug xyoo.
Zaj dab neeg yog sawv cev los ntawm rau npe. Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws uas tau nqis los rau peb, cov kws tshawb fawb tau rov qab mus rau xyoo 1470s. Nws lwm lub npe yog cov npe ntawm Euphrosynus. Lub variant yog ib qho luv luv ntawm qee cov ntawv sau ntev thiab yog li ntawd txawv los ntawm ntau qhov yuam kev, distortions, thiab omissions. Los ntawm txoj kev, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov Euphrosynus yog lub npe "Zadonshchina" siv. Lub xyoo ntawm creation ntawm qhov tseeb version ntawm zaj dab neeg tseem tsis tau tsim (kwv yees li lub xyoo pua 17th), thiab nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm raug xaiv raws li "Lub Tale ntawm … Prince Dmitry Ivanovich". Tib yam siv rau tag nrho lwm yam kev hloov pauv ntawm ib qho kev sau ntawv monument. Lawv kuj muaj qhov tsis zoo, tab sis tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb sau ntawv rov tsim cov ntawv qub.
Glorifying lub yeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog hla tus yeeb ncuab -"Zadonshchina" muaj xws li cov lus piav qhia. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, tus sau txhob txwm kos ib qho piv nrog "Lo lus …", txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev thov rau lub monument zoo yog piav qhia tsis yog qhov muag tsis pom kev, tab sis los ntawm kev txhob txwm sib piv ntawm tam sim no thiab yav dhau los (thiab tsis nyob hauv. kev nyiam ntawm yav tom ntej). Qhov hais txog "Cov Lus …" ua kom pom tseeb tias tsuas yog kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov thawj coj ua rau muaj teeb meem hauv tebchaws Russia. Tab sis qhov no yog yav dhau los, tam sim no lub yeej ntawm cov conquerors yeej. Cov echoes nrog "Lo lus …" yog pom ob qho tib si nyob rau theem ntawm tus kheej cov khoom siv (hloov tus piav qhia ntawm ib qho chaw mus rau lwm qhov hauv ib lub sijhawm), thiab cov ntsiab lus. Piv txwv li, ntawm txoj kev ua ntej pib kev sib ntaus sib tua, lub hnub ci rau Dmitry Donskoy - qhov no yog li cas Zadonshchina qhia. Tus sau ntawm The Lay… (tseem tsis tau muaj npe, los ntawm txoj kev) hais txog dab noj hnub yog qhov tsis zoo.
Zaj dab neeg muaj ob ntu. Lawv ua ntej los ntawm kev taw qhia, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg sau teev cov neeg nyeem nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb, solemn mus ob peb vas, thiab kuj qhia nws txog lub hom phiaj tseeb raws li lub creation ntawm "Zadonshchina". Cov lus qhia tseem qhia txog qhov kev xav zoo ntawm zaj dab neeg, qhia tias Moscow - raws li qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub xeev tam sim no - yog kev txuas ntxiv ntawm Kyiv, thiab lwm yam. Thawj feem ntawm txoj haujlwm yog "kev hlub tshua". Tus piav qhia txog kev swb ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias, kev quaj ntsuag ntawm cov neeg tuag los ntawm cov ntxhais huabtais thiab boyars. Txawm li cas los xij, xwm qhia: tsis ntev lub "kev phem" yuav swb. Thiab yog li ntawd nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv "kev qhuas", thaum cov yeeb ncuab coj mus rau lawv heels, thiab cov Russians tau nplua nuj booty.
ArtisticFeatures
Cov paj huam ntawm "Zadoshchina" feem ntau txiav txim siab los ntawm nws qhov zoo sib xws nrog "Lo lus …". Tus nyeem ntawv tau ntsib nrog tib cov duab anthropomorphic, epithets uas meej meej ntawm keeb kwm keeb kwm. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj ntau cov duab uas muaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg, thiab tsis muaj kev xa mus rau paganism txhua. Zaj dab neeg no txawv heev los ntawm qhov pretext. Cov hauj lwm "Zadonshchina" yog heev heterogeneous nyob rau hauv style. Yog li, nrog rau cov ntawv sau poetic, muaj cov seem uas zoo li nco txog kev lag luam prose. Nws cov kab mob kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm nthuav dav, ua tib zoo mloog cov npe ntawm cov thawj coj.
"Zadonshchina" thiab "Lo lus…"
Raws li twb tau hais lawm, "Zadonshchina" tseem muaj txiaj ntsig vim nws yog qhov pov thawj ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm "Lo lus". Cov tom kawg raug hu mus rau lo lus nug tsis tsuas yog vim hais tias, ua ntej tam sim ntawd nrhiav pom ntawm lub monument los ntawm Musin-Pushkin nyob rau hauv 1795, tsis muaj leej twg tau pom "Lo lus …", tab sis kuj vim hais tias ntawm extraordinary artistic nqi ntawm paj huam. Qhov no qhia txog qhov cuav (thiab muaj qhov ua ntej). Nws hais nyob rau hauv "Zadonshchina" yuav tsum tau xaus rau qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb, tab sis … Muaj cov lus qhia tias "Lo lus …" no yog tsim los ua raws li cov piv txwv ntawm lub supposedly tom ntej monument. Zoo, cov lus nug ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm ob qho tib si tej hauj lwm ntawm Laus Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv tseem unresolved.
Pom zoo:
Classical Literature (Lavxias teb sab). Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv classical: ib daim ntawv teev cov hauj lwm zoo tshaj plaws
Classical cov ntaub ntawv (Lavxias teb sab) yog ib lub tswvyim dav, thiab txhua tus muab lawv lub ntsiab lus rau hauv. Cov neeg tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab classics yeej ib txwm muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv zej zog. Lawv yeej tsis ua raws li kev coj ncaj ncees, tsis tau npaj cov lus teb rau hauv lawv tej hauj lwm. Cov kws sau ntawv tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm nyuaj rau tus nyeem ntawv thiab yuam kom nws xav txog nws txoj kev daws teeb meem
Lavxias teb sab kws ua yeeb yam ntawm xyoo pua 18th. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws paintings ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th los ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntxias
Pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th yog lub sij hawm ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab painting. Iconography ploj mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau, thiab cov neeg ua yeeb yam Lavxias ntawm xyoo pua 18th pib ua tus tswv ntau yam. Hauv tsab xov xwm no peb yuav tham txog cov kws ua yeeb yam nto moo thiab lawv cov haujlwm
Keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai txheej txheem thiab ncua sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Periodization ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub 19th-20th centuries: rooj
Russian cov ntaub ntawv yog ib qho khoom muaj txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm tag nrho cov neeg Lavxias. Yog tsis muaj nws, txij li thaum xyoo pua 19th, lub ntiaj teb kab lis kev cai tsis xav txog. Keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai txheej txheem thiab periodization ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv muaj nws tus kheej logic thiab cov yam ntxwv nta. Pib dhau ib txhiab xyoo dhau los, nws qhov tshwm sim txuas ntxiv mus rau hauv lub sijhawm ntawm peb hnub. Nws yog nws leej twg yuav yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kab lus no
Daim ntawv teev cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws (cov phau ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 21st). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws detective phau ntawv: ib daim ntawv teev. Detectives: ib daim ntawv teev cov kws sau ntawv zoo tshaj plaws
Cov kab lus sau cov neeg tshawb nrhiav zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov kws sau ntawv ntawm hom kev ua txhaum cai, uas nws cov haujlwm yuav tsis tso tseg tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm tus kiv cua ntawm kev ua yeeb yam
Npe ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting. Cov duab ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab painting
Cov npe ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab hnub qub duab los ntawm tus neeg pleev kob Andrei Rublev - "Kev Tshaj Tawm", "Archangel Gabriel", "Descent into Hell" thiab ntau lwm tus - tau paub dav txawm tias cov neeg tsis txaus siab. hauv art
